测定大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的高效液相色谱编程荧光法

建立了高效液相色谱法分析１４种多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）的最佳分离条件及测定的最佳荧光激发、发射波长，多环芳烃化合物的最小检测量从０９０到５５１９ｐｇ，各化合物保留时间的相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ＜０３４％，在所测定的含量范围内具有很好的线性关系。该法用于大气气溶胶中的多环芳烃分析时，气溶胶的萃取物不经预处理可直接测定，收集样品的４个滤膜加标后测定的平均回收率为９２８％～１０８％。     

GC-MS法测定焦化厂气溶胶中多环芳烃

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS),电子轰击离子化(EI)法测定焦化厂气溶胶中多环芳烃的含量。超声波抽提气溶胶样品,用GC-MS的选择离子监测(SIM)方式测定EPA提出的优先监测的16种多环芳烃的含量。该法的检出限为0.167pg·m~(-3),PAHs的回收率为85.1％～110.5％,相对标准偏差为4.62％～19.4％。应用该法测定气溶胶中PAHs获得满意的结果。     

雾过程对大气气溶胶PM10中多环芳烃粒径分布的影响

在雾天气高发期间采集大气气溶胶PM10分级样品,测定了这些样品中的16种优控PAHs.结果表明：雾区近地层大气中PM2.1和PM9.0的平均质量浓度明显增加,雾过程改变了PM2.1的昼、夜浓度变化特征;雾前、雾中与雾后大气PM10中16种优控PAHs主要分布在比表面积大的细粒子上,平均有83.04%分布在Dp <2.1μm的范围,雾中1.1~2.1μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度明显增加,Dp <0.65μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度略有降低,说明雾过程对细粒子中∑16PAHs的浓度分布产生明显影响;雾前、雾中与雾后白天时间段,PM10分级粒子的∑16PAHs积聚模态分布出现较大差异,雾中积聚模态峰位置较雾前与雾后向较大粒径偏移;一次连续雾过程中,白天的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置随着雾的持续向大粒径方向偏移并停留在1.1~2.1μm;夜间的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置没有变化,均在1.1~2.1μm,说明PM10∑16PAHs的粒径分布受雾过程持续时间影响较大.     

大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的特征光谱检测技术研究

采用紫外-可见分光光度法、傅立叶红外光谱法和恒能量同步荧光分析法进行实验室模拟测试,检测蒽、苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi]苝5种多环芳烃(PAHs),对比分析了各检测技术的灵敏度、精密度、检出限、线性范围、混合组分图谱分离度等指标。结果表明,恒能量同步荧光法的选择性最好,灵敏度(0.046 0~1.360 5Io.ng-1)和精密度(平均空白的RSD为4.1%)均最高,检出限(0.038~0.427μg.L-1)最低,线性范围较宽(0.126~7 157μg.L-1),是3种光谱分析法中最适合无分离在线检测气溶胶中多组分PAHs的方法。将该方法应用于实际大气环境气溶胶样品中各PAHs成分的定性鉴别和定量检测,5种PAHs均被检出,各物质的特征峰分离效果好,峰形明显,能满足实际测量的分析要求。     

2019年泰州市某区PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征及健康风险评价

了解泰州市某区大气环境中多环芳烃的浓度水平和人群暴露健康风险水平,可为污染防治提供参考依据.2019年每个月连续采集7天PM2.5,称重法计算PM2.5的质量浓度,超声萃取-液相色谱法测定PM2.5中16种多环芳烃,特征比值法判断多环芳烃来源,人群终身致癌超额危险度评估经呼吸途径产生的健康暴露风险.结果显示,全年萘、苊...     

多环芳烃的污染及防治

多环芳烃污染是有机污染中最常见的一种,也是对人体危害较大的一种。本文较为详细地阐述了多环芳烃污染的来源、对人体的危害及防治措施。     

北京地区大气颗粒物中不同功能区多环芳烃的分布特征

用撞击式分级采样器同步采集了北京市城乡结合部、郊区的2003年四个季节的不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,用气相色谱-质谱分析了其中的多环芳烃。两个功能区的PAHs总质量浓度分布趋势均为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;不同环数PAHs在不同粒径颗粒物中的分配比例比较显示,粗颗粒物中2 环或3环PAHs的分配比例比其在高环PAHs的比例要大。     

HPLC法测定矿物油中多环芳烃

选择使用广泛且组成较复杂的润滑油基础油为代表,进行矿物油中多环芳烃的眦测定方法研究.探讨了样品的提取、固相萃取柱净化等前处理方法,同时也对眦的仪器测定条件进行了优化.     

