Characterization of diabatic two-phase flows in microchannels: Flow parameter results for R-134a in a 0.5 mm channel

An optical measurement method for two-phase flow pattern characterization in microtubes has been utilized to determine the frequency of bubbles generated in a microevaporator, the coalescence rates of these bubbles and their length distribution as well as their mean velocity. The tests were run in a 0.5 mm glass channel using saturated R-134a at 30 °C (7.7 bar). The optical technique uses two laser diodes and photodiodes to measure these parameters and to also identify the flow regimes and their transitions. Four flow patterns (bubbly flow, slug flow, semi-annular flow and annular flow) with their transitions were detected and observed also by high speed video. It was also possible to characterize bubble coalescence rates, which were observed here to be an important phenomena controlling the flow pattern transition in microchannels. Two types of coalescence occurred depending on the presence of small bubbles or not. The two-phase flow pattern transitions observed did not compare well to a leading macroscale flow map for refrigerants nor to a microscale map for air–water flows. Time averaged cross-sectional void fractions were also calculated indirectly from the mean two-phase vapor velocities and compared reasonably well to homogeneous values.     

Limited-view optical tomography technique and its application to temperature field measurement in flow of hot air

In this paper, a limited-view optical tomography technique is presented, which contains an orthographic holography system, an image processing system and the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART). Using this technique, the temperature field of a cross section in the flow of hot air from a nozzle is measured. The measured results are satisfactory. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation and the State Science and Technology Commission of China     

Hierarchial structure theory for basic equations of fluid mechanics (BEFM) and the simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE)

A hierarchial structure for the basic equations of fluid mechanics (BEFM) is found through the analysis of scales of length and time that proves a measure of the rate of change of the quantities describing the motion of the fluid as well as an estimation of the order of magnitude of various terms included in BEFM. The hierarchial structure theory shows that if (1) the characteristic Reynolds numbersRe is larger than unity and (2) the length scale in one coordinate direction is larger than that in other coordinate directions. BEFM can be classified into some levels according to the estimation of the order of magnitude of various terms included in BEFM. The hierarchial structure of BEFM has two branches: one is from BLE- to BEFM inner hierarchy, the other is from EE- to BEFM outer hierarchy, where BLE and EE are abbreviations of the boundary-layer equations and of Euler equations, respectively. The relationship between the two branches of the hierarchial structure, the characteristics, subcharacteristics and mathematical properties of the hierarchial equations are studied. A comparison between the present hierarchial equations and the Simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE) appeared in literatures is also made. BLE-, EE-and Inner-outer-matched (IOM) equations hierarchies are the most important and useful three levels for solving viscous flow-fields approximately.     

球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力与扩孔半径分析

为研究无黏性土中沉桩扩孔和静力触探试验等岩土工程问题,采用Tresca准则对球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力和扩孔半径关系进行理论分析。以圆孔扩张理论为基础,利用弹塑性交界面处的边界条件建立平衡方程,推导出球(柱)孔扩张问题中塑性区半径rp与扩孔压力p和扩孔半径a的关系,并结合孔周土体体积变化规律,得到了初始半径a0、扩孔半径a和对应的扩孔压力p三者之间的理论关系;同时为判断孔周围土体是否进入弹塑性状态,确立了可由扩孔半径a判定的公式。此外,基于上述理论公式推导出了不排水条件下球(柱)孔扩张的应力场、位移场和扩孔压力极限值pu。分析结果表明:同一初始状态下,扩孔压力p随初始半径a0与扩孔半径a的比值而变化;且塑性区半径rp仅与扩孔半径a的变化有关;当扩孔半径a大于某一定值时孔周土体进入弹塑性状态。最后通过算例分析,对球(柱)孔扩张中应力场和位移场分布、塑性区半径、扩孔压力以及扩孔压力极限值的变化规律进行了分析。     

BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR SOLVING DYNAMICAL RESPONSE OF VISCOELASTIC THIN PLATE(Ⅱ)──THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

In this paper, the necessary theoretical analysis for the approximation boundary element method to solve dynamical response of viscoelastic thin plate presented in [1] is discussed. The theorem of existence and uniqueness of the approximate solution and the error estimation are also obtained. Based on these conclusions, the principle for choosing the mesh size and the number of truncated terms in the fundamental solution are given. It is shown that the theoretical analysis in this paper are consistent with the numerical results in [1]. Project supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China     

Several exact solutions of the simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE)

The Simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE) and their exact solutions for the flow near a rotating disk and the flow in the vicinity of a stagnation point for both two- and three-dimensional flows are presented in this paper. The analysis shows that in the aforementioned cases the exact solutions of the inner-outer-layer-matched SNSE^[4] are completely consistent with those of the complete Navier-Stokes equations (CNSE) and that the exact velocity solutions of D-SNSE^[1,3] agree with those of CNSE, however, the exact pressure solutions of D-SNSE do not agree with those of CNSE. The maximum relative pressure errors between the exact solutions of D-SNSE and CNSE can be as high as a hundred per cent.     

