The influence of the benthic frontal zone on acoustic wave propagation in the ocean and evaluation of the possibilities of its ray tomography

The specificity of ray trajectories in the presence of a benthic front, which is the boundary between the Antarctic deep and bottom waters, has been considered. Deep-water “noncanonical” caustic surfaces confined to the front have been found. The ability to reconstruct a sound velocity profile in the benthic frontal zone has been evaluated using methods of ray tomography in the ocean. A possible reconstruction of the profile using a horizontal displacement of the receiving antenna or transmitter at relatively small depths has been shown. Original Russian Text ? V.S. Ivanov, P.N. Kravchun, 2009, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Fizika, 2009, No. 2, pp. 92–97.     

静止轨道高光谱海洋水色仪光学系统设计

设计了由超大口径前置望远系统和超大视场光谱仪组成的超大口径高光谱海洋水色仪.前置望远系统采用同轴三反光学系统结构,口径为4 m,视场为0.64°,焦距为21.6 m,波段范围为400~1 000nm.超大视场光谱仪采用改进的Offner结构,视场为240mm,光谱分辨率为10nm.探测器像元尺寸为15μm×15μm,4片探测器交错拼接实现400km幅宽.超大视场光谱仪在400~1 000nm的宽波段内,点列图半径的均方根值均小于3.9μm,静止轨道高光谱海洋水色仪全系统不同波长的MTF在33.3lp/mm处大于0.52,各项指标均满足应用要求.     

Demonstration of the invariance principle for active sonar

Active sonar systems can provide good target detection potential but are limited in shallow water environments by the high level of reverberation produced by the interaction between the acoustic signal and the ocean bottom. The nature of the reverberation is highly variable and depends critically on the ocean and seabed properties, which are typically poorly known. This has motivated interest in techniques that are invariant to the environment. In passive sonar, a scalar parameter termed the waveguide invariant, has been introduced to describe the slope of striations observed in lofargrams. In this work, an invariant for active sonar is introduced. This active invariant is shown to be present in the time-frequency structure observed in sonar data from the Malta Plateau, and the structure agrees with results produced from normal mode simulations. The application of this feature in active tracking algorithms is discussed.     

Using short curved vertical arrays in ocean acoustic tomography

We consider the possibility of reconstructing the ocean mode structure based on measurements with short (not covering the entire ocean waveguide) arrays curved in an unknown way by ocean currents, which corresponds to the conditions of a real experiment. We have developed an algorithm for estimating the arrival times of various mode signals by solving a system of linear equations. The mode reconstruction accuracy as a function of the array length and profile curvature is investigated. The cases of using both the ocean noise field and deterministic signals as a sound source are considered. Comparison with the commonly used mode filtering method is made.     

The influence of optical properties of shallow shelf seas on temperature structure and acoustic propagation

The penetration of solar radiation below the sea surface is not always taken into account in numerical ocean models, even though its influence on the temperature (and therefore sound speed), structure of the water column can be significant, especially in shallow shelf seas where water turbidity tends to be high. Variations in sound speed structure have a consequent effect on the propagation of sound underwater which, in turn, influences the performance of sonar systems. A double exponential parameterization for the penetration of solar radiation with depth was implemented in an N × 1D turbulence closure model of the UK shelf seas. The model was run along a section through the Celtic Sea Front, with sets of optical extinction coefficients representing different water clarities, for one month to simulate the generation of the front, and the results were compared with a control model run in which all solar radiation was absorbed in the surface layer. Temperature structure and sound propagation were only affected by changes to the optical parameterization on the stratified side of the front, where consequent variations in acoustic propagation loss of up to 10 dB relative to the control were simulated using an acoustic model. Changes in propagation loss were greatest for acoustic sources placed in the stratified water above the thermocline. Similar changes to the optical parameterization made on the well-mixed side of the front had no discernible effect.     

