测定大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的高效液相色谱编程荧光法

建立了高效液相色谱法分析１４种多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）的最佳分离条件及测定的最佳荧光激发、发射波长，多环芳烃化合物的最小检测量从０９０到５５１９ｐｇ，各化合物保留时间的相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ＜０３４％，在所测定的含量范围内具有很好的线性关系。该法用于大气气溶胶中的多环芳烃分析时，气溶胶的萃取物不经预处理可直接测定，收集样品的４个滤膜加标后测定的平均回收率为９２８％～１０８％。     

雾过程对大气气溶胶PM10中多环芳烃粒径分布的影响

在雾天气高发期间采集大气气溶胶PM10分级样品,测定了这些样品中的16种优控PAHs.结果表明：雾区近地层大气中PM2.1和PM9.0的平均质量浓度明显增加,雾过程改变了PM2.1的昼、夜浓度变化特征;雾前、雾中与雾后大气PM10中16种优控PAHs主要分布在比表面积大的细粒子上,平均有83.04%分布在Dp <2.1μm的范围,雾中1.1~2.1μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度明显增加,Dp <0.65μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度略有降低,说明雾过程对细粒子中∑16PAHs的浓度分布产生明显影响;雾前、雾中与雾后白天时间段,PM10分级粒子的∑16PAHs积聚模态分布出现较大差异,雾中积聚模态峰位置较雾前与雾后向较大粒径偏移;一次连续雾过程中,白天的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置随着雾的持续向大粒径方向偏移并停留在1.1~2.1μm;夜间的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置没有变化,均在1.1~2.1μm,说明PM10∑16PAHs的粒径分布受雾过程持续时间影响较大.     

大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的特征光谱检测技术研究

采用紫外-可见分光光度法、傅立叶红外光谱法和恒能量同步荧光分析法进行实验室模拟测试,检测蒽、苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi]苝5种多环芳烃(PAHs),对比分析了各检测技术的灵敏度、精密度、检出限、线性范围、混合组分图谱分离度等指标。结果表明,恒能量同步荧光法的选择性最好,灵敏度(0.046 0~1.360 5Io.ng-1)和精密度(平均空白的RSD为4.1%)均最高,检出限(0.038~0.427μg.L-1)最低,线性范围较宽(0.126~7 157μg.L-1),是3种光谱分析法中最适合无分离在线检测气溶胶中多组分PAHs的方法。将该方法应用于实际大气环境气溶胶样品中各PAHs成分的定性鉴别和定量检测,5种PAHs均被检出,各物质的特征峰分离效果好,峰形明显,能满足实际测量的分析要求。     

GC-MS法测定焦化厂气溶胶中多环芳烃

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS),电子轰击离子化(EI)法测定焦化厂气溶胶中多环芳烃的含量。超声波抽提气溶胶样品,用GC-MS的选择离子监测(SIM)方式测定EPA提出的优先监测的16种多环芳烃的含量。该法的检出限为0.167pg·m~(-3),PAHs的回收率为85.1％～110.5％,相对标准偏差为4.62％～19.4％。应用该法测定气溶胶中PAHs获得满意的结果。     

2019年泰州市某区PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及健康风险评价

了解泰州市某区大气环境中多环芳烃的浓度水平和人群暴露健康风险水平,可为污染防治提供参考依据.2019年每个月连续采集7天PM2.5,称重法计算PM2.5的质量浓度,超声萃取-液相色谱法测定PM2.5中16种多环芳烃,特征比值法判断多环芳烃来源,人群终身致癌超额危险度评估经呼吸途径产生的健康暴露风险.结果显示,全年萘、苊...     

北京地区大气颗粒物中不同功能区多环芳烃的分布特征

用撞击式分级采样器同步采集了北京市城乡结合部、郊区的2003年四个季节的不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,用气相色谱-质谱分析了其中的多环芳烃。两个功能区的PAHs总质量浓度分布趋势均为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;不同环数PAHs在不同粒径颗粒物中的分配比例比较显示,粗颗粒物中2 环或3环PAHs的分配比例比其在高环PAHs的比例要大。     

多环芳烃的污染及防治

多环芳烃污染是有机污染中最常见的一种,也是对人体危害较大的一种。本文较为详细地阐述了多环芳烃污染的来源、对人体的危害及防治措施。     

HPLC法测定矿物油中多环芳烃

选择使用广泛且组成较复杂的润滑油基础油为代表,进行矿物油中多环芳烃的眦测定方法研究.探讨了样品的提取、固相萃取柱净化等前处理方法,同时也对眦的仪器测定条件进行了优化.     

