On the stability of a free surface of a magnetic fluid under microgravity

We have investigated the behavior of a free surface of a suspension of ferrimagnetic particles in heptane under strongly reduced gravity. It was found that the free surface is destabilized when a homogeneous magnetic field parallel to the surface is applied. The strength of the critical magnetic field parallel to the surface varies with the volume concentration of magnetic particles in the suspension. We show that the destabilization of the fluid layer is forced by the influence of the suspension on the homogeneity of the magnetic field producing a magnetic field component normal to the fluid surface. The dependence of the critical magnetic field on the volume concentration of magnetic particles can be explained by applying the theory of the normal-field instability to this field component under conditions of strongly reduced gravity. The experiments were carried out at the drop tower ‘Bremen’ of the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) in Bremen.     

Field dependent shape variation of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic dots

The morphology of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic thin film dots is studied experimentally, including the aspect ratio and the contact angle variation of the droplets. Under a uniform external magnetic field, the droplet's aspect ratio increases with the external field and with the diameter of the magnetic dot due to the concentrated magnetic flux inside the magnetic fluid droplet. Similar to the electrical wetting phenomenon, the induced magnetic dipoles in the magnetic film and in the magnetic fluid near the solid–liquid interface change the solid–liquid interfacial tension, and in consequence reduce the apparent contact angle of the magnetic fluid droplet.     

Computation of demagnetizing fields and particle distribution in magnetic fluid with inhomogeneous density

A new algorithm for calculating magnetic fields in a concentrated magnetic fluid with inhomogeneous density is proposed. Inhomogeneity of the fluid is caused by magnetophoresis. In this case, the diffusion and magnetostatic parts of the problem are tightly linked together and are solved jointly. The dynamic diffusion equation is solved by the finite volume method and, to calculate the magnetic field inside the fluid, an iterative process is performed in parallel. The solution to the problem is sought in Cartesian coordinates, and the computational domain is decomposed into rectangular elements. This technique eliminates the need to solve the related boundary-value problem for magnetic fields, accelerates computations and eliminates the error caused by the finite sizes of the outer region. Formulas describing the contribution of the rectangular element to the field intensity in the case of a plane problem are given. Magnetic and concentration fields inside the magnetic fluid filling a rectangular cavity generated under the action of the uniform external filed are calculated.     

Macroscopic and microscopic structural integrity in magnetic colloids—cationic micellar solution: Rheology, SANS and magneto-optical study

A stable mixture of two colloid system composed of double surfactant coated aqueous nanomagnetic fluid and aqueous micellar solution of cationic micelles of cetyletrymethyl ammonium bromide (CTABr) is prepared as a function of nanomagnetic fluid concentration. This mixed system is analyzed using three techniques such as zero field and field induced viscosity measurements, Small Angle Neutron Scattering technique and magneto-optical birefringence measurements. In field induced viscosity measurement it is observed that even 20% magnetic fluid concentration in CTABr aqueous solution shows 75% increase in viscosity compared to pure magnetic fluid. This suggests that in presence of CTABr micelles, a novel magneto rheological effect for low concentration of magnetic fluid is observed. From SANS measurements it is observed that aggregation number and a/b ratio increases with magnetic fluid concentration and magnetic birefringence reveals non-superimpose behavior of normalized field induced retardation. Results of these experiments are compared and indicate zero fields and field induced structural integrity between magnetic particles and soft micelles.     

The effect of the rate of magnetic field and temperature changes on the ultrasonic wave absorption coefficient in a magnetic fluid

The rate of external magnetic field changes as well as temperature influences the structure of a magnetic fluid. This work presents experimental results on changes in the ultrasonic wave absorption coefficient of EMG-605 water-based magnetic fluid as a function of the external magnetic field intensity for different rates of magnetic field changes, at different temperatures. On the basis of these studies, radii of spherical clusters formed in the fluid under the influence of an external magnetic field have been determined.     

