New systems for classical nitrosohalogenation of alkenes 2. Generation of nitrosyl chloride in AgNO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SOCl<Subscript>2</Subscript> and AgNO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SOCl<Subscript>2</Subscript> systems

Study of the reactions of compounds of the norbornene series demonstrated that the AgNO₂-SOCl₂ and AgNO₃-SOCl₂ systems serve as nitrosochlorinating agents under the conditions of electrophilic addition. X-ray diffraction study showed that dimerization of cis-exo-2-chloro-3-nitrosobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane occurs heterostereospecifically. The origin of the active principle of the reagents is discussed. For Part 1, see Ref. 1. Dedicated to Academician N. S. Zefirov on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2081–2085, September, 2005.     

Direct Mass Spectrometric Study of the Ionic Species Content of a C<Subscript>2</Subscript>HCl<Subscript>3</Subscript>/He/O<Subscript>2</Subscript> Microwave Discharge Plasma

Direct on-line studies of a C₂HCl₃/He/O₂ microwave discharge plasma made possible the evolution and detection of many unfamiliar ionic species. Numerous ionic chlorocarbons, chlorohydrocarbons, oxygenated chlorohydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbon radicals, and simple hydrocarbon species were identified mass spectrometrically as by-products: C _m Cl _n (m = 1–4, 6, 8; n = 1–8), C _m H _n Cl _x (m = 1–4, 6, 7, 10; n, x = 1–6), C _m H _n Cl _x O _y (m = 1–5, 12; n = 1–7; x = 1, 2, 4, 6; y = 1–3), C _n H_2n−1O (n = 2, 3), C _m H _n (m = 2, 4, 6, 8; n = 2, 4), and so on. The studies clearly showed the presence of various unfamiliar positive ionic O-containing species such as C₂ClO₂, CCl₃CO, C₂H₂Cl₄O₂, and C₄H₂Cl₆O₃. It is apparent that positive-ion reactions play a significant role in producing many ionic species in the chemistry of C₂HCl₃ plasmas.     

Formation of silver clusters by borohydride reduction of AgNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> in polyacrylate aqueous solutions

Chemical synthesis of the compounds of silver clusters and polyacrylate was performed using sodium borohydride as a metal cation reducing agent. The effect of silver cation content on spectral properties and structure of the synthesized metal—polymer systems was studied by optical spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Translated from Kolloidnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 79–86.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by B. Sergeev, Lopatina, Prusov, G. Sergeev.     

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> over MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Promoted Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Catalyst

A series of MoO₃ doped Fe₂O₃ catalysts prepared by the co-precipitation method were investigated in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR). The catalysts displayed excellent catalytic activity from 225 to 400°C and high tolerance to SO₂/H₂O poisoning at 300°C. To characterize the catalysts the N₂-BET, XRD, Raman, NO-TPD, NH₃-TPD and in situ DRIFTS were carried out. It was found that the main reason explaining a high NH₃-SCR performance might be the synergistic effect between Fe and Mo species in the catalyst that could enhance the dispersion of Fe₂O₃ and increase NH₃ adsorption on the catalyst surface.     

Mass spectrometric investigation of vaporization in the Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

The thermodynamics of vaporization in the Bi₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ quasibinary system was studied by high-temperature mass-spectrometry. The partial pressures of the constituents of a saturated vapor over the system at 1100 K were determined. Based on the experimental data, the following parameters were calculated: the activities of the components of the Bi₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ system condensed phase, the standard enthalpies of some heterogeneous reactions, and standard enthalpies of formation and enthalpies of formation for crystalline BiFeO₃ and Bi₂Fe₄O₉ from individual oxides. An optimal temperature for the solid-phase synthesis of bismuth ferrites from simple oxides is recommended.     

Self-organization processes and synthesis of nanostructured silver microparticles in AgNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> solutions with variable pH values

The morphology of micrometer-sized silver particles obtained by liquid-phase chemical reduction of silver nitrate with ascorbic acid depends appreciably on the solution pH. The synthesis carried out at 100°C for 20 min at pH < 4 or pH > 9 yields anisotropic faceted nanocrystalline particles, while the synthesis at pH = 5–8 results in self-assembly to give microspheres representing close-packed aggregates of a huge number of silver nanoparticles with a cauliflower structure.     

Mass spectrometric determination of the electron affinity of C<Subscript>60</Subscript>(CF<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>10</Subscript> and C<Subscript>60</Subscript>(CF<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>12</Subscript> molecules

Knudsen cell mass spectrometry was used to study ion-molecular electron exchange reactions between some trifluoromethyl derivatives of C₆₀ fullerene. Electron affinity values were experimentally determined for C₆₀(CF₃)₁₀ and the S ₆ isomer of C₆₀(CF₃)₁₂ and compared with the results of calculations and the data in the literature.     

Glass formation in the Al(IO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>(SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-HIO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O system

On the basis of experimental data obtained in the study of glass-formation boundaries in the Al₂(SO₄)₃-HIO₃-H₂O, Al(IO₃)₃-Al₂(SO₄)₃-H₂O, and Al(IO₃)₃-HIO₃-H₂O systems and using geometrical analysis, we predict the positions of glass-formation boundaries in the Al(IO₃)₃-Al₂(SO₄)₃-HIO₃-H₂O four-component system along 60, 40, and 25 wt % H₂O sections.     