On the (u, p) problem in the theory of elasticity

A problem of the theory of elasticity is considered for a body with vectors of displacements u and loads p simultaneously defined on one part of the body and with undefined conditions on the remaining part of the body. For a doubly connected domain, where the vectors u and p are set on one of its boundaries (inner or outer), an iterative method based on reduction of the initial problem to a sequence of mixed problems is justified. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 100–103, May–June, 2006.     

High-order DG solvers for underresolved turbulent incompressible flows: A comparison of L2 and H(div) methods

The accurate numerical simulation of turbulent incompressible flows is a challenging topic in computational fluid dynamics. For discretisation methods to be robust in the underresolved regime, mass conservation and energy stability are key ingredients to obtain robust and accurate discretisations. Recently, two approaches have been proposed in the context of high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretisations that address these aspects differently. On the one hand, standard L²-based DG discretisations enforce mass conservation and energy stability weakly by the use of additional stabilisation terms. On the other hand, pointwise divergence-free H(div)-conforming approaches ensure exact mass conservation and energy stability by the use of tailored finite element function spaces. This work raises the question whether and to which extent these two approaches are equivalent when applied to underresolved turbulent flows. This comparative study highlights similarities and differences of these two approaches. The numerical results emphasise that both discretisation strategies are promising for underresolved simulations of turbulent flows due to their inherent dissipation mechanisms.     

浮筏系统中的碰撞动力学离散模型(2):随机模型

本文建立了浮筏系统在部分冲击受损后形成的碰撞振动系统的离散动力学随机模型.在此随机模型中,浮筏系统的运动满足高斯分布,零部件的运动方程中的非线性是由于空隙单元产生,可以采用非高斯截断技术导出随机系统的平均碰撞庞加莱映射.实例分析指出,随机模型中由于增加了噪声的摄动,表现出的动力学特性比确定性模型更丰富,噪声的影响有时会增加零部件与设备之间的碰撞次数,也会抑制零部件与筏体之间的碰撞次数,噪声将增加系统动力学特性的复杂性.     

A device for measuring the velocity of ultrasonic waves: An application to stress analysis

In this paper we present a device for the practical application of an ultrasonic critical-angle refractometry (UCRfr) technique. UCRfr is a technique for measuring the velocity of longitudinal, shear and Rayleight waves, developed to improve the traditional ultrasonic methods for measuring the stress level in materials by means of acousto-elasticity. The technique consists of relating the variations in wave propagation velocity to variations in the angle of refraction at the interface with a second medium. Variations in the angle of refraction are determined on the basis of delay in receiving of the same wave at two different points. The study deals with the measurements of velocity changes of longitudinal wave due to uniaxial stress. In the present work the effects of stress on aluminum and steel specimens have been studied. Experimentation has show the potential of the technique for stress measurement; on the other hand, when the applied stress is known, it allows the measurement of the acoustoelastic constants of longitudinal waves. As regards measuring variations in velocity induced by stress, using this method it is possible, with a suitable choice of the material the device is made of, to isolate the effects of stress on velocity from the possible effects of temperature.     

弹体对钢筋混凝土板-钢板的贯穿计算问题

主要讨论了钢筋混凝土板-钢板中箍筋、纵向钢筋和钢板对弹体贯穿过程的影响。根据钢筋混凝土板-钢板多阶段变形与破坏和能量在时间、空间上的分配差异,提出了钢筋混凝土板-钢板的变形与破坏模型,确定了箍筋和钢板对弹体的阻力公式,并将纵向钢筋网等价为薄钢板厚度,从而给出了弹体和贯穿块的运动方程。并通过与弹体贯穿混凝土板过程中弹体的加速度、速度、位移的对比,说明了钢筋混凝土板-钢板中各联系件对弹体在介质贯穿过程中位移场的影响。     

ON THE WELL POSEDNESS OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM FOR EULER EQUATIONS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLUID(Ⅱ)

The solvability of the Euler equations about incompressible inviscid fluid based on the stratification theory is discussed. And the conditions for the existence of formal solutions and the methods are presented for calculating all kinds of ill-posed initial value problems. Two examples are given as the evidences that the initial problems at the hyper surface does not exist any unique solution. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19971054) Biography: Shen Zhen (1977−)     