Micromagnetic simulation of magnetic vortex cores in circular permalloy disks: Switching behavior in external magnetic field

Switching behaviors of magnetic vortex cores under external magnetic field in submicron circular permalloy disks have been systematically studied by using micromagnetic simulations. Simulation results show that the vortex core is stable in out-of-plane field even when it is located at the edge of the disk. The out-of-plane switching field H_sw is strongly dependent on the thickness of the disk. The core polarity and the vortex chirality can be modulated simultaneously on purpose by using a tilted field far smaller than the out-of-plane switching field H_sw. Moreover, it is found that the core polarities in asymmetric disks do not follow the direction of the z projection of the external saturation field.     

The dynamic behavior of magnetic fluid adsorbed to small permanent magnet in alternating magnetic field

The dynamic behavior of a magnetic fluid adsorbed to a small NdFeB permanent magnet subjected to an alternating magnetic field was studied with a high speed video camera system. The directions of alternating magnetic field are parallel and opposite to that of the permanent magnet. It was found that the surface of magnetic fluid responds to the external alternating magnetic field in elongation and contraction with a lot of spikes. Generation of a capillary magnetic fluid jet was observed in the neighbourhood of a specific frequency of alternating field. The effect of gravitational force on surface phenomena of magnetic fluid adsorbed to the permanent magnet was revealed.     

A simple method to estimate the magnetic moment of magnetic micro-particles

Micro-particles in suspension in a fluid are an example of a very low Reynolds number problem. In this case, no inertial effects are observed. Magnetic micro-particles with magnetic moment m, suspended in a fluid orient to applied external magnetic fields B due to the interaction between the field and the magnetic moment. In this work, we present a simple method to estimate the total magnetic moment of magnetic micro-organisms. The method is based on the application of an external oscillating magnetic field in the sites where the micro-organisms are. In this case, it is possible to obtain theoretically the solution of the equation of motion (rotation of the organism and its trajectory). The solution is a transcendental equation relating the orientation angle and m and can be solved by numerical methods. Changing the frequency and/or the field intensity, it is possible to obtain a situation in which the crystal rotates uninterruptedly (a resonance regime). This condition is related to the applied field intensity, to the frequency, to the medium viscosity, to the crystal dimension, and to the micro-crystal magnetic moment m. The method can be used to estimate the total cellular magnetic moment of magnetic micro-particles.     

Towards a programmable magnetic bead microarray in a microfluidic channel

A new hybrid magnetic bead separator that combines an external magnetic field with 175 μm thick current lines buried in the back side of a silicon wafer is presented. A microfluidic channel was etched into the front side of the wafer. The large cross-section of the current lines makes it possible to use larger currents and obtain forces of longer range than from thin current lines at a given power limit. Guiding of magnetic beads in the hybrid magnetic separator and the construction of a programmable microarray of magnetic beads in the microfluidic channel by hydrodynamic focusing is presented.     

磁屏蔽罩在梯度静磁场中的受力研究

在有梯度的静磁场中,对由软磁材料制作的磁屏蔽罩所受的静磁力的量级进行了评估。使用有限元分析和实验测试的方法研究了纯铁方形屏蔽罩在梯度静磁场中的受力情况,结果表明：把内腔尺寸100mm×100mm×150mm、罩体厚度为20mm的方形屏蔽罩放置在强度约为0.2T、梯度为0.03T?m?1的磁场中,其所受的静磁力约为184N,与其自身重力相当;静磁力随磁场强度的升高而增大;有限元分析与实验测试结果的偏差在0.2T背景磁场下约为21%。因此,在考虑一定余量的情况下,使用有限元计算评估屏蔽罩在静磁场中的受力情况是一种有效和比较可靠的方法。     

�����������ݶȾ��ų��е������о�

在有梯度的静磁场中,对由软磁材料制作的磁屏蔽罩所受的静磁力的量级进行了评估.使用有限元分析和实验测试的方法研究了纯铁方形屏蔽罩在梯度静磁场中的受力情况,结果表明:把内腔尺寸100mm×100mm×150mm、罩体厚度为20mm的方形屏蔽罩放置在强度约为0.2T、梯度为0.03T?m-1的磁场中,其所受的静磁力约为184N,与其自身重力相当;静磁力随磁场强度的升高而增大;有限元分析与实验测试结果的偏差在0.2T背景磁场下约为21%.因此,在考虑一定余量的情况下,使用有限元计算评估屏蔽罩在静磁场中的受力情况是一种有效和比较可靠的方法.     