多环芳烃暴露的生物标志物——尿中羟基多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs) 是典型的持久性有机污染物,在职业高PAHs 暴露环境下,容易诱发肺癌、皮肤癌等癌症。对PAHs 的暴露评价可为流行病学研究和污染物风险评价等提供有效的数据。由于暴露途径的复杂化,采用尿样中PAHs 的代谢产物———羟基多环芳烃作为标志物来综合评价人体对PAHs 的内暴露情况已经成为研究的热点。本文系统介绍了多环芳烃的吸收、代谢、尿中PAHs 代谢产物的主要存在形式、主要的生物标志物以及它们的主要影响因素。     

土壤中多环芳烃修复技术的研究进展

近年来我国的土壤污染问题日益严重,严重危害着人类的生活环境与身体健康,其中主要的有机污染物之一为多环芳烃(PAHs)。PAHs作为一种持久性有机污染物在全球范围内广泛存在,其主要污染来源于人为因素。由于PAHs复杂的杂环芳环结构、较强的疏水性和较高的热稳定性等,使其在土壤中不易自然降解因而具有较高的持久性。本文综述PAHs的主要污染来源、暴露途径及其对人体的危害,并从物理、化学和生物三个方面简要介绍土壤中PAHs的修复方法,并分析每种方法的优势以及面临的挑战。新兴的修复技术结合三种修复技术的优点,具有更好的修复效果和应用前景,但仍存在着一些亟待解决的问题。期望本文能为土壤中PAHs的修复提供借鉴,并为今后的研究方向提供新的思路。     

成都市工业区大气环境污染状况研究

以成都东郊工业区为例,采集气溶胶样品用中子活化分析测定了24种元素的含量,将分析结果与京津地区、广州地区进行比较,并用气溶胶中元素含量的均值做了富集因子分析。结果表明,该区的气溶胶污染与煤炭燃烧等有关。     

Pollution characteristics of ambient PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs in a typical winter time period in Taiyuan

The pollution characteristics of ambient fine particulate matter（PM2.5） containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） and nitrated PAHs（NPAHs） in samples collected during a typical winter time period in Taiyuan of China were investigated.The obtained results revealed that the mean mass concentrations of PM2.5,SPAHs（sum of 16 PAHs） and SNPAHs（sum of 3 NPAHs） on PM2.5were161.4 mg/m3,119.8 ng/m3and 0.446 ng/m3,respectively.Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and NPAHs implied that coal consumption might be the main source of the PM2.5pollution.The measured PM2.5mass concentrations,BaP equivalent toxicity（28.632 ng/m3） and individual carcinogenicity index（3.14 10 5） were much higher than those of the recommended safety standards.     

大气气溶胶中溴、碘总量及其形态的提取和测定

比较了超声纯水提取不同时间和多种密封提取条件下大气气溶胶样品滤膜中溴、碘形态稳定性和提取率。结果表明:密封提取方法的提取率高于超声提取方法,但有可能破坏了某种未知的有机碘形态;在长时间纯水超声条件下,醋酸纤维(CF)空白滤膜加标回收中I-形态不稳定。因此,纯水超声提取5 min为最佳提取条件。对比醋酸纤维(CF)和玻璃纤维(GF)空白滤膜加标回收实验发现,各种提取条件下GF材质对样品中溴、碘形态稳定性的干扰比CF材质小。在优化大气气溶胶溴、碘形态提取方法的基础上,建立了HPLC-ICP-MS测定大气气溶胶中BrO3-、Br-、IO3-和I-的方法,并对合肥地区气溶胶样品中溴、碘总量及形态进行测定。合肥地区气溶胶中溴和碘总量浓度分别为883和231 pmol/m3。其中,Br-占总溴的69%,BrO3-未检出;70%的碘为未知形态,包括可溶性有机碘和不可溶性碘。     

Determination of Cd,Pb, and Cu in the Atmospheric Aerosol of Central East Antarctica at Dome C (Concordia Station)

Trace heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Cu were determined (by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry) in aerosol samples collected at Dome C (the Italo-French Station Concordia), a remote site of the Central East Antarctic plateau, for which no data are available until now. During the Austral Summer 2005–2006, three PM10 high-volume impactors were installed in two locations nearby of Concordia station: the first one very close and downwind of the station (about 50 m north), the other two (very close to each other) in a ‘distant’ site, upwind of the station and close to the astrophysics tent (not used in that expedition) at ~800 m south of Station Concordia. For each sample, the availability of the mass of the aerosol collected (obtained by differential weighing carried out on site), in addition to the volume of the filtered air, allowed us to express results both in terms of metal mass fractions in the aerosol and in the usual way of metal atmospheric concentrations. Metal contents increased in the order Cd < Pb < Cu with the following ranges of values: Cd 1.0–8.4 µg g⁻¹ (0.09–3.1 pg m⁻³), Pb 96–470 µg g⁻¹ (12–62 pg m⁻³), and Cu 0.17–20 mg g⁻¹ (0.027–2.4 ng m⁻³). From the metal temporal profiles obtained we estimated the following background values for the area of Dome C, expressed both in mass fractions and in atmospheric concentrations: Cd 1.2 ± 0.2 µg g⁻¹ (0.24 ± 0.13 pg m⁻³), Pb (here fixed as upper limit) 113 ± 13 µg g⁻¹ (21 ± 8 pg m⁻³), and Cu 0.91 ± 0.48 mg g⁻¹ (0.12 ± 0.07 ng m⁻³). The highest values were observed in the first part of the season, and particularly for the site close to the station, possibly related to sample contamination linked to intense activity at the Concordia station connected with the beginning of the expedition, including aircraft arrivals/departures. Increments of up to 10 times (and even 20 times for Cu) were recorded with respect to the background values. The metal excesses of the contaminated over background samples were found approximately, except for Cu, in the same proportion of the metal contents of the special Antarctic blend (SAB) diesel fuel, which is used almost exclusively at Concordia Station. The effect of the wind direction was also observed. Thus in the intermediate period of the campaign, when the wind direction reversed for several days with respect to the prevailing one, Cd and Pb metal contents decreased at the sampling point installed close to the station, now upwind of Concordia station, and increased at the ‘clean’ site astrophysics tent, turned downwind at the main station. No simple and easily interpretable effect of the wind direction was observed for Cu, which suggests that some other extemporaneous and not clearly identified factor may have intervened in this case. These results suggest that the human impact at Dome C influences mainly the zone very close to the station, but also the area in the neighborhood, including the supposed clean site of the astrophysics tent (about 800 m far from the station), when the wind direction reverses with respect to the prevailing one, leaving the site downwind of the station Concordia. Since no other data are reported for the Dome C area, our results are compared with literature data referred to the South Pole Station (the only other plateau site for which data are available) and several other coastal Antarctic sites, observing that our results (excluding Cu) are the lowest ever observed for Antarctic aerosol.     