ON THE WELL POSEDNESS OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM FOR EULER EQUATIONS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLUID(Ⅰ)

The ill posed initial value problem of the Euler equations and the formal solvability of ill posed problem based on stratification theory are discussed. For some ill posed initial value problems, the existence conditions of formal solutions and the methods of how to construct a formal solution are given. Finally, an example is given to discuss the ill posedness of the initial value problem on hyper plane {t=0} in R⁴, and explain that the problem has more than one solution. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19971054) Biography: Shen Zhen (1977−)     

Bifurcation analysis of the motion of an asymmetric double pendulum subjected to a follower force: Codimension three problem

Local and global bifurcations in the motion of a double pendulum subjected to a follower force have been studied when the follower force and the springs at the joints have structural asymmetries. The bifurcations of the system are examined in the neighborhood of double zero eigenvalues. Applying the center manifold and the normal form theorem to a four-dimensional governing equation, we finally obtain a two-dimensional equation with three unfolding parameters. The local bifurcation boundaries can be obtained for the criteria for the pitchfork and the Hopf bifurcation. The Melnikov theorem is used to find the global bifurcation boundaries for appearance of a homoclinic orbit and coalescence of two limit cycles. Numerical simulation was performed using the original four-dimensional equation to confirm the analytical prediction.     

聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥冲击特性研究

基于唐志平等提出的剪切波跟踪技术(SWT),对聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥(FCEM)和素水泥(CEM)进行了冲击速度76～506m/s、倾斜角为10的斜撞击试验。研究结果表明,两种材料的Hugoniot冲击绝热线均有四个明显的临界点A、B、C、D,分别对应材料的Hugoniot弹性限、剪切卸载波(S-)消失、孔洞崩塌点和颗粒材料的再压缩点。其中临界点B,在过去的研究工作中尚未被揭示,只有采用剪切波跟踪技术对S-波进行跟踪测量,才能最终确定。对剪切强度的分析结果表明,采用剪切波,尤其是卸载剪切波来探测脆性材料内部动态损伤非常有效。     

Cracking analysis of fracture mechanics by the finite element method of lines （FEMOL）

The Finite Element Method of Lines (FEMOL) is a semi-analytic approach and takes a position between FEM and analytic methods. First, FEMOL in Fracture Mechanics is presented in detail. Then, the method is applied to a set of examples such as edge-crack plate, the central-crack plate, the plate with cracks emanating from a hole under tensile or under combination loads of tensile and bending. Their dimensionless stress distribution, the stress intensify factor (SIF) and crack opening displacement (COD) are obtained, and comparison with known solutions by other methods are reported. It is found that a good accuracy is achieved by FEMOL. The method is successfully modified to remarkably increase the accuracy and reduce convergence difficulties. So it is a very useful and new tool in studying fracture mechanics problems. The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Induced parallel vortex shedding from a circular cylinder at Re of O(10) by using the cylinder end suction technique

In the present work, the objective is to attempt to induce parallel vortex shedding at a moderately high Reynolds number (=1.578 × 10⁴) by using the cylinder end suction method, and measure the associated aerodynamic parameters.We first measured the aerodynamic parameters of a single circular cylinder without end suction, and showed that the quantities measured are in good agreement with equivalent data in the published literature. Next, by using different amount of end suction which resulted in increasing the cylinder end velocity by 1%, 2% and 2.5%, we were able to show that the above corresponded to the situation of under suction, optimal suction and over suction, respectively. With optimal suction, we demonstrated that the end suction method works at Re = 1.578 × 10⁴. The shape of the primary vortex shed became straighter than when there is no end suction, and parameters like cylinder surface pressure distribution, drag force per unit span, as well as vortex shedding frequency all showed negligible spanwise variation. Further careful analyses showed that when compared to the naturally existing curved vortex shedding, with parallel vortex shedding the mid-span drag per unit span became slightly smaller, but the drag averaged over the cylinder span became slightly larger. For cylinder surface pressure, it was found that cylinder end effects mainly influenced the surface pressure in the angular ranges −180°  β < −60° and 60° < β  180°. Without end suction, the cylinder surface pressure in the above ranges was found to increase (become less negative) slightly with |z/d|, but such increase disappeared when optimal end suction was applied, and the cylinder surface pressure distribution became spanwise location independent. As for the vortex shedding frequency (Strouhal number), although the Strouhal number showed spanwise variation when there is no end suction and negligible spanwise variation when optimal suction was applied, the difference between the spanwise averaged Strouhal number was quite negligible. With under suction, the spanwise dependence of various aerodynamic parameters existed, but was found to be not as significant as when no end suction was applied at all. With over suction, the flow situation was found to be practically no change from the optimal suction situation.