Magnetophoresis and diffusion of colloidal particles in a thin layer of magnetic fluids

Experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to investigate the spatial distribution of colloidal particles in magnetic fluids formed under the influence of magnetophoresis and gradient diffusion in a strong magnetic field. Several theoretical models, describing the equilibrium concentration profiles for rigid chain-like and quasispherical aggregates, are discussed. The experiment was made for four samples of magnetic fluids, differing in the average diameter of magnetic particles and the width of the particle size distribution. The analysis of the experimental data shows that the aggregates essentially change the concentration profile, making it nonlinear even in small (2 mm) magnetic fluid samples. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical curves is observed in the case when the aggregates contain on the average 40-50 particles. The average diameter of single particles, calculated from the concentration profile curves, coincides with the average diameter, found from the magnetogranulometric analysis.     

水基磁性液体的场诱导光衍射特性的研究

设计了一套用于研究磁性液体的场诱导静态和动态光衍射特性的实验装置.通过在样品的后方放置一个适当孔径的光阑,实现了定量研究其衍射特性的目的.采用沿衍射方向移动光阑的方法定量地研究了衍射光的空间分布.设计了一个指数衰减函数用来拟合动态衍射实验的数据,获得动态衍射的特征时间.以两种不同浓度的表面包覆型水基氧化铁磁性液体样品为例,定量地实验研究了其场诱导光衍射特性与外磁场强度和样品浓度的关系.结果表明,磁性液体的场诱导结构对光的静态和动态衍射与外磁场的强度和磁性液体的浓度有关.其静态衍射与外磁场强度呈非单调的关系|其动态衍射的特征时间与外磁场的强度成反比,与磁性液体的浓度成正比.对实验中观察到的场诱导静态和动态衍射特性的物理机理进行了详细的分析.     

水基磁性液体的场诱导光衍射特性的研究

设计了一套用于研究磁性液体的场诱导静态和动态光衍射特性的实验装置.通过在样品的后方放置一个适当孔径的光阑,实现了定量研究其衍射特性的目的.采用沿衍射方向移动光阑的方法定量地研究了衍射光的空间分布.设计了一个指数衰减函数用来拟合动态衍射实验的数据,获得动态衍射的特征时间.以两种不同浓度的表面包覆型水基氧化铁磁性液体样品为例,定量地实验研究了其场诱导光衍射特性与外磁场强度和样品浓度的关系.结果表明,磁性液体的场诱导结构对光的静态和动态衍射与外磁场的强度和磁性液体的浓度有关.其静态衍射与外磁场强度呈非单调的关系;其动态衍射的特征时间与外磁场的强度成反比,与磁性液体的浓度成正比.对实验中观察到的场诱导静态和动态衍射特性的物理机理进行了详细的分析.     

Nanoparticle kinetic effects experimentally observed in a magnetic fluid under a quasi-homogeneous magnetic field

The effect of a quasi-homogeneous external magnetic field on a created and decaying space nanoparticle structure and its distribution in a sample of a magnetic fluid was studied. This space structure was created as a grating by applying an interference field of two crossed Ar laser beams. The magnetic field was formed using two electromagnets and was applied in three main directions of the created nanoparticle grating. The magnetic field oriented parallel to the strips of the grating or perpendicular to the grating plain does not significantly change the shape of it. The magnetic field oriented in the perpendicular direction to the grating plain causes redistribution of the nanoparticles and as a consequence a perpendicular nanoparticle “quasi-grating” arises.     