Deep scattering layers in the northwestern pacific

The large-scale horizontal variability of deep scattering layers (DSL) in the Northwestern Pacific is analyzed. The analysis is based on long-term measurements of the column strength and the volume scattering coefficient for frequencies from 0.63 to 16 kHz. The depth and frequency dependences of the scattering coefficient are presented for different regions of the aforementioned ocean region. The most pronounced changes in the DSL structure are found to occur at the boundaries between large-scale water masses or seas with different hydrological characteristics. By contrast, within such water masses and seas, the depth-frequency structure of the DSL remains relatively stable.     

基于联合波叠加法的浅海信道下圆柱壳声辐射研究

针对浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射预报尚无高效可靠的研究方法,提出了一种浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射快速预报的联合波叠加法.该方法结合了浅海信道传输函数、多物理场耦合数值计算法和波叠加法理论,运用该方法可对浅海信道下弹性结构辐射声场进行快速预报.经数值法和解析解法验证后,从信道下辐射源、环境影响和辐射声场测量的角度研究分析了浅海信道下弹性圆柱壳的声辐射特性,阐释了进行浅海信道下结构声辐射研究的必要性.研究结果表明,仅在低频浅海信道下弹性结构可近似等效为点源,信道上下边界对声场产生显著的耦合影响,高频段的空间声场指向性分布尤为明显,垂直线列阵进行信道下结构辐射声功率测量时,测量结果受到信道环境边界和潜深的影响较大.     

Evidence of Doppler-shifted Bragg scattering in the vertical plane by ocean surface waves

A set of narrowband tones (280, 370, 535, and 695 Hz) were transmitted by an acoustic source mounted on the ocean floor in 10 m deep water and received by a 64-element hydrophone line array lying on the ocean bottom 1.25 km away. Beamformer output in the vertical plane for the received acoustic tones shows evidence of Doppler-shifted Bragg scattering of the transmitted acoustic signals by the ocean surface waves. The received, scattered signals show dependence on the ocean surface wave frequencies and wavenumber vectors, as well as on acoustic frequencies and acoustic mode wavenumbers. Sidebands in the beamformer output are offset in frequency by amounts corresponding to ocean surface wave frequencies. Deviations in vertical arrival angle from specular reflection agree with those predicted by the Bragg condition through first-order perturbation theory using measured directional surface wave spectra and acoustic modes measured by the horizontal hydrophone array.     

风成噪声背景下垂直阵阵列信噪比随声源深度的变化规律

风成噪声是海洋中最广泛存在的环境噪声、是被动声纳处理性能的重要影响因素.它具有一个典型的物理性质是很大程度上只对应中高阶模态.阵列信噪比计入了阵列采样辐射声强、背景噪声功率和阵处理增益,是决定声纳阵列处理性能的关键物理量.本文研究了受风成噪声模态结构影响,典型夏季浅海环境中垂直阵阵列信噪比随声源深度的变化关系.在简正波模深函数采样完整的假设条件下,理论证明了阵列信噪比随声源深度的变化可近似为低阶模态幅度强度(模深函数模值的平方)随深度变化的线性叠加,且模态阶数越低,贡献越大;并且,在强风成噪声背景、显著负梯度环境下该变化规律可由1阶模态幅度强度随深度的变化近似独立表征.以上结果表明,在同一声源距离条件下,声源置于水体下半部分时的阵列信噪比比置于海面附近更大,并且在位于1阶模态峰值点所在深度附近时达到最大.典型负声速梯度浅海环境中的仿真实验结果对理论分析进行了验证,并表明在一定条件下阵列信噪比随声源深度的变化与声源距离近似无关.     

Methods for measuring bistatic characteristics of sound scattering by the ocean bottom and surface

It is very interesting to measure the bistatic characteristics of sound scattering by the ocean bottom and surface for the development of present-day hydrolocation net-centric schemes. Possible methods for measuring scattering bistatic characteristics are evaluated. The angular characteristics of reverberation related to illumination of a water area by active linearly frequency-modulated signals are studied using linear passive arrays to test a measuring scheme in a shallow water area with a depth of ~20 m in the 1–3 kHz frequency range. The bistatic sound-scattering characteristics in the water area are calculated based on the measurements. The obtained characteristics are compared with the known data on the backscattering of sound.     