多环芳烃暴露的生物标志物——尿中羟基多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs) 是典型的持久性有机污染物,在职业高PAHs 暴露环境下,容易诱发肺癌、皮肤癌等癌症。对PAHs 的暴露评价可为流行病学研究和污染物风险评价等提供有效的数据。由于暴露途径的复杂化,采用尿样中PAHs 的代谢产物———羟基多环芳烃作为标志物来综合评价人体对PAHs 的内暴露情况已经成为研究的热点。本文系统介绍了多环芳烃的吸收、代谢、尿中PAHs 代谢产物的主要存在形式、主要的生物标志物以及它们的主要影响因素。     

土壤中多环芳烃修复技术的研究进展

近年来我国的土壤污染问题日益严重,严重危害着人类的生活环境与身体健康,其中主要的有机污染物之一为多环芳烃(PAHs)。PAHs作为一种持久性有机污染物在全球范围内广泛存在,其主要污染来源于人为因素。由于PAHs复杂的杂环芳环结构、较强的疏水性和较高的热稳定性等,使其在土壤中不易自然降解因而具有较高的持久性。本文综述PAHs的主要污染来源、暴露途径及其对人体的危害,并从物理、化学和生物三个方面简要介绍土壤中PAHs的修复方法,并分析每种方法的优势以及面临的挑战。新兴的修复技术结合三种修复技术的优点,具有更好的修复效果和应用前景,但仍存在着一些亟待解决的问题。期望本文能为土壤中PAHs的修复提供借鉴,并为今后的研究方向提供新的思路。     

Lichens as biomonitors for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Caracas Valley,Venezuela

Biomonitoring of PAH air pollution using lichens was carried out. Sixteen PAHs were studied in 11 locations along the valley of Caracas (Venezuela). The results of this work indicate that 14 of the 16 analysed PAHs were highly accumulated into the lichen thalli of Pyxine coralligera Malme. PAH levels in the samples revealed that the several volatile PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphtene, and fluoranthene) have the highest levels in the majority of the studied locations. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenantrene/antracene ratios suggested that the major sources of PAHs are anthropogenic, mainly associated with gasoline and diesel combustion (pyrolytic) and unburnt oil derivates (petrogenic). The total PAH concentrations obtained in the present study were in the range of 0.24 to 9.08?µg/g, similar to those reported by other works in European and Asian cities.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution recorded in annual rings of gingko (Gingko biloba L.): Regression analysis and comparison to other pollutants

Further interesting information about contamination recorded in gingko annual rings is revealed in this paper. The degradation degrees of varied PAHs in gingko trunk, range 2.4 to 3.4%, are evaluated by using regression analysis and confirmed to depend upon their molecular sizes and chemical properties. For other lipophilic compounds, the translocation and diffusion behaviors conform to our donut model of PAHs in previous work, while for hydrophilic contaminants, the translocation and diffusion are more complicated owing to the second uptake pathways by roots. Further, the gingko tree exhibits selective absorption to heavy metals, such as Cu, Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Mn. The relative accumulation degrees of these heavy metals are estimated by comparing to Fe in the soil and the gingko tree, and the result suggests that the gingko accumulates Cr, Cd and Pb from the soil. However, the metals in annual rings might not reflect historical environment changes for their diffusive nature in water-sapwood.     

Material transport between the atmosphere and sediment of the Lake Balaton

A monitoring system was developed to gain information on the present level of pollutants in the Lake Balaton, Hungary. Determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and inorganic pollutants (mostly toxic metals) in aerosol, precipitation and sediment samples was carried out. The aim of collecting aerosol and precipitate samples in the same site at the same period was to determine the distribution of elements in two depositions. For the fractionation by particle size, aerosols were sampled by a cascade impactor. A simple three-stage sequential leaching procedure was applied to establish the distribution of metals among environmentally mobile, bound to carbonates and oxides, and environmentally immobile, (bound to silicates) fractions in aerosols. Sediment samples were collected from 17 different sites inside of the lake and 10 sites at harbors at 30–70 cm in depth. Core samples were cut to 10-cm pieces, dried at room temperature, and finally passed through a 63-μm sieve. Total concentrations of elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after an acidic digestion. The concentrations of PAHs were determined by HPLC method with fluorescence detection.In aerosol samples collected from September 6, 2002 to January 26, 2003, concentration of Cd was <0.1 μg/m³, and the majority of Cd has been found in the mobile fraction. Cadmium was associated to particles between 0.25 and 2 μm indicating the anthropogenic origin. Similar distribution of Pb was obtained in all seasons, and the highest concentration of Pb was found as 8.6 ng/m³ in particle size of 0.7 and 1.4 μm. Results of total concentration of elements of bottom sediments of the Lake Balaton and harbors were compared to Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (ISQG) values and the Probable Effect Level (PEL) values. Data showed that the average concentrations of elements were usually less than those of ISQGs and other background data for soils and geochemical values. The sediment is not polluted and its disposal is feasible. There is no direct correlation between the concentration of elements deposited onto the surface of the lake from dry and wet deposition and the upper part of the sediment. So, from the budget of the deposition, the concentration of elements in the upper layer of the sediment cannot be predicted.Seasonal changes of the concentration of PAHs in aerosol was observed, samples collected at winter contained the highest values. In December–January 2002/2003, the wet deposition was found as 64 μg/m² period. Among the individual compounds, the wet deposition rate of phenantrane, fluoranthene and pyrene was dominant, while for dry deposition, these compounds were fluoranthene and pyrene. The concentrations of ∑PAHs found for all sites and depth of sediment samples ranged from 11 to 1734 μg/kg dry weight with an average of 132 μg/kg. These values represent a quite low pollution level compared to other sediment with anthropogenic influence. Based on the results, it can be definitely confirmed that the chemical quality of the water and sediment of the Lake Balaton is satisfactory.     

