A Thermal Approach to Model Laser Damage in KDP and DKDP Crystals

A thermal model is considered in order to better understand the mechanism of laser induced damage in KDP and DKDP crystals. We demonstrate that the expressions of pinpoint density and damage probability, predicted by the thermal model, are consistent with the experimental data. We also discuss the effect of particle interaction on the thermal model.     

Femtosecond-laser nanofabrication onto silicon surface with near-field localization generated by plasmon polaritons in gold nanoparticles with oblique irradiation

Nanohole fabrication process with gold nanoparticles irradiated by femtosecond laser at different incident angles is investigated. Nanoparticles with diameter of 200 nm and laser irradiation with center wavelength of 800 nm are used in the present study. The analysis of the electromagnetic field distribution in the near-field zone of the particle is made by simulations based on finite-differential time domain (FDTD) method. It is shown that when gold nanoparticle is irradiated by laser pulse surface plasmon excitation can be induced, and associated with it, high-intensity near field is produced in a limited area around the particle. It is found that the change of the irradiation conditions by means of irradiation from various incident directions gives a possibility of laser nanoprocessing with tunable characteristics. Our results show that enhanced optical intensity is able to be induced on the substrate surface regardless of incident direction of the laser due to the image charge interaction with the substrate. Furthermore, the use of p-polarized laser irradiation at a certain angle gives a minimum of the spatial dimensions of the enhanced zone on the substrate which is about two times smaller than that obtained at normal incidence.     

Fabrication of fluorescent nanoparticles of dendronized perylenediimide by laser ablation in water

Highly fluorescent organic nanoparticles with size of about 300 nm were prepared by nanosecond laser ablation of micrometer-sized powder of dendronized perylenediimide dispersed in water. The nanoparticle colloidal solution provided a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.58. The absorption and emission spectral studies demonstrated that the bulky dendron groups at the side bays of perylenediimide chromophore efficiently suppress the interchromophoric interactions in the nanoparticles. Fluorescence measurement on several single nanoparticles underlines that the prepared nanoparticles are bright and photo-stable enough to be a useful probe for single particle fluorescence investigation.     

Thermal Analysis of Gold Nanorods Heated with Femtosecond Laser Pulses

We present an axisymmetric computational model to study the heating processes of gold nanoparticles, specifically nanorods, in aqueous medium by femtosecond laser pulses. We use a two-temperature model for the particle, a heat diffusion equation for the surrounding water to describe the heat transfer processes occurring in the system, and a thermal interface conductance to describe the coupling efficiency at the particle/water interface. We investigate the characteristic time scales of various fundamental processes, including lattice heating and thermal equilibration at the particle/surroundings interface, the effects of multiple laser pulses, and the influence of nanorod orientation relative to the beam polarization on energy absorption. Our results indicate that the thermal equilibration at the particle/water interface takes approximately 500 ps, while the electron-lattice coupling is achieved at approximately 50 ps when a 48×14 nm gold nanorod is heated to a maximum temperature of 1270 K with the application of a laser pulse having 4.70 J/m(2) average fluence. Irradiation by multiple pulses arriving at 12.5 ns time intervals (80 MHz repetition rate) causes a temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees during the first few pulses with no substantial changes during the subsequent pulses. We also analyze the degree of the nanorods' heating as a function of their orientation with respect to the polarization of the incident light. Lastly, it is shown that the temperature change of a nanorod can be modeled using its volume equivalent sphere for femtosecond laser heating within 5-15% accuracy.     

Laser-induced incandescence of titania nanoparticles synthesized in a flame

Laser induced incandescence experiments were carried out in a flame reactor during titania nanoparticle synthesis. The structure of the reactor employed allowed for a rather smooth particle growth along the flame axis, with limited mixing of different size particles. Particle incandescence was excited by the 4th harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser. The radiation emitted from the particles was recorded in time and checked by spectral analysis. Results were compared with measurements from transmission electron microscopy of samples taken at the same locations probed by incandescence. This was done covering a portion of the flame length within which a particle size growth of a factor of about four was detected. The incandescence decay time was found to increase monotonically with particle size. The attainment of a process control tool in nanoparticle flame synthesis appears to be realistic.     