Detailed simulation of primary atomization mechanisms in Diesel jet sprays (isolated identification of liquid jet tip effects)

In this study, the atomization characteristics of Diesel jet front tip have been investigated to elucidate the physical mechanisms by detailed numerical simulation. The computations are carried out with the finest grid resolutions ever that can resolve the final droplet generation by surface tension. The numerical methods are based on level-set interface tracking. The methods were validated by test cases and the grid resolution survey shows that the resolutions for the present study are sufficient. The present flow setup excludes nozzle disturbances to investigate how the disturbances from the liquid jet front would lead to atomization where the liquid jet impacts against the quiescent gas. The liquid jet front becomes an umbrella-like shape. From the front umbrella tip edge, ligament breakup first occurs. Ligament breakup is strongly correlated with the gas motion in the vicinity. The gas region behind the front is highly disturbed by atomization. By the gas recirculation motion here, air and some droplets are entrained and mixed. Also, the disturbances are fed back to the front umbrella by this motion and become synchronized with the breakup. Droplet pinch-off is mainly in the short-wave mode, but some ligaments are elongated by local gas stretch to finally have a long-wave mode shape, namely a mode shift occurs. The above findings of liquid jet front umbrella formation, atomization at the umbrella edge, mixing and atomization loop in the recirculation flow region and droplet generation mode give an insight to the modeling of droplet generation in actual sprays.     

海洋发光细菌的发光及其应用

海洋发光细菌是一类在正常的生理条件下能够发射可见光的异养细菌,其发光特性与细菌体内的物质结构、海洋环境要素、水中污染物等多种因素有关。通过对海洋发光细菌发光特性及其应用可能性的论述,如利用发光细菌的发光强度与水中毒物的浓度、毒性的关系检测污染物;利用潜艇航行时激发的生物发光勾画出潜艇涡动的光尾流可跟踪探测潜艇;海洋发光细菌的发光特性还可用以改进水下光通讯与探测、海洋水色遥感、海洋发光细菌分类、发光免疫和抗菌素浓度测定等方面。阐明海洋发光细菌发光特性的重要研究意义并为进一步开展应用研究提供借鉴。     

Pulsed modes of the formation of multilayer char structures on the surface of fire-retardant intumescent paints

A mathematical model of the propagation of the front of decomposition of active fire-retardant intumescent paints in pulsed mode is developed. A hypothesis explaining the mechanism of the experimen-tally observed pulsed modes of decomposition front propagation by the existence of an exothermic step in the decomposition reaction, leading to the self-acceleration of the reaction and rapid burnout of the reacting substance layer, is suggested. A theory of the propagation of the decomposition front in the pulsed mode based on a minimum number of empirical parameters obtainable from experiment is developed. Based on numerical simulation results, formulas are derived for predicting the time history of the thickness of the char structure and the time during which the fire-retardant composition can protect the object from fire. These formulas can be used to calculate the desired thickness of the fire-retardant coating that would withstand a fire or a thermal agent of given intensity for a desired time.     

On the Existence of Benthic Storms

We study a model for the wind-induced current field of the Pacific ocean in order to demonstrate that currents in the surface layer are carried down to the deepest regions above the abyssal sea floor, which indicates the existence of the phenomenon of comparably strong currents in bottom regions as a result of wind-stress forces at the surface, also known as benthic storms.     

