Improvement of the adhesion between polyaniline and commercial carbon paper by acid treatment and its application in supercapacitor electrodes

Commercial carbon paper was coated with polyaniline (PANI) using in situ polymerization of aniline. Prior to the PANI coating, acid treatment was performed to carboxylate the surface of the carbon paper for enhancing PANI adhesion by sonication of the carbon paper in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. The loading mass density of PANI on the acid-treated carbon paper increased more than three times compared to that on the carbon paper without acid treatment. The specific capacitance also increased from 112 to 174 F/g in a two-electrode system (calculated using a total mass of carbon paper and PANI) due to better PANI coating on the acid-treated carbon paper. The simple acid treatment provides good adhesion of PANI to the commercial carbon paper and can be applied to prepare supercapacitor electrodes.     

热处理温度对蛋白石晶体的影响

 采用等体积快速混合法制备了不同粒径的单分散SiO₂微球,通过重力垂直沉降自组装形成了蛋白石模板,研究了热处理温度对蛋白石晶体模板形貌、结构与光学性能的影响。SEM,TG-DSC,UV-Vis等分析表明：热处理可提高组装微球的粘合性与模板的机械强度;SiO₂胶体模板煅烧温度在700～800 ℃较为合适;热处理能够改变蛋白石晶体光子带隙的位置,随着煅烧温度的升高,带隙发生蓝移并且带隙逐渐变窄。     

压力膨化后的热处理温度对PP蜂窝膜驻极体机电性质的影响

研究了经压力膨化后的热处理温度对聚丙烯蜂窝膜(cellular PP)驻极体机电性能的影响.结果表明，在从常温至PP熔融温区内，压力膨化工艺处理后PP蜂窝膜的厚度随着热处理温度的升高而逐渐增大；然而热处理温度对PP蜂窝膜的压电活性及其相关性质的影响具有显著不同的规律，在90℃时，PP蜂窝膜的弹性模量和机电耦合系数分别出现谷值和峰值，同时压电d₃₃系数达到377pC/N的最大值.随着热处理温度的升高，它们的谐振频率的变化范围约为794到371kHz. 关键词： 热处理温度 PP蜂窝膜 压电性 压力膨化工艺     

低温热泵蒸发器结霜特性实验的研究

实验研究了不同的空气参数如空气相对湿度、温度以及空气流速对低温热泵室外侧蒸发器结霜特性的影响。研究发现空气入口相对湿度等参数对蒸发器结霜以及换热性能有很大的影响。实验结果可以为热泵除霜以及翅片管式蒸发器优化设计提供可靠的实验依据。     

Effect of the heat treatment conditions on the synthesis of Sr-hexaferrite

The effect of heat treatment conditions under oxygen atmosphere on the SrFe₁₂O₁₉ synthesis is analyzed. Effect of partial evacuation of decomposition gases of the organometallic precursor on the phase composition of different samples is studied. An accurate structural analysis of samples obtained between 250 °C and 600 °C is reported. From the structural analysis several secondary phases are identified. The amount of secondary phases can be manipulated through the control of the heat treatment conditions, and therefore, this constitutes a methodology to manipulate the composition and the magnetic properties of the obtained nanopowders. The quantitative determination of phases is performed by structural refinement of X-ray powder patterns, using Rietveld analysis. Magnetic study is done by magnetization vs. applied magnetic field at room temperature.     

Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity of polyaniline films in the framework of phonon-assisted tunnelling model

In the present paper it is shown that a change from semiconducting behaviour of conductivity to metallic behaviour observed in polyaniline (PANI) films [Long et al., Physica B 325 (2003) 208; 344 (2004) 82] and fibres [Adams et al., Synth. Met. 101 (1999) 685] at higher temperatures could be explained on the basis of phonon-assisted tunnelling model. A transition from negative temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) to positive TCR in the framework of this model occurs at the temperatures, at which the phonon emission dominates in the process of tunnelling.     

Simple approach to carboxyl-rich materials through low-temperature heat treatment of hydrothermal carbon in air

It was found that a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) could be created on the surface of hydrothermal carbon (HTC) by simply heating at lower temperature in air during the course of our preliminary experiments which focused on oxidation pre-treatment of pristine HTC for the purpose of grafting functionalization. Especially carboxyl groups on HTC would increase significantly, from 0.53 to 3.70 mmol/g after heat treatment at 300 °C. So, effects of heat-treatment on the OFGs on the carbon microsphere were deeply studied to confirm and explain the findings. Experiments involving different materials (HTC, activated carbon and glucose) were performed under varying conditions (heating temperature and time, in air or in Ar atmosphere). A reaction mechanism for newly generating carboxyl groups on HTC surface during heat-treatment process was supposed based on the results from the sample characterization using Boehm titrations, infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry and elemental analysis. In addition, the as heat-treated product has excellent sorption capability for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions.     

