在充放电循环过程中Ni/MH电池正负极的结构和性能变化

本文对在连续进行充放电循环过程中Ni/MH电池的放电容量、中值电压与循环周期的关系以及电池正负极结构和性能的变化进行了研究。结果表明：电池在循环过程中正极活性物质基本构型未变化，而负极储氢合金表面逐渐生成了La(OH)₃、Al(OH)₃、LiMnO₂，正负极活性物质随循环次数的增加不断发生粉化，这些都是导致Ni/MH电池放电性能下降的主要因素。     

阴阳离子复合掺杂对尖晶石型正极材料的影响

采用高温固相法合成了复合离子掺杂的尖晶石型锰酸锂Li_1.02CraCobLacMn₂－a－b－cFyO₄－y(a，b，c＝0，0.01，0.02；y＝0，0.02)正极材料. XRD表征合成物均具有良好的尖晶石型结构. 充放电表明多元复合掺杂产物Li_1.02Cr_0.01Co_0.02La_0.01Mn_1.96F_0.02O_3.98作为锂离子电池正极材料较未掺杂或仅掺杂阳离子的材料能够更好地抑制可逆容量在充放电循环中的衰减，80次循环充放电比容量（120.1～113.5 mAh•g-1）仍保持94.5％以上. 高温(55 ℃)循环性能也有较大的改善. 交流阻抗测试结果表明该材料在充放电平台附近有较小的阻抗和良好的充放电可逆性.     

前驱体Ni(OH)2对LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2正极材料的影响研究

研究了两种不同前驱体Ni(OH)₂对LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂锂离子电池正极材料的结构与电化学性能的影响，并用XRD、SEM及电性能测试考察了材料的结构、形貌与电化学性能。结果表明，前驱体Ni(OH)₂的形貌、结晶形态对LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂正极材料的性能有极大的影响。与目前镍酸锂合成需高密度球形镍前驱体Ni(OH)₂认识不同，本文发现呈枝晶网络状结构、表面蓬松、比表面积高和振实密度低的前驱体Ni(OH)₂具有较高的化学活性，可有效抑制产物LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂正极材料中阳离子混排产物的生成。由其制备的目标正极材料LiCo_0.3Ni_0.7O₂显示出较优的电化学性能，首次放电容量为175 mAh·g^-1，首次放电效率为93.9%，40次循环容量保持率为94.8%，显示较好的循环稳定性。     

锂离子蓄电池正极材料LiMn2-x-y-zTlxAlyMzO4(M=Co、Cr、Ni)的合成及电化学性能研究

采用同时掺杂Tl、Al和M(M=Co、Cr和Ni)三种金属原子和改进固相反应的方法合成了复合尖晶石正极材料 LiMn_2-x-y-zTl_xAl_yM_zO₄，并采用XRD、SEM、TEM、循环伏安和电化学测试考察了它的物理性质和电化学性能。结果表明，所合成的正极材料具有与母体LiMn₂O₄尖晶石同样完整的尖晶石结构，规则的形貌和均匀的粒径分布。当M为Co和Cr时，目标材料的平均粒径约800nm，且具有良好的电化学性能，其首次充电容量分别为123.70mAh·g^-1和121.30mAh·g^-1，首次放电容量分别为117.30mAh·g^-1和115.70mAh·g^-1。当M为Ni时，材料的电化学性能相对较差。循环伏安和充放电曲线表明该正极材料的充放电分别为两步脱锂和插锂机理。当Li掺杂量较小时，目标材料在充放电过程中均各有两个平台。随着Li掺杂量的增加，充放电平台有由两个逐渐转变为一个的趋势。当M为Co或Cr时，该正极材料不仅拥有较高的比容量和常温循环稳定性能，而且还具有较优良的高温循环稳定性能，这可能主要归因于三种金属的协同作用使目标材料的结构更加稳定，这也使该材料有可能成为电动车电池的较佳正极材料。     

锂离子电池正极材料线团状α-MnO2的合成及电化学性能

以MnSO₄, (NH₄)₂S₂O₈为反应物,Ag⁺作为催化剂的溶液相方法合成了线团状的α-MnO₂。采用XRD、SEM和TEM等手段对合成产物进行了表征。发现反应温度和反应时间对产物的结晶度和形貌有很大的影响。通过恒电流充电/放电测试和循环伏安法(CV)对最终产物的电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,由于其独特的形态,25 ℃下反应2 d的产物作为锂离子电池正极材料,表现出良好的循环稳定性(100次循环后放电比容量为124 mAh·g^-1)。线团状α-MnO₂在锂离子电池应用中可能是一个潜在的正极材料。     