Lichens as biomonitors for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Caracas Valley,Venezuela

Biomonitoring of PAH air pollution using lichens was carried out. Sixteen PAHs were studied in 11 locations along the valley of Caracas (Venezuela). The results of this work indicate that 14 of the 16 analysed PAHs were highly accumulated into the lichen thalli of Pyxine coralligera Malme. PAH levels in the samples revealed that the several volatile PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphtene, and fluoranthene) have the highest levels in the majority of the studied locations. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenantrene/antracene ratios suggested that the major sources of PAHs are anthropogenic, mainly associated with gasoline and diesel combustion (pyrolytic) and unburnt oil derivates (petrogenic). The total PAH concentrations obtained in the present study were in the range of 0.24 to 9.08?µg/g, similar to those reported by other works in European and Asian cities.     

Analysis of BTEX, PAHs and metals in the oilfield produced water in the State of Sergipe, Brazil

During oil and gas exploitation, large amounts of produced water are generated. This water has to be analyzed with relation to the chemical composition to deduce the environmental impact of its discharge after a treatment process. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate preliminarily the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals contents in produced water samples taken from effluents of the Bonsucesso treatment plant located in the city of Carmópolis, the most important oil and gas producer in the State of Sergipe, North-east of Brazil. Three methods were optimized to determine the target compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS), volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) by gas chromatography with photoionization detector (GC/PID) and metals were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The results showed that concentrations of the target compounds in these samples ranged from 96.7 to 1397 μg L^− 1 for BTEX, from 0.9 to 10.3 μg L^− 1 for PAHs and from 0.003 to 4540 mg L^− 1 for metals.     

Solid-phase extraction clean-up procedure for the analysis of PAHs in lichens

A clean-up procedure based on a solid-phase extraction column was optimized for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lichen extracts to remove co-extracted compounds from the matrix in the final extract. Several kinds of solid phases were evaluated: normal phase (-NH₂ and alumina), strong anion exchange and reversed phase. The -NH₂ columns were the most effective by using a packed solid bed of 500?mg. The lichen raw extract was loaded on the column previously conditioned with dichloromethane and hexane. Hexane (0.5?mL) was used as rinsing solvent, and PAHs were quantitatively eluted (80–97%) using 2?mL of hexane–dichloromethane (65–35) as eluting solvent. In these conditions, even the heaviest PAHs were quantitatively eluted. The optimized SPE method provides a short time and low-solvent-consumption sample clean-up compared with other conventional methods based on column chromatography. The analytical procedure, dynamic sonication-assisted extraction, followed by the optimized solid-phase extraction clean-up, was used to determine the 16 EPA priority PAHs from native lichens collected from the Aragon valley in central Pyrenees. The PAH concentrations in lichen samples ranged from 352 to 1654?ng?g^?1, and the minimum concentration value was established as the regional reference PAH levels in the area.     

Optical Remote-sensing Monitoring and Forecasting of Atmospheric Pollution in Huaibei Area,China

Huaibei is an energy city. Coal as the primary energy consumption brings a large number of regional pollution in Huaibei area. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) as optical remote sensing technology has been applied to monitor regional average concen-trations and inventory of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone. DOAS system was set up and applied to monitor the main air pollutants in Huaibei area. Monitoring data were obtained from 7 to 28 August, 2011. Monitoring results show measurements in controlling pollution are effective, and emissions of pollutants are up to the national standard in Huaibei area. Prediction model was also created to track changing trend of pollutions. These will provide raw data support for effective evaluation of environmental quality in Huaibei area.