Electrical- and magneto-resistance control for magnetite nanoparticle sinter by regulation of heat treatment temperature

We investigated electrical- and magneto-resistance control in magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticle sinter (MNPS) by the regulation of heat treatment (HT) temperature. MNPS was produced from hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles (HNP’s) using a deoxidization reaction. The average size of HNP was 30 nm, and HT was carried out between 400 and 800 °C. X-ray diffraction, magnetization, electrical resistivity (ER), and magneto-resistivity (MR) measurements were performed at temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K. The ER and MR behaviors were considerably different at HT temperatures above and below ∼600 °C. After HT below ∼600 °C, ER followed the Mott-type variable-range-hopping conduction, and MR showed large values over a wide temperature range. After HT above ∼600 °C, ER indicated a Verwey transition near 110 K and MR showed small values, except in the vicinity of the Verwey transition temperature. Changing the HT temperature altered the coupling between adjacent magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and affected the crystallinity of MNPS. Below ∼600 °C, ER and MR were dominated by grain-boundary conduction, while above ∼600 °C they were determined by inter-grain conduction. The application of a magnetic field to the grain-boundary region, which had random localized spins, caused a large enhancement in MR.     

One way of surface alloying treatment on iron surface based on surface mechanical attrition treatment and heat treatment

A method of surface alloying treatment has been developed: Ni powders were welded into the surface of iron plates by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment (SMAT), followed by annealing at certain temperature for 30 min. A Ni-Fe alloy layer with thickness about 100 μm in the sample surface was fabricated on pure iron plate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), glow discharge spectrum (GDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used to analyze the microstructure, the composition and the phases of the alloy layer. Studies on the interface microstructure indicated that there was significant atomic diffusion and formation of multilayer of intermetallic compound and solid solution in SMAT process. Subsequent annealing accelerates the alloying process. The corrosion test shows the sample by SMAT treated with Ni powders exhibit the best corrosion resistance.     

精密热处理过程温度测量多模态重构方法

为了增大惯性约束聚变玻璃靶丸的磁悬浮力,通过热处理工艺对其表面金属氧化物涂层进行晶态调控从而增强磁性能的方法对热处理温度控制精度要求极高,需要从多方面对温度进行把控。目前基于圆图记录仪的温度测量手段已经不能满足惯性约束聚变对热处理温度开展实时多模态数据分析的要求。提出一种针对精密热处理过程温度测量的多模态重构方法,首先将精密热处理过程的温度数据进行数字化传输与存储,然后在计算机中进行多模态解析与重构,最后基于空间拓扑关系与特征参数标定结果,利用Corexy机构实现热处理温度的多模态重构。结果表明所提方法可以实现对温度调控过程的单一化模态分离与多模态重构,实现误差一般小于5%。     

解析计算半导体激光器列阵的热沉温升

 通过解热传导方程得到了半导体激光器列阵的热沉温升分布的解析表达式,并利用该解析式得到了热沉的温升分布图。分析了对流换热传热系数对上下表面温升的影响,当对流换热传热系数增大到某个值后,上下表面的温差变化很小,而温升随该系数的增大而降低,所得的结果与用有限元法算得的并经过实验验证的结果基本上是一致的。     

Effect of heat treatment on bioactivity of anodic titania films

Anodic oxidation could be employed to produce crystalline titania films on Ti6Al4 V surfaces for inducing apatite formation in simulated body fluid (SBF). In this work, the effect of further heat treatment on the bioactivity of anodic titania films was researched. The surface constitution, morphology, crystal structure and apatite-forming ability of titania films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated the apatite formation on the Ti6Al4 V surfaces could be attributed to abundance of Ti-OH groups formed via anodic oxidation, but subsequent heat treatment would decrease the amount of surface hydroxyl (OH) groups and result in the loss of the apatite-forming ability.     

Relation between local temperature gradients and the direction of heat flow in quantum driven systems

We introduce thermometers to define the local temperature of an electronic system driven out-of-equilibrium by local ac fields. We discuss the behavior of the local temperature along the sample, showing that it exhibits spatial fluctuations following an oscillatory pattern. We show explicitly that the local temperature is the correct indicator for heat flow.     

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed tin bronze coating

Tin bronze (TB) powder was deposited on a stainless steel substrate by cold spraying. Post-deposition heat treatment was conducted in an electrical resistance furnace under nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 850 °C for 3 h. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed TB coating was investigated. It was found that the as-sprayed TB coating presented a dense microstructure. Heat treatment significantly influenced the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed TB coating. A distinguishable diffusion layer of about 150 μm was formed in the coating near the coating/substrate interface. A compound was precipitated in the diffusion layer. The microhardness in the coating was changed gradually along the coating from the interface to the coating surface after heat treatment. The microhardness in the diffusion layer was high owing to the precipitation of hard phase, while it was much low in other area due to the obvious grain growth during annealing.     