新合成方法制备的LiCoO2正极材料的结构和电化学性能研究

采用新合成方法制备了锂离子二次电池正极材料LiCoO₂。通过ICP-AES、XRD、SEM、电化学方法等测试分析了所合成材料的物理性质和电化学性能，并与商品LiCoO₂材料作了对比研究。同时分别以国产MCMB和石墨作负极活性物质、合成的LiCoO₂作正极活性物质做成锂离子电池，对其电化学性能进行了测试。实验结果表明，所合成的LiCoO₂材料的电化学性能优于其它两种商品LiCoO₂材料，其初始放电容量为155.0 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后的容量保持率达95.3%，而且以此为正极的锂离子电池也表现出优良的电化学性能。计时电位分析结果还表明，合成的材料在充放电循环过程中发生了三次相转变过程，但相变过程具有良好的可逆性。     

基于链状SemSn(2≤m+n≤4)小分子的硒硫碳复合正极材料的制备及其电化学性能

将Se固溶复合到链状小硫分子S_2~4中,利用超微孔碳(UMC)的空间限域效应,在UMC中成功构建了链状Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)小分子,并用作锂硫(Li-S)电池正极材料。与链状S_2~4小分子相比,改性后的Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)小分子电导率更高,锂化能更低,放电锂化过程更容易。所制得的UMC/Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)复合正极材料的放电过程为一步固相转化反应,从而有效抑制了活性物质的穿梭流失。与UMC/S_2~4复合正极材料相比,UMC/Se_mS_n(2≤m+n≤4)复合正极材料的电荷传递阻抗更小,放电比容量更高。因此,UMC/Se_mS_n-40(2≤m+n≤4,w_SeS2∶w_UMC=4∶6)复合正极材料在0.1C时循环100次后,比容量依然保持有844 mAh·g^-1;在0.5C下长时间循环500次时,每次循环容量损失仅约为0.07%,表现出优异的循环稳定性。     

LixNi0.5Co0.5O2的态密度计算及电化学性能研究

>为获得综合性能更好的锂离子二次电池正极材料, 分析了Co掺杂对Li_xNiO₂电化学性能的影响. 采用密度泛函DFT理论对Li_xNiO₂和Li_xNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂的平均放电电压和态密度进行了计算. 同时, 用共沉淀法制备了Li_xNiO₂和Li_xNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂锂离子二次电池正极材料, 并对其进行了XRD结构分析和恒流充放电测试. 实验和计算结果表明: 随锂离子嵌入正极(电池放电), 电池的电压逐渐降低, 材料的态密度峰向低能量方向移动; 与Li_xNiO₂相比, Li_xNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂的电压平台相对较高(当0.25≤x≤0.5), 而且在Li^＋嵌/脱时, Li_xNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂的结构变化相对较小; Co离子的掺入, 减小了NiO₆八面体的畸变度, 使材料的电化学稳定性得以提高. 在钴掺杂镍酸锂体系中, NiO₆和CoO₆具有相互的稳定作用.     

固相反应法制备α-LiAlO2包覆LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2的电化学性能研究

以提高锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂的循环性能为目的,以LiNO₃和Al(OH)₃为原料,采用固相反应法制备了α-LiAlO₂包覆LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂正极材料。微观组织结构分析结果表明,包覆热处理后LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂颗粒表面形成了一层不均匀絮状包覆物α-LiAlO₂。电化学测试表明,α-LiAlO₂包覆处理有效减缓了充放电循环过程中总阻抗的增加,改善了材料的循环性能。3wt% LiAlO₂包覆的正极材料在室温1C充放电循环100次后,平均每次衰减率由包覆前的0.19%下降到0.14%。     

Improvement of basic performances of a nickel-metal hydride battery

To develop a sealed-type nickel-metal hydride battery for use in portable equipment or in electric vehicles, investigations were conducted on negative electrodes using AB₅-type hydrogen storage alloy and positive electrodes. For the cycle life performance of the battery, alkaline treatment of the alloy and the substitution of more than 50% to the alloy with Co were effective. For the positive electrode, zinc as a solid solution in the nickel positive electrode obviously prevented γ-NiOOH from being formed in the charging process of β-Ni(OH)₂ and suppressed the migration of the electrolyte solution in the separator to the active material of the positive electrode. Also, hydrophobic treatment of the surface of the alloy was effective to prevent the elevation of the battery internal pressure of the battery in high rate charge.     

