The application of power ultrasound to the surface cleaning of silica and heavy mineral sands

Power ultrasound may be used in the processing of minerals to clean their surfaces of oxidation products and fine coatings, mainly through the large, but very localised, forces produced by cavitation. Results of the application of power ultrasound to remove iron-rich coatings from the surfaces of silica sand used in glass making and to improve the electrostatic separation of mineral sand concentrates through lowering the resistivity of the conducting minerals (ilmenite and rutile) are presented. Parameters affecting ultrasonic cleaning, such as input power and levels of reagent addition, are discussed. In particular, we present data showing the relationship between power input and the particle size of surface coatings removed. This can be explained by the Derjaguin approximation for the energy of interaction between a sphere and a flat surface.     

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on heavy metal decontamination in milk

Ultrasound has been found useful in increasing the efficiency and consumer safety in food processing. Removal of heavy metal (lead, mercury, and arsenic) contamination in milk is extremely important in regions of poor ecological environment – urban areas with heavy motor traffic or well established metallurgical/cement industry. In this communication, we report on the preliminary studies on the application of low frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound for heavy metal decontamination of milk without affecting its physical, chemical, and microbiological properties.     

Glasses of heavy metal and gallium oxides doped with neodymium

Abstract

Optical and physical properties of a new family of Nd: BPG (Bi₂O₃-PbO-Ga₂O₃) glasses are presented at 1 mol% Nd doping level. Knoop hardness of 321 kg/mm² and density of 4.63 g/cm³ were measured. These high refractive index glasses present a very large absorption cross section of 2.5 × 10^?20 cm² at 800 nm. Emission occurs at three bands centered at 877 nm, 1066 nm and 1341 nm with a fluorescence lifetime associated to these transitions of 110 μs. At 1066 nm, the spectral linewidth is 30 nm. These properties make these glasses good candidates for laser action.     

在重金属铜、银和金的团簇中电子相关作用的定量估算

在HF和CCSD(T)水平上研究了重金属碲化物团簇M2Te(M=Cu,Ag,Au)的电子相关作用.结果显示,电子相关作用不改变键长,却减小键角大于20°,说明电子相关作用是作用在重金属原子上的一种切向吸引力.理论分析确定,这个吸引力来自于重金属闭壳层d10-d10之间的van der Waals吸引力.通过拟合电子相关势能函数 ,首次估算了电子相关作用的大小和作用模式.     

Simultaneous adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from multicomponent solutions using fly ash

In wastewaters originating from dye industry there are amounts of dyes (very common methyl orange, methylene blue—MB) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel mainly from the organo-metallic dyes). They tend to adsorb in a competitive process and modify the substrate. Advanced removal is usually proposed via adsorption and the use of modified fly ash as a substrate is sustainable solution. The main constituents of fly ash (silica, alumina, iron oxide and un-burned carbon), are the priority compounds which favour the heavy metal adsorption and are active sites in dyes’ adsorption processes. The paper studies the effect of MB adsorbed on the fly ash surface on the removal efficiency of cadmium, copper and nickel ionic species from complex, multi-cationic dye solutions. The adsorption efficiency and kinetics are evaluated from the complex, multicomponent systems and possible influences are discussed. High efficiencies are obtained at low heavy metal concentrations (as it is the real case for the dyes industry) whereas at medium values, competitive processes lower the individual efficiencies of copper, nickel or cadmium from mixtures.     

Attachment of linear poly(amido amine) to silica surface and evaluation of metal-binding behavior

The investigation reports preparation of two new adsorbent materials, SiPOLHET and SiPOLHOM, by attachment of linear poly(amido amine) (PAA) to silica surface by adopting heterogeneous and homogeneous modification procedures, respectively. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹³C and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy. Surface morphologies and corresponding elemental composition were determined by using SEM and EDS techniques. The metal binding characteristics of the adsorbents towards Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ were studied in dilute aqueous solution which presents an interesting aspect of increasing trend.     

亚热带自然林与人工林土壤重金属含量的研究

重金属是危害森林生态健康主要污染物之一.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,首次比较了亚热带人工林和自然林土壤中13种重金属元素(Fe,Al,Ti,Cr,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd)的含量.结果表明自然林土壤中Fe,Al,Ti,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd...     

Complexation and DFT studies of lower rim hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene derivatives bearing pyridyl groups with transition and heavy metal cations. Cone versus partial cone conformation