Catalytic Activity of WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and MoO<Subscript>3</Subscript> with Pt and Pd Additives in Oxidation of Hydrogen

We have shown that WO₃ and MoO₃ with Pt or Pd additives exhibit high catalytic activity in the reaction of H₂ oxidation. In the temperature range 313 K to 353 K, we have studied the kinetic behavior of the reaction on 0.1 mass % Pt(Pd)/WO₃ and Pt(Pd)/MoO₃ samples. We have established that the kinetics of H₂ oxidation on these catalysts correspond to an Eley - Rideal mechanism. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 313–316, September–October, 2005.     

Phase equilibria in the system LaMnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SrMnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SrCrO<Subscript>4</Subscript>-LaCrO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

A continuous solid solution LaMn_1?y Cr _y O₃ with an orthorhombic structure is found to exist in the range of 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 1.0. An orthorhombic solid solution La_1?x Sr _x CrO₃ exists in the range of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1. The stability boundaries are determined for the perovskite phase La_1?x Sr _x Mn_1?y Cr _y O₃. An isobaric-isothermal section LaMnO₃-SrMnO₃-SrCrO₄-LaCrO₃ of the system La₂O₃-SrO-Mn₃O₄-Cr₂O₃ in air at 1100°C is designed.     

Glass formation in the Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>(SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Al(NO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O system

Glass formation boundaries in the Al₂(SO₄)₃-Al(NO₃)₃-H₂O system were determined. IR spectra were studied. Schemes of structural rearrangements within the boundaries of a second glass formation region in the Al(NO₃)₃-H₂O binary subsystem are suggested. A structure is suggested for glassy Al(NO₃)₃H₂O.     

Glass formation in the CaO-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and SrO-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> systems

A physicochemical study of glasses based on the MO-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ and SrO-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ systems was performed. Glass formation regions were found. The structural and optical properties, as well as the thermal behavior of the glasses, were studied.     

Projection of the liquidus surface of the Sb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Gd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

Phase equilibria in the Sb₂Te₃-Gd₂Te₃-Bi₂Te₃ ternary system have been studied using differential thermal analysis, namely, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure examination, thermodynamic analysis, and microhardness and alloy density measurements. Phase diagrams of some polythermal joins and liquidus surface have been constructed. The regions of primary crystallization of phases and the coordinates of all invariant and univariant equilibria in the system under investigation have been established.     

Character of interaction and glass formation in the TlAs<Subscript>2</Subscript>Se<Subscript>4</Subscript>-Tl<Subscript>3</Subscript>As<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript>Se<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

The TlAs₂Se₄-Tl₃As₂S₃Se₃ system was investigated by physicochemical methods (DTA, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructural analysis), and its phase diagram was constructed. The TlAs₂Se₄-Tl₃As₂S₃Se₃ join is a quasi-binary internal section of the As-Tl-S-Se quaternary system. The solubility range of TlAs₂Se₄-based solid solutions is extended to 7 mol %, and the region of Tl₃As₂S₃Se₃-based solid solutions is extended to 15 mol %.     

Reduction of U<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>8</Subscript> to U by a metallic reductant,Li

Reduction of U₃O₈ was investigated for the recycling of spent oxide fuel from a commercial nuclear power plant. The possible reduction methods were proposed and compared. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, Li metal was selected as a reductant. The optimum reaction temperature for the reduction of U₃O₈ was investigated at the wider reaction temperature range. The adverse oxidation of U metal by Li₂O at 1,000 °C was experimentally verified. Ellingham diagram was constructed to investigate the extent of the uranium oxides reduction when the reaction was carried out above melting point of U metal.     

Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters Ag<Subscript>n</Subscript> in Humic-Based Bioactive Nanocomposites

Silver-containing nanocomposites synthesized from the compounds of a humic series have been studied using modern physical–chemical methods (EPR, TEM, IR and XRD, etc.). It is shown that the humic substances with different functional groups and isolated from different sources have also different ability of stabilizing the silver nanoparticles. Long-term stable nanoparticles and silver clusters have been found. A multiplet, observed in the EPR spectra of silver-containing nanocomposites, which are obtained from humic substances isolated from therapeutic muds and shales, is assigned to the formed Ag_n nanoclusters. Formation of the silver molecular clusters depends on the kind of humic substances and depth of their decomposition.     

Deoxygenation of Nitrosobenzene by the Electrogenerated Pd<Subscript>3</Subscript>(dppm)<Subscript>3</Subscript>(μ<Subscript>3</Subscript>-CO) Cluster

The 2-electron reduction of the unsaturated Pd₃(dppm)₃(CO)²⁺ cluster ([Pd₃]²⁺) affords the highly reactive neutral cluster [Pd₃]⁰, which reacts with nitrosobenzene (PhNO) yielding the organic azoxybenzene product (PhN(O)NPh) via the formation of “triplet” nitrene “PhN”. The formation of [Pd₃(μ₃-O)] as a possible (relatively unstable) intermediate is also postulated based on MALDI-TOF findings, but not formally demonstrated. Concurrently, no reaction between [Pd₃]⁰ and OPPh₃ occurs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dieter Fenske.     

Glass formation in the system Al(IO<Subscript>3</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>-HIO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O

Glass-formation features in the system Al(IO₃)₃-HIO₃-H₂O are discussed, and the boundaries of the glass field are determined.