MH/Ni电池充放电过程导电物理机制的研究

借助X射线衍射等方法, 研究了MH/Ni电池在充放电过程中电极活性材料β-Ni(OH)2和AB5合金的结构和微结构变化, 进而讨论了两种电极活性材料在充放电过程中的物理行为和导电的物理机制. 研究发现, 在充电过程中确实未观测到β-Ni(OH)2→β-NiOOH的相变, 只有在满充和过充时, 才发生部分β-Ni(OH)2转变成γ-NiOOH, 且一直是β-Ni(OH)2和γ-NiOOH两相共存; 在充电过程不是由β-Ni(OH)2→β-NiOOH相变来提供氢离子, 而是由氢原子离开β-Ni(OH)2的点阵位置提供氢离子; 在负极这一边, 开始时氢原子是以间隙式嵌入AB5点阵形成固溶体, 只有当AB5因氢原子的嵌入使其体积变化达一定百分数后才析出AB5Hx氢化物. 这些过程使电极活性材料的微结构也发生变化, 而且这种变化不是完全可逆的. 简言之, MH/Ni电池的物理导电机制是在正负极活性材料中嵌入和脱嵌的氢离子在电极间的定向迁移运动.     

Formation of β-nickel hydroxide plate-like structures under mild conditions and their optical properties

Nanostructural β-nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)₂) plates were prepared using the microwave–hydrothermal (MH) method at a low temperature and short reaction times. An ammonia solution was employed as the coordinating agent, which reacts with [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ to control the growth of β-Ni(OH)₂ nuclei. A trigonal β-Ni(OH)₂ single phase was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, and the crystal cell was constructed with structural parameters and atomic coordinates obtained from Rietveld refinement. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed that the samples consisted of hexagonal-shaped nanoplates with a different particle size distribution. Broad absorption bands assigned as transitions of Ni²⁺ in oxygen octahedral sites were revealed by UV–vis spectra. Photoluminescence (PL) properties observed with a maximum peak centered in the blue-green region were attributed to different defects, which were produced during the nucleation process. We present a growth process scheme of the β-Ni(OH)₂ nanoplates.     

Ball-milling processing of nanocrystalline nickel hydroxide and its effects in pasted nickel electrodes for rechargeable nickel batteries

Nanocrystalline Ni(OH)₂ powder synthesized by a chemical precipitation method was processed using the planetary ball milling (PBM), and the physical properties of both the ball-milled and unmilled Ni(OH)₂ were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area, particle size distribution, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the PBM processing could significantly break up the agglomeration, uniformize the particle size distribution, increase the surface area, decrease the crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of nanocrystalline β-Ni(OH)₂, which were advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of Ni(OH)₂. The ball-milled nanocrystalline (BMN) Ni(OH)₂ was then used to alter the microstructure of pasted nickel electrodes and improve the distribution of the active material in the porous electrode substrate. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes with a mixture of BMN and spherical Ni(OH)₂ as the active material were investigated, and were compared with those of pure spherical Ni(OH)₂ electrodes. Charge/discharge tests showed that BMN Ni(OH)₂ addition could enhance the charging efficiency, specific discharge capacity, discharge voltage, and high-rate capability of pasted nickel electrodes. This performance improvement could be attributed to a more compact electrode microstructure, better reaction reversibility, and lower electrochemical impedance, as indicated by SEM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thus, it was an effective method to modify the microstructure and improve the electrochemical properties of pasted nickel electrodes by adding an appropriate amount of BMN Ni(OH)₂ to spherical Ni(OH)₂ as the active material.     

Controllable synthesis of NiC2O4·2H2O nanorods precursor and applications in the synthesis of nickel-based nanostructures

A controllable synthesis of NiC₂O₄·2H₂O nanorods precursor was obtained via the microemulsion-mediated solvothermal method and a further synthesis of β-Ni(OH)₂ nanorods, nickel oxide (NiO) sub-microtubes, Ni nanospheres and flower-like nickel complexes nanostructures by using the precursor. The morphologies and crystalline structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The morphologies and sizes of the precursors can be readily tuned by adjusting experimental parameters of the reverse microemulsion system. The synthesized β-Ni(OH)₂ nanorods composed of fine nanosheets shown excellent electrochemical performance as an electrode material in rechargeable battery systems.     