The binding of representative alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal cations by 2‐pyridylmethoxy derivatives (1b, in cone and partial cone conformations) of p‐tert‐butylhexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene was studied. Binding was assessed by extraction studies of the metal picrates from water into dichloromethane and by stability constant measurements in acetonitrile and methanol, using spectrophotometric and potentiometric techniques. Microcalorimetric studies of some selected complexes in acetonitrile were performed, as well as proton NMR titrations. Computational methods (density functional theory calculations) were also employed to complement the NMR data. The results are compared with those obtained with the dihomooxacalix[4]arene 2b and the calix[4]arene 3b derivative analogues. Partial cone‐1b is the best extractant for transition and heavy metal cations. Both conformers of 1b exhibit very high stability constants for soft and intermediate cations Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺, with cone‐1b the strongest binder (ML, log β ≥ 7) and partial cone‐1b the most selective. Both derivatives show a slight preference for Na⁺. Besides the formation of ML complexes, ML₂ and M₂L species were also observed. The former complexes were, in general, formed with the transition and heavy metal cations, whereas the latter were obtained with Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺ and partial cone‐1b. In most cases, these species were corroborated by the proton NMR and density functional theory studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原子吸收光谱法研究聚丙烯腈树脂对铜、铅、镉和锌的吸附性能

采用悬浮聚合法以丙烯腈和二乙烯苯交联合成聚丙烯腈聚合物微球,以原子吸收光谱(AAS)法研究了它对重金属离子的吸附性能,实验结果表明,聚丙烯腈聚合物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+和Zn2+具有不同程度的吸附容量; 酸度、吸附时间、离子浓度和温度等对其吸附性能均有一定的影响。以AAS法确定聚丙烯腈聚合物的最佳吸附条件;其对金属离子的最佳吸附容量出现在溶液pH值为5～6范围内,静态吸附时间达到1.5～2 h时吸附基本达到平衡,室温下,吸附容量较大,温度高于40 ℃时吸附容量逐渐降低,因此选择室温为最佳吸附温度。在最佳吸附条件下聚合物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附容量(mg·g-1)分别达到26.6,45.2,39.7和32.5。吸附时间为1.5～2 h时吸附率分别达到83.6%,87.1%,85.3%和86.7%。在5 h以上时吸附率可达到96%。选用0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液作为解吸剂洗脱金属离子,解吸率可达到95%。同时还探讨了聚合物的吸附作用机理。     

水蒸气对二氧化硅膜的影响：吸附性能与渗流效应

研究了在50和90 oC时水蒸气对孔径约为4 ?的二氧化硅膜的吸附性能和渗流效应影响,采用椭圆偏振光谱分析水蒸气的吸附性能,以及测定氦气-H₂O二元混合气体的透过性能. 研究表明水蒸气在二氧化硅膜上的吸附行为符合一阶Langmuir等温线,同时,在H₂O分子存在的条件下,氦气的透过率会急剧下降. 通常,在极小孔内气体分子的传输被认为是不连续的,而是在势能下从一个占有位置跳跃到另外一个空位上. 当在二氧化硅表面的H₂O分子覆盖率上升时,氦气的透过率急剧下降可能与渗流效应有关,其中吸附在二氧化硅表面的H₂O分子阻碍了氦气分子的跳跃.     

Application of the statistical rate theory of interfacial transport to investigate the kinetics of divalent metal ion adsorption onto the energetically heterogeneous surfaces of oxides and activated carbons

Divalent metal cation adsorption from solution onto oxides or activated carbons can be described by the Surface Complexation Model (SCM). We assumed that the adsorbent surface is strongly energetically heterogeneous and derived the adsorption isotherm using rectangular distribution of adsorption energy and condensation approximation for the local isotherm equation. Assuming additionally that the bulk concentration of divalent metal ion is low and does not change considerably during the adsorption process and next applying the Statistical Rate Theory of Interfacial Transport (SRT) we derived the Elovich equation—the experimental formula describing adsorption kinetics.     

不同形貌锰氧化物对重金属离子吸附的AAS和AFS分析

通过简单的水热法控制性合成了两种不同形貌的锰氧化物(层状OL和隧道状OMS),并考察了这两种材料对几种重金属离子Pb2+,Cu2+,Ni2+,Hg2+的吸附。通过原子吸收光谱(AAS)和原子荧光光谱(AFS)测定吸附前后离子浓度,比较两种材料的吸附性能,以及对不同离子的选择性吸附。实验表明OMS形貌的锰氧化物是一种良好吸附剂,对铅离子具有很好的选择性吸附,两分钟内吸附率达98%。由此可建立一种简单、绿色、高效地去除污水中重金属离子的方法。     

采用非单一吸附式制冷方式的研究现状与展望

固体吸附式制冷是一种可直接利用余热作为驱动热源和使用天然制冷剂的制冷方式,它对环境保护与节约能源具有重要意义,吸附式制冷技术目前已成为国际上普遍关注的一个学术方向。其中,采用其他以热能为动力的制冷循环方式与固体吸附式联合制冷在制冷领域已成为一个重要方向。首先介绍非单一吸附式制冷方式的总体研究进展,随后对其未来研究和应用发展方向作了展望。     

Manipulating electronic and magnetic properties of black phosphorene with 4d series transition metal adsorption

We carry out first-principles calculations within density-functional theory to investigate the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of 4d transition metal (TM) decorated monolayer black phosphorene (BP). The results indicate that the TM adsorption on BP can have dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) properties. The spin polarized semiconducting state is realized in BP by adsorption of Y, Nb and Ru, while a half-metal state is obtained by Tc adsorption. In the case of two same types of TMs adsorption on BP, only [email protected] shows DMS state. In particular, two different types of TMs decorated BP can induce magnetic moments, localized mainly on the 4d TMs and the neighboring P atoms. Furthermore, the 4d TMs may enrich the electronic properties of BP, such as half-metallic, metallic and semiconducting features. These findings suggest that the 4d TM adsorbed BP can be used as a potential next-generation spintronics and magnetic storage material.     