Influence of heat treatment on tribological properties of electroless Ni-P and Ni-P-Al2O3 coatings on Al-Si casting alloy

Evolution of tribological properties of electroless Ni-P and Ni-P-Al₂O₃ coating on an Al-10Si-0.3Mg casting alloy during heat treatment is investigated in this work. The pre-treated substrate was plated using a bath containing nickel hypophosphite, nickel lactate and lactic acid. For preparation of fiber-reinforced coating Al₂O₃ Saffil fibers pre-treated in demineralised water were used. The coated samples were heat treated at 400-550 °C/1-8 h. Tribological properties were studied using the pin-on-disc method. It is found that the best coating performance is obtained using optimal heat treatment regime (400 °C/1 h). Annealing at higher temperatures (450 °C and above) leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds that reduce the coating wear resistance. The reason is that the intermetallic phases adversely affect the coating adherence to the substrate. The analysis of wear tracks proves that abrasion is major wear mechanism, however due to the formed intermetallic sub-layers, partial coating delamination may occur during the pin-on-disc test on the samples annealed at 450 °C and above. It was found that fiber reinforcement reduces this scaling and increases wear resistance of coatings as compared to the non-reinforced Ni-P coatings.     

Fuel additives and heat treatment effects on nanocrystalline zinc ferrite phase composition

Nanocrystalline ZnFe₂O₄ powder was prepared by the auto-combustion method using citric acid, acetic acid, carbamide and acrylic acid as fuel additives. Pure spinel zinc ferrite with the crystallite size of about 15 nm can be obtained by using acrylic acid as fuel additive. Samples prepared using other fuel additives contain ZnO impurities. In order to eliminate ZnO impurities, the sample prepared with citric acid as fuel additive was annealed at different temperatures up to 1000 °C in air and in argon. Annealed powders have pure ZnFe₂O₄ phase when annealing temperature is higher than 650 °C in air. Sample annealed at 650 °C in air is paramagnetic. However, annealed powders become a mixture of Fe₃O₄ and FeO after annealing at 1000 °C in argon atmosphere due to Zn volatility and the reduction reaction.     

Ultrasound and heat treatment effects on Staphylococcus aureus cell viability in orange juice

Ultrasounds are being considered an excellent alternative technology in juice preservation. Yet, when combined with heat treatment, the process seems to be further intensified. This work aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of ultrasounds and heat treatments, when applied alone or in combination, on Staphylococcus aureus survival in orange juice. Inoculated commercial pasteurized orange juice was treated at different times at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C. SEM analyses were applied to identify morphological changes in S. aureus cells appearance. The microbial inactivation data were fitted using two mathematical models, depending on the behaviour observed.Sonication at 20, 30, and 40 °C induced 4.02 ± 0.52, 3.80 ± 0.49 and 4.30 ± 0.74 log cycles reduction of S. aureus after treatments of 90, 60 and 60 min, respectively. The heat treatments at the same temperatures had no impact on S. aureus survival. When 50 and 60 °C were applied, more than 5-log reductions were attained for both thermosonication and heat treatments alone. A synergistic effect was observed between sonication and high temperatures. At 50 °C, the thermosonication reduced the treatment time from 60 to 35 min and the microbial load from 5.14 ± 0.08 to 10.76 ± 0.28 log cycles reduction, compared to heat treatment alone. Results from SEM images showed that cells undergo membrane damage during sonication exposure. This was observed by collapsed cells, cell disruption, and holes in the cell’s membrane.Thermosonication proved to be a viable alternative to thermal pasteurization of orange juice since milder treatments can be safely applied, improving the final product quality.     

初始温度及碳源对碳纳米管气相爆轰法合成的影响

改变初始温度以及分别使用甲烷和乙炔气体作碳源时气相爆轰合成碳纳米管,研究了初始温度与不同碳源对碳纳米管的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱等对碳纳米管进行表征。结果表明,随着初始温度的升高,所合成的碳纳米管的产量减少且石墨化程度降低,但管壁会变得光滑且管径有所增加。当使用乙炔时,所合成的产物中没有碳纳米管,而是合成了石墨化程度较高的无定形碳,随着催化剂量的增加,产物中碳包覆颗粒增多且包覆层清晰可见,但存在结构缺陷。当初始温度在110~130 ℃时,使用甲烷气体运用气相爆轰的手段是合成碳纳米管的较佳方案。     

The effect of heat treatment on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of reactive plasma-sprayed TiN coatings

The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of reactive plasma sprayed TiN coatings in simulated seawater was investigated by electrochemical methods such as the corrosion potential-time curve (E_corr − t), potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM, etc. The results showed that the corrosion potential of TiN coatings increased after heat treatment; the corrosion current of the TiN coatings after heat treatment (be hereafter referred to as HT-TiN) was 13.3% of the untreated coatings (be hereafter referred to as UT-TiN), and the polarization resistance of HT-TiN was 20 times of UT-TiN, which indicated that the heat treatment had significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was mainly local corrosion, and the local corrosion behavior mainly took place at the microdefects (crack and pores) of the coatings. The porosity of the coatings was reduced after heat treatment. The reason was that TiN reacted with O₂ to form TiO₂ and Ti₃O during the heat treating, and volume expansion took place, which led to denser microstructure. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was therefore increased.