Engineering Fast Ion Conduction and Selective Cation Channels for a High‐Rate and High‐Voltage Hybrid Aqueous Battery

The rechargeable aqueous metal‐ion battery (RAMB) has attracted considerable attention due to its safety, low costs, and environmental friendliness. Yet the poor‐performance electrode materials lead to a low feasibility of practical application. A hybrid aqueous battery (HAB) built from electrode materials with selective cation channels could increase the electrode applicability and thus enlarge the application of RAMB. Herein, we construct a high‐voltage K–Na HAB based on K₂FeFe(CN)₆ cathode and carbon‐coated NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ (NTP/C) anode. Due to the unique cation selectivity of both materials and ultrafast ion conduction of NTP/C, the hybrid battery delivers a high capacity of 160 mAh g^?1 at a 0.5 C rate. Considerable capacity retention of 94.3 % is also obtained after 1000 cycles at even 60 C rate. Meanwhile, high energy density of 69.6 Wh kg^?1 based on the total mass of active electrode materials is obtained, which is comparable and even superior to that of the lead acid, Ni/Cd, and Ni/MH batteries.     

Preliminary study of alkaline single flowing Zn–O2 battery

A new single flow alkaline battery, Zn–K₂[Zn(OH)]₄–O₂ battery, in which electrodeposited zinc is employed as an negative electrode and the oxygen in atmosphere as an high-capacity positive electrode active material is developed. The working process of the battery only depends on the circulation of a single electrolyte solution with assistance of a single pump and no cationic membrane is needed. The newly designed dual catalytical layers of composite oxygen electrode employs nano-structured Ni(OH)₂ and the electrolytic manganese dioxide doped with NaBiO₃ as two types of novel highly-efficient catalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction process, respectively. Cell (grade 1000 mAh) test results show that high efficiency is achieved with an average coulombic efficiency of 97.4% and an energy efficiency of 72.2% in 150 cycles.     

Mn、Mg共掺杂Ni(OH)2的电化学性能

采用缓冲溶液法制备复合掺杂Mn、Mg的正极材料Ni0.82Mn0.18-xMgx(OH)2(x=0.06、0.09、0.12)。采用XRD、XPS和SEM等测试表征材料的晶体结构、锰价态和形貌,采用循环伏安和恒流充放电测试研究Mn、Mg不同掺杂比例对氢氧化镍电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Mn、Mg掺杂样品均为β相,晶粒细化;Ni0.82Mn0.09Mg0.09(OH)2样品具有优异的电极反应可逆性和充放电性能,100 mA·g^-1电流密度下的放电比容量(290.6 mAh·g^-1)优于商用β-Ni(OH)2(281.1 mAh·g^-1);且500 mA·g^-1电流密度下循环30圈后,Ni0.82Mn0.09Mg0.09(OH)2的放电比容量未见衰减,其循环稳定性优于商用β-Ni(OH)2。     

Bioinspired Peony‐Like β‐Ni(OH)2 Nanostructures with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity and Superhydrophobicity

Constructing complex nanostructures has become increasingly important in the development of hydrogen storage, self‐cleaning materials, and the formation of chiral branched nanowires. Several approaches have been developed to generate complex nanostructures, which have led to novel applications. Combining biology and nanotechnology through the utilization of biomolecules to chemically template the growth of complex nanostructures during synthesis has aroused great interest. Herein, we use a biomolecule‐assisted hydrothermal method to synthesize β‐phase Ni(OH)₂ peony‐like complex nanostructures with second‐order structure nanoplate structure. The novel β‐Ni(OH)₂ nanostructures exhibit high‐power Ni/MH battery performance, close to the theoretical capacity of Ni(OH)₂, as well as controlled wetting behavior. We demonstrate that this bioinspired route to generate a complex nanostructure has applications in environmental protection and green secondary cells. This approach opens up opportunities for the synthesis and potential applications of new kinds of nanostructures.     

Influence of additives on the thermal behavior of nickel/metal hydride battery

This study discusses the thermal behavior of the 6.5 Ah cylinder Ni/MH hydride battery with 0.5 wt% ytterbium oxide (Yb₂O₃) in nickel electrode and 1.0 wt% super absorbent polymer (SAP) in hydrogen-storage alloy (MH) electrode during charging to 150% of its rating capacity. Quantity of heat and heat generation rate of the battery during charging are studied by quartz frequency microcalorimeter. Heat generation curve is fitted into a function, and heat transport equation is solved. Using measured data, the internal temperature profiles at the terminal moment of charging at 1C, 3C, and 5C are simulated by FEM. Influence of Yb₂O₃ and SAP on the thermal behavior of Ni/MH battery is examined by the two-dimensional thermal model. Results show that addition of Yb₂O₃ and SAP can achieve substantial improvement for thermal behavior of Ni/MH battery at 1C,3C, and 5C charging.