Mechanism of pulse laser interaction with colloidal nanoparticles

The laser is a very powerful and very useful instrument in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. The knowledge of the interaction mechanism of the laser beam with nanoparticles is needed to control the laser processing of different nano‐objects. It was shown that the particle heating–melting–evaporation model can be successfully applied for many phenomena arising when colloidal nanoparticle interact with pulsed laser beams. The general approach of this model is discussed in detail. The two main components of the model, light absorption by particles, and the thermodynamics of phase transitions in particulate material are considered. Special attention is devoted to the correct estimation of the possible heat losses. The way in which the phase diagrams, where the different phase conditions of particle material are presented in laser fluence−particle diameter coordinates, were produced is demonstrated. It is shown how this model can be applied for understanding the mechanism of such complicated processes as particle‐size reduction and submicrometer spherical particle growth, as well as other processes that occur when colloidal particles are irradiated by a pulsed laser.     

Thermo-mechanical laser ablation of soft biological tissue: modeling the micro-explosions

Characteristics of thermo-mechanical laser ablation process are investigated using an original numerical model. In contrast with previous models, it is based on a microscopic physical model of the micro-explosion process, which combines thermodynamic behavior of tissue water with elastic response of the solid tissue components. Diffusion of dissipated heat is treated in one dimension, and the amount of thermal damage is assessed using the Arrhenius model of the protein denaturation kinetics. Influence of the pulse fluence and duration on temperature profile development, ablation threshold, and depth of thermal damage is analyzed for the case of Er:YAG laser irradiation of human skin. Influence of mechanical properties on the ablation threshold of soft tissue is predicted theoretically for the first time. In addition, feasibility of deep tissue coagulation with a repetitively pulsed Er:YAG laser is indicated from the model. Received: 9 July 1998 / Revised version: 26 February 1999 / Published online: 26 May 1999     

Particle agglomeration and properties of nanofluids

The present study demonstrates the importance of actual agglomerated particle size in the nanofluid and its effect on the fluid properties. The current work deals with 5 to 100 nm nanoparticles dispersed in fluids that resulted in 200 to 800 nm agglomerates. Particle size distributions for a range of nanofluids are measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Wet scanning electron microscopy method is used to visualize agglomerated particles in the dispersed state and to confirm particle size measurements by DLS. Our results show that a combination of base fluid chemistry and nanoparticle type is very important to create stable nanofluids. Several nanofluids resulted in stable state without any stabilizers, but in the long term had agglomerations of 250 % over a 2 month period. The effects of agglomeration on the thermal and rheological properties are presented for several types of nanoparticle and base fluid chemistries. Despite using nanodiamond particles with high thermal conductivity and a very sensitive laser flash thermal conductivity measurement technique, no anomalous increases of thermal conductivity was measured. The thermal conductivity increases of nanofluid with the particle concentration are as those predicted by Maxwell and Bruggeman models. The level of agglomeration of nanoparticles hardly influenced the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The viscosity of nanofluids increased strongly as the concentration of particle is increased; it displays shear thinning and is a strong function of the level of agglomeration. The viscosity increase is significantly above of that predicted by the Einstein model even for very small concentration of nanoparticles.     

The effect of thermal annealing and laser irradiation on the microstructure of vanadium oxide nanotubes

The microstructure of vanadium oxide nanotubes (VONTs) have been characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature effects on the VONTs were studies by changing the laser irradiation power and thermal annealing temperature in air. Raman spectroscopy studies showed that the VONTs could be decomposed even at low laser power irradiation. Also, together with scanning electron microscopy, it was found that thermal annealing in air could lead to the collapse of the tubular structure and convert the nanotubes into V₂O₅ nanoparticle. It was found that the thermal stability of VONTs was relatively low and the tubular morphology was destroyed at temperatures higher than 300 °C. The spectroscopic analyses showed that the Raman signature of the VONTs could be established for probing tubular structure.     

Controlling energy coupling and particle ejection from aluminum surfaces irradiated with ultrashort laser pulses

Hydrodynamic simulations are used to evaluate the potential of ultrashort laser pulses to localize energy at metallic surfaces, in our case aluminum. The emphasis is put on the dynamic sequence of laser energy deposition steps during the electron-ion nonequilibrium stage and the subsequent matter transformation phases. The simulations indicate correlated optical and thermodynamical states associated to specific electronic collisional mechanisms. The timescales of energy deposition deliver a guideline for using relevant relaxation times to improve the energy coupling into the material. We focus on a class of pump-probe experiments which investigate energy storage and particle emission from solids under ultrafast laser irradiation. Moreover, we have used our model to explain the experimentally observed optimization of energy coupling by tailoring temporal laser intensity envelopes and its subsequent influence on the ablation rate and on the composition of ablation products. Potential control for nanoparticle generation is discussed.     