Modulation of the work function of fullerenes C60 and C70 by alkali-metal adsorption: A theoretical study

The impact of alkali-metal (Li/Na/Cs) adsorption on work function of fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ was investigated by first-principles calculations. After adsorption, the work functions of fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ decrease distinctly and vary linearly with the electronegativity of the alkali metal elements, and the positions where the alkali atoms are adsorbed considerably influence the work functions. On the contrary, a vacancy defect elevates the work functions of the fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀. The variation in the work functions rests with variation in Fermi level (which are attributed to charge transfer) and variation in vacuum levels (which are attributed to the induced dipole moments). Moreover, alkali-metal adsorption can also improve the electric conductivity of a fullerene mixture of C₆₀ and C₇₀.     

An ab initio analysis of adsorption and diffusion of silver atoms on alumina surfaces

The adsorption and diffusion of silver adatoms on a variety of different surface terminations of alumina was studied with density functional theory. Both Al and O terminated surfaces of α-Al₂O₃(0 0 0 1), as well as hydroxylated versions of these surfaces, were examined. The results indicate that Ag bonds weakly to the Al terminated surface and has low barriers for diffusion. This suggests that the diffusion of Ag on the alumina terminated surface is very rapid. Ag bonds much more strongly, however, to the O-terminated surface which results in higher diffusion barriers. Calculations for Ag on hydroxylated surfaces indicate that the presence of water serves to lower barriers to diffusion for Ag atoms as compared to the oxygen terminated surface but decreases diffusion as compared to the aluminum terminated surface. The results described herein help to provide a more detailed understanding of the observed surface wetting of other transition metals upon hydroxylated alumina surfaces.     

Influence of activated carbon surface acidity on adsorption of heavy metal ions and aromatics from aqueous solution

Adsorption of toxic heavy metal ions and aromatic compounds onto activated carbons of various amount of surface C-O complexes were examined to study the optimum surface conditions for adsorption in aqueous phase. Cadmium(II) and zinc(II) were used as heavy metal ions, and phenol and nitrobenzene as aromatic compounds, respectively. Activated carbon was de-ashed followed by oxidation with nitric acid, and then it was stepwise out-gassed in helium flow up to 1273 K to gradually remove C-O complexes introduced by the oxidation. The oxidized activated carbon exhibited superior adsorption for heavy metal ions but poor performance for aromatic compounds. Both heavy metal ions and aromatics can be removed to much extent by the out-gassed activated carbon at 1273 K. Removing C-O complexes, the adsorption mechanisms would be switched from ion exchange to Cπ-cation interaction for the heavy metals adsorption, and from some kind of oxygen-aromatics interaction to π-π dispersion for the aromatics.     

Experimental, density function theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the adsorption of some thiourea derivatives on iron surface in nitric acid solutions

The effects of thiourea derivatives, namely N-methyl thiourea (MTU), N-propyl thiourea (PTU) and N-allyl thiourea (ATU) on the corrosion behaviour of iron in 1.0 M solution of HNO₃ have been investigated in relation to the concentration of thiourea derivatives. The experimental data obtained using the techniques of weight loss, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS. The results showed that these compounds revealed a good corrosion inhibition, (ATU) being the most efficient and (MTU) the least. Computational studies have been used to find the most stable adsorption sites for thiourea derivatives. This information help to gain further insight about corrosion system, such as the most likely point of attack for corrosion on iron (1 1 0), the most stable site for thiourea derivatives adsorption and the binding energy of the adsorbed layer. The efficiency order of the inhibitors obtained by experimental results was verified by theoretical analysis.     

一种新型光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器的仿真与实验研究

为了克服传统单个光纤布喇格光栅传感器对温度交叉敏感的问题,设计制作了一种基于双光纤布喇格光栅的以阻流件和弹性体为换能元件的流量传感器.该流量传感器采用弹性伞状结构体作为流量传感器的换能元件,用硅胶树脂封装双光纤光栅的弹性伞状结构体,起到了温度补偿的作用且提高了应变测量灵敏度.用有限元优化传感器结构,在1~20m/s的流速下利用ANSYS对传感器结构和传感器周围的流体场进行模拟分析,并计算了传感器的灵敏度,实验证明了硅胶树脂作为封装材料的优越性.进行了砝码干校法模拟实验,完成传感器封装前后的性能测试,通过提取该传感器的反射谱信号特征值,得到封装前后传感器的载荷响应灵敏度分别为:1.71nm/kg,0.103nm/kg.表明该流量传感器结构简单、安装方便、具有较好的线性度和灵敏度.