In vitro investigation of the behaviour of magnetic particles by a circulating artery model

Magnetic drug targeting is the use of coated magnetic nanoparticles as carriers for cytostatic drugs. After intraarterial application of these carriers, they are attracted with an external magnetic field to, for example, an experimental VX2 tumour. The biological compatibility of this system depends on several physiological and physical parameters. We established an in vitro model to simulate in vivo conditions in a circulating system consisting of a circuit with an intact bovine femoral artery close to an external magnetic field. Nanoparticle suspensions were applied by a side inlet. After the magnetisation procedure particle size, concentration and distribution was examined.     

Stability analysis on the free surface phenomena of a magnetic fluid for general use

This paper presents an analysis for elucidating a variety of physical processes on the interface (free surface) of magnetic fluid. The present analysis is composed of the magnetic and the fluid analysis, both of which have no limitations concerning the interface elevation or its profile. The magnetic analysis provides rigorous interface magnetic field under arbitrary distributions of applied magnetic field. For the fluid analysis, the equation for interface motion includes all nonlinear effects. Physical quantities such as the interface magnetic field or the interface stresses, obtained first as the wavenumber components, facilitate confirming the relations with those by the conventional theoretical analyses. The nonlinear effect is formulated as the nonlinear mode coupling between the interface profile and the applied magnetic field. The stability of the horizontal interface profile is investigated by the dispersion relation, and summarized as the branch line. Furthermore, the balance among the spectral components of the interface stresses are shown, within the sufficient range of the wavenumber space.     

Effects of sweep rates of external magnetic fields on the labyrinthine instabilities of miscible magnetic fluids

The interfacial instability of miscible magnetic fluids in a Hele-Shaw Cell is studied experimentally, with different magnitudes and sweep rates of the external magnetic field. The initial circular oil-based magnetic fluid drop is surrounded by the miscible fluid, diesel. The external uniform magnetic fields induce small fingerings around the initial circular interface, so call labyrinthine fingering instability, and secondary waves. When the magnetic field is applied at a given sweep rate, the interfacial length grows significantly at the early stage. It then decreases when the magnetic field reaches the preset values, and finally approaches a certain asymptotic value. In addition, a dimensionless parameter, Pe, which includes the factors of diffusion and sweep rate of the external magnetic field, is found to correlate the experimental data. It is shown that the initial growth rate of the interfacial length is linearly proportional to Pe for the current experimental parameter range and is proportional to the square root of the sweep rate at the onset of labyrinthine instability.     

Magnetorheological and deformation properties of magnetically controlled elastomers with hard magnetic filler

Viscoelastic and deformational behavior of soft magnetic elastomers with hard magnetic fillers under the influence of a magnetic field is studied by different experimental techniques. The magnetic elastomers used in this work were synthesized on the basis of silicone rubber filled with FeNdB particles and were magnetized in a field of 3 and 15 kOe. We have shown that due to high residual magnetization the materials demonstrate well pronounced non-elastic behavior already in the absence of any external magnetic field. In particular, in contrast to magnetic elastomers based on soft magnetic fillers their elastic modulus is strain-dependent. Under the influence of external magnetic field the storage and loss moduli of magnetic elastomers with hard magnetic filler can both increase and decrease tremendously.     

激光驱动的冲击波自生磁场以及外加磁场的冲击波放大研究

冲击波是天体物理观测中常见的现象, 其对粒子的加速被认为是高能宇宙射线的来源. 宇宙中冲击波周围往往存在很强的磁场, 但人们对于此类强磁场的产生放大过程的理解并不充分. 本文利用二维粒子模拟程序研究了激光与磁化或者非磁化等离子体相互作用产生的冲击波现象, 给出了冲击波波前处磁场的产生放大特性. 研究发现, 作用过程中的自生磁场可以储存能量, 从而进一步加速电子; 当存在外加磁场时, 由冲击波加速的电子和离子的能量都比同条件下非磁化等离子体的能量高; 而且外加磁场藉由冲击波放大倍数则与其值有极大关系. 与天文观测中推断的磁场与背景磁场相比放大千倍这一研究结果的比较可以看出, 天体冲击波周围磁场放大主要是由局域内生磁场导致的.