The damage mechanism of fused silica surface induced by 355 nm nanosecond laser

In order to understand the physical mechanism, time-resolved dynamics of 355 nm nanosecond laser induced entrance and exit surface damage on fused silica was investigated by using shadow graphic technique. The results show that the damage mechanism is different between the entrance and exit surface during nanosecond laser interaction with fused silica. The plasma and shock waves in air is relatively higher at the entrance surface. The entrance surface damage is reduced because plasma shielding limits energy deposition. Without plasma shielding, the exit surface damage is more serious for more laser energy deposition in material. And without the stress of plasma and shock waves, the material is ejected easily at rear surface. These are confirmed by damage micrograph at the entrance and exit surface.     

Nanophotonics of isolated spherical particles

The problem of extreme focusing of an optical beam into the spatial region with wavelength dimensions is considered with the use of the special features of radiation interaction with isolated spherical particles. Results of numerical computations of the optical field intensity at the surface of silver particles of different radii upon exposure to laser radiation with different wavelengths are presented. It is demonstrated that the relative intensity of the plasmon optical field on the nanoparticle surface increases and the field focusing region decreases with increasing particle radius. Results of numerical computations illustrating the influence of the shell of composite nanoparticles comprising a dielectric core and a metal shell on the optical field intensity in the vicinity of the particle are presented. The problem of local optical foci of a transparent microparticle (photonic nanojets) is investigated. It is established that variation of the micron particle size, its optical properties, and laser radiation parameters allows the amplitude and spatial characteristics of the photonic nanojet region to be controlled efficiently.     

532nm皮秒脉冲激光对单晶硅的损伤特性研究

随着光电对抗和超短脉冲激光技术的发展,研究超短脉冲激光与单晶硅相互作用具有非常重要的理论和实际意义.为了进一步明确532 nm皮秒脉冲激光对单晶硅的损伤机理,本文开展了532 nm皮秒脉冲激光辐照单晶硅的损伤效应实验研究,测定了损伤阈值,明确了损伤机理,探讨了低通量下的脉冲累积效应.首先,利用波长为532 nm、脉冲宽...     

Influence of processing time on nanoparticle generation during picosecond-pulsed fundamental and second harmonic laser ablation of metals in tetrahydrofuran

The influence of fundamental and second harmonic wavelength on ablation efficiency and nanoparticle properties is studied during picosecond laser ablation of silver, zinc, and magnesium in polymer-doped tetrahydrofuran. Laser ablation in stationary liquid involves simultaneously the fabrication of nanoparticles by ablation of the target material and fragmentation of dispersed nanoparticles by post irradiation. The ratio in which the laser pulse energy contributes to these processes depends on laser wavelength and colloidal properties. For plasmon absorbers (silver), using the second harmonic wavelength leads to a decrease of the nanoparticle productivity over process time along with exponential decrease in particle diameter, while using the fundamental wavelength results in a constant ablation rate and linear decrease in particle diameter. For colloids made of materials without plasmon absorption (zinc, magnesium), laser scattering is the colloidal property that limits nanoparticle productivity by Mie-scattering of dispersed nanoparticle clusters.     

自由分子区内纳米颗粒的热泳力计算

基于非平衡态分子动力学模拟方法,研究了自由分子区内纳米颗粒的热泳特性.理论研究表明,纳米颗粒与周围气体分子之间的非刚体碰撞效应会明显地改变其热泳特性,经典的Waldmann热泳理论并不适用,但尚未有定量的直接验证.模拟计算结果表明:对于纳米颗粒而言,当气-固相互作用势能较弱或气体温度较高时,气体分子与纳米颗粒之间的非刚体碰撞效应可以忽略,Waldmann热泳理论与分子动力学模拟结果吻合较好;当气-固相互作用势能较强或气体温度较低时,非刚体碰撞效应较为明显,Waldmann热泳理论与模拟结果存在较大误差.基于分子动力学模拟结果,对纳米颗粒的等效粒径进行了修正,并考虑了气体分子与纳米颗粒之间的非刚体碰撞效应,理论计算结果与分子动力学模拟结果吻合较好.     