锚链式水下多光谱辐射计的设计

研发了一种向下光谱辐照度和向上光谱辐亮度的锚链式水下多光谱辐射计,主要用于深层海水的测量。解决了水下光学窗口的污染问题。采用高灵敏度光电探测器与高精度ADC相结合的方法探测了深层海水的微弱光信号。电池的使用采用了时钟控制和间断供电方式。通过电感式Modem实现了数据的实时传输。     

Long-term stability of the sound field structure in the central part of the eastern Atlantic

Results of studying the angular and energy structures of the sound field formed in the first convergence zone as a result of the transmission of a continuous pseudonoise signal in the frequency range 0.8–1.5 kHz are presented for the case of the corresponding points lying in the upper ocean layer at depths between 150 and 500 m. The sound field characteristics were studied with the use of omnidirectional and narrow-beam (～2°) reception in the vertical plane. The variability of the basic experimental parameters of the field structure is analyzed using the data of three experiments carried out in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, near the Canary Islands, over a period of 11 years. The experimental results are compared with ray calculations. It is shown that, in the region under investigation, the experimental characteristics of the field structure are relatively stable and the extent to which they agree with the calculated parameters is also stable. In addition, some data are presented to illustrate the effect of a small lens of Mediterranean water, which manifests itself in sound velocity variations at the channel axis, on certain field characteristics.     

单离子束技术概述

 对单离子束的发展和应用作了介绍。结合我国首台单离子束装置CAS-LIBB，综合讨论了准直器限流型和静电透镜聚焦型两种典型单离子束的技术结构。限流型结构简单但定位精度有限，聚焦型条件苛刻但可获得亚微米束，是单离子束发展的趋势。评估了前探测、全前置探测和后探测3种单离子束探测方式及其特点，研究了这3种探测方式对辐照离子的计数精度和单离子束品质产生的影响。对CAS-LIBB装置研制了光导型全前置探测器以提高计数精度和束流品质。最后设计了快速荧光在线检测技术方案。     

大型离轴三反空间相机前框架优化设计与试验

为了保证某离轴三反光学系统空间相机光机结构的高稳定性与高准确度,针对该光学系统中次镜、折叠镜组件轴向空间位置接近的特点,设计了次镜、折叠镜组件一体化的前框架结构,并提出了一种结合了自由模态与约束模态的拓扑优化方法来优化相机的前框架结构.将优化后的前框架模型带入整个相机,并对整机进行有限元分析.结果表明,光轴呈水平状态,次镜、折叠镜相对主镜的倾斜分别为9″与22.4″,次镜相对于主镜的偏心为0.021mm,均在光学系统公差要求范围内.此外,对前框架结构进行自由模态分析与试验,结果验证了优化方法的正确性.所提出的拓扑优化方法可以有效避免基于约束模态拓扑优化方法约束点之间不存在联系的缺陷,能够为高分辨、宽视场空间相机光机结构的设计提供参考.     

Filtration combustion of a porous structure in a multicomponent gas environment

A mathematical model for describing the quasi-isobaric filtration combustion of porous materials with the formation of condensed reaction products in a multicomponent gas is developed. Two-stage combustion waves (control modes) at the counter filtration of gas mixture are examined. The effect of inert gas component on the structure of a two-stage filtration combustion wave is studied, and the critical conditions of the changeover between filtration combustion modes caused by inert gas concentration variation are determined. It is demonstrated the characteristics of the two-stage combustion front propagating in the control mode in a multicomponent gas flow depends on the porosity of the heterogeneous system.     

倾斜光纤光栅谱特性

基于倾斜光纤光栅耦合模理论,采用数值分析法研究了前后向导模耦合时倾斜角度和调制深度对倾斜光纤光栅反射谱的影响,以及导模和辐射模耦合时针对不同的入射光偏振态在倾斜角度、调制深度、光栅长度等不同时倾斜光纤光栅透射谱(或反射谱)的特性.研究结果表明,在前后向导模耦合时,不同偏振态入射光的光谱几乎相同;而对于辐射模耦合,由于反射谱的包络受消光系数的调制,而不同偏振态入射光的消光系数不同,并且倾斜角度越大不同偏振态的入射光的消光系数差别越大,故在研究辐射模耦合时需要将偏振态予以考虑.