Evaluation of polyurethane foam, polypropylene, quartz fiber, and cellulose substrates for multi-element analysis of atmospheric particulate matter by ICP-MS

Traditional methods for the analysis of trace metals require particulate matter (PM) collected on specific filter substrates. In this paper, methods for elemental analysis of PM collected on substrates commonly used for organic analysis in air quality studies are developed. Polyurethane foam (PUF), polypropylene (PP), and quartz fiber (QF) substrates were first digested in a mixture of HNO₃/HCl/HF/H₂O₂ using a microwave digestion system and then analyzed for elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Filter blanks and recoveries for standard reference materials (SRMs) on these substrates were compared with a cellulose (CL) substrate, more commonly used for trace metal analysis in PM. The results show concentrations of filter blanks in the order of QF > PUF > PP > CL with a high variability in PUF and PP blanks relative to QF. Percent recovery of most elements from the SRMs on all substrates are within ±20% of certified or reference values. QF substrates showed consistent blanks with a reproducibility better than ±10% for the majority of elements. Therefore, QF substrates were applied to ambient PM collected in a variety of environments from pristine to polluted. Concentrations of field blanks for ≥18 of 31 elements analyzed on a small section of QF substrate are ≤25% of the amounts present in samples for urban atmospheres. Results suggest that QF used in a high-volume sampler can be a suitable substrate to quantify trace elements, in addition to organic species and hence reduce logistics and costs in air pollution studies.

Source Apportionment for the Zinc—Containing Component of Air Particulate Matter using Automated Electron Probe Micro Analysis of Individual Particles

Abstract

A methodology is described for the apportionment of zinc-containing particulate matter sampled in the vicinity of a zinc smelter to their corresponding sources in the factory. Bulk samples of particulate matter from six potential emission sources were analysed by automated electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) in order to characterize the individual particles. Based on a data set of relative peak intensities and with the aid of a binary clustering method, the most important particle classes were identified. They were used as a basis for the development of a set of disjunct identification rules (decision rules), which were able to describe the classes in a unique manner. Applying these rules upon ambient particulate data enabled the estimation of relative contributions of different types of zinc-containing particles. Evidence was found that a large number of particles was modified by a soil component or by gas phase reactions.     

室内燃烧源排放颗粒物及多环芳烃的粒径分布研究

室内燃烧源排放颗粒物及其多环芳烃(PAHs)的粒径分布是定量评估室内人群呼吸暴露风险的重要参数之一。该研究在再悬浮箱内模拟燃香、燃蚊香、艾灸和吸烟等过程,采用MOUDI采样器采集和分析颗粒物中17种PAHs;同时,采用颗粒物计数器,在实际房间中模拟艾灸和吸烟过程,得到室内颗粒物数浓度的衰减曲线。结果表明,燃烧源烟雾颗粒的排放因子为3.68~22.46mg/g,颗粒质量粒径呈单峰型,峰值为0.25~0.44μm;USEPA16种优控PAHs的排放因子为10.52~91.30μg/g,艾绒燃烧排放PAHs的粒径峰值为0.44~1.0μm,略大于其它燃烧源;<1μm颗粒中PAHs的BaP等效毒性当量(BaPTEQ)的贡献占比为85%~98%。来源特征比值的研究显示,艾灸、燃香和吸烟释放的PAHs均归属于生物质燃烧类别。实际室内监测显示,在艾绒和香烟燃烧后室内颗粒物数浓度快速上升,在燃尽时达到峰值,而后在4h内呈指数规律衰减,且<0.3μm的细颗粒衰减最快。     

Determination of airborne particle-associated benz[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone using high-performance liquid chromatography with in-line reduction and fluorescence detection

A simple and sensitive method for measuring airborne particle-associated benz[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone (BaAQ) based on two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was established. The system involves an ODS column for sample clean up, a 6-port switching valve, an ODS column for trapping the fraction containing BaAQ, an ODS column for sample separation, and a Pt-Rh catalytic column for reduction of BaAQ to a corresponding fluorescent compound. The accuracy of the assay, as applied to airborne particulate sample extracts spiked with known amounts of BaAQ was 94–108%. The detection limit was 97 fmol per injection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), and the calibration range was from 1 to 100 pmol with excellent proportionality (R² = 0.9995). BaAQ in airborne particles collected in Osaka, Japan every 3 h was successfully measured using the established analytical method with simple sample preparation steps: ultrasonic extraction in organic solvent and concentration under reduced pressure and/or nitrogen stream.