Prediction of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulation

Limitations of conventional heat transfer fluids in different industries because of their poor thermal conductivity made heat transfer improvement in working fluids was performing, as a new method of advanced heat transfer. Therefore, the dispersion solid particle idea in fluids, which has been started with mili- and micrometer particles, completed by using nanoparticles and today nanofluids have been found to provide a considerable heat transfer and viscosity enhancement in comparison to conventional fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, and engine oil. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was used to predict thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. Water was used as a base fluid. The simple point charge-extended (SPC/E) model was used for simulation of water and Ewald sum method for electrostatic interactions. Lennard–Jones potential for Van der Waals interactions, KTS potential for water and SiO₂ and Spor and Heinzinger correlation for water and Pt were used. The results were compared with experimental data. For investigation of the effect of temperature, simulation was done for three temperatures of 20, 30, and 50?C. The results showed that the ratio of thermal conductivity of nanofluid to base fluid and viscosity will decrease as the temperature increases. The effect of the concentration of nanoparticle was studied for three different concentrations, namely, 0.45, 1.85, and 4%. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid increases with increasing the concentration. Moreover, the effect of two nanoparticle sizes (i.e., 5 and 7 nm) on the thermal conductivity of nanofluid was investigated. It was shown that an increase in the size causes a decrease in the thermal conductivity. Finally, by replacing the SiO₂nanoparticle with a Pt nanoparticle in the nanofluid, it was observed that the kind of nanoparticle had not a considerable effect on increasing the thermal conductivity of nanofluid.     

The effect of concentration on the thermo-optical properties of colloidal silver nanoparticles

The thermo-optical properties of colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are investigated under a low power laser irradiation at 532 nm. Colloidal AgNPs are synthesized by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of a pure silver plate in distilled water. The morphology and size of the AgNPs are determined by transmission electron microscopy. Closed Z-scan measurements reveal that nonlocal thermo-optic process is responsible for the nonlinear refractive index of colloid containing different concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The Z-scan behavior of the nanoparticle samples has been investigated based on a nonlocal thermo-optic process and it is shown that the aberrant thermal lens model is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. Z-scan measurement fits have allowed the values of nonlinear refractive index (n₂) and thermo-optic coefficients (dn/dt) to be determined at different concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Large enhancement factors were measured for values of n₂ and dn/dt of the colloids at higher silver nanoparticle volume fraction. Our results suggest that nonlocal thermal nonlinear processes will play an important role in the development of photonic applications involving metal nanoparticle colloids.     

Restructuring of plasmonic nanoparticle aggregates with arbitrary particle size distribution in pulsed laser fields

We have studied processes of interaction of pulsed laser radiation with resonant groups of plasmonic nanoparticles(resonant domains) in large colloidal nanoparticle aggregates having different interparticle gaps and particle size distributions.These processes are responsible for the origin of nonlinear optical effects and photochromic reactions in multiparticle aggregates.To describe photo-induced transformations in resonant domains and alterations in their absorption spectra remaining after the pulse action,we introduce the factor of spectral photomodification.Based on calculation of changes in thermodynamic,mechanical,and optical characteristics of the domains,the histograms of the spectrum photomodification factor have been obtained for various interparticle gaps,an average particle size,and the degree of polydispersity.Variations in spectra have been analyzed depending on the intensity of laser radiation and various combinations of size characteristics of domains.The obtained results can be used to predict manifestation of photochromic effects in composite materials containing different plasmonic nanoparticle aggregates in pulsed laser fields.     

0.53 μm毫秒脉冲激光对GaAs热分解损伤特性

针对波长0.53 m的毫秒脉冲激光辐照GaAs的表面热分解损伤问题,建立了二维轴对称热传导模型,在考虑材料的热物性参数随温度变化的基础上,采用有限元法模拟了材料的瞬态温度场,得到了温度场分布特征及其随时间的变化规律,给出了材料表面发生热分解损伤阈值曲线。数值结果表明:毫秒脉冲激光对GaAs作用时,热传导影响着激光作用全过程,对应的损伤机理主要为热损伤;在激光作用下,被作用表面中心处温度最高,并且首先发生热分解损伤;随着作用激光能量密度的增加,GaAs表面发生热分解损伤的时刻不断提前。