Investigation of the vibrational properties of cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia: A combined experimental and theoretical study

A combined experimental and theoretical investigation into the vibrational properties of cubic 8–9 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is presented. Measurements of acoustic phonon dispersion curves have been obtained from inelastic neutron scattering investigations using a triple axis spectrometer, as well as calculations of the vibrational density-of-states (vDOS) using density-functional theory. The present measurements agree closely with, and extend, previously published results. The phonons become broader and decrease in intensity as the Brillouin zone boundary is approached, particularly in the Γ–Δ–X direction. Interestingly, there is evidence of a previously unreported low energy phonon band (8–9 meV) in the Γ–Σ–X direction, which could possibly be related to the stabilization (by yttria doping) of the imaginary mode of cubic ZrO₂ about the X-point. Compared to pure cubic ZrO₂, the vDOS of YSZ are broader and extend to higher frequency. Furthermore, the prominent Zr-related feature in the vDOS of c-ZrO₂ at ≈14 meV is shifted to higher energy in the vDOS of YSZ. This behavior is consistent with the measured dispersion bands (first acoustic branch in the Γ–X direction, about the X-point) of YSZ which is higher in energy by a similar amount relative to that of c-ZrO₂, thus providing support for the structural model considered.     

Multiphoton excitation and thermal activation in indirect bandgap semiconductors

The single crystals of wide- and indirect-bandgap semiconductor CdI₂ were grown and their optical properties as well as the defect-induced excitonic photoluminescence (PL) spectra were studied. The multiphoton excited PL spectra, charactering the emissions from excitons in the visible region, were taken. The PL intensity (I_PL) was found to vary nonlinearly with pumping power (P). The I_PL was also found to decrease with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of I_PL for each P followed a fashionable relationship, from which the activation energy (?E) of the defect-induced excitonic trapping was calculated. The ?E was found to slightly decrease with increasing P, with an average value of 2.5 meV. The results, however, demonstrates the existence of the self-trapped excitons responsible for the characteristics broad-band emission in the visible range. This study shows that the single crystals of CdI₂ might have potential in applications as thermo-luminescent dosimeters in radiation measurements.     

Magnetopolaritons in ZnTe

From an invariant expansion, we construct the exciton Hamiltonian for the Γ₆×Γ₈ excitons in theT _d -type material ZnTe represented by an 8×8 matrix including the influences of a finite wave vector and an external magnetic field. We diagonalize the Hamiltonian matrix to obtain the exciton states. Then the excitons are coupled to the electromagnetic radiation field thus giving the polariton states. The theoretical dispersion curves are fitted to the results of two-photon Raman scattering and reflection experiments in magnetic fields up to 22 T. From this fit we deduce precise values for the eigenergies, exciton masses,g-factors, and diamagnetic shifts.     

Fine structure of neutral-acceptor bound excitons in direct gap semiconductors with zinc blende structure

We study the influence of the short-range electron-hole exchange interaction (EHEI) on the (A°, X)-bound exciton ground state, for direct gap semiconductors with positive spin-orbit coupling at $\text{k}\text{= 0}$. The envelope contribution to the EHEI is computed using our previously obtained 35-term Page and Fraser-type wave function, showing that the EHEI are comparable in the cases of excitons and bound excitons. The crystalline part of the EHEI lifts the degeneracy between the states $\text{J =}\text{5}\text{2}$, (Γ₇ + Γ₈) and $\text{J =}\text{3}\text{2}\text{(Γ}{}_8\text{)}$, the former being lower in energy. In the case of GaAs, the EHEI is smaller than the j?j coupling of the two holes, so that the states $\text{J =}\text{1}\text{2}\text{(Γ}{}_6\text{)}$ are the highest in energy in agreement with the experimental data, relative to shallow impurities.     

Spatial dispersion in polariton spectra of CuGaS2 crystals

The unmodulated and wavelength-modulated reflectivity spectra of CuGaS₂ crystals for the polarization E ‖ c, k ⊥ c at 77 and 8 K have been studied. The states n=1, 2, and 3 of A excitons and n=1 and 2 of B and C excitons are established. The luminescence spectra from the surface at k ‖ c and k ⊥ c are obtained. The fine structure of the reflectivity spectra of excitons are analyzed with due regard for the normal and oblique incidence of light onto the crystal surface. The main parameters of the A, B, and C excitonic series are determined such as the energies of the longitudinal and transverse excitons Γ₄ (E ‖ c) for states n=1 and 2, the longitudinal and the transverse mass of excitons in CuGaS 2, and the effective masses of electrons (m _c1*) and holes (m _v1*, m _v2*, m _v3*). It is shown that the mass m _v1* in the upper valence band at k ‖ c equals (0.7–0.8)m ₀ and at k ⊥ c, 1.87m ₀.     

Driven transverse shear waves in a strongly coupled dusty plasma

The linear dispersion properties of transverse shear waves in a strongly coupled dusty plasma are experimentally studied in a DC discharge device by exciting them in a controlled manner with a variable frequency external source. The dusty plasma is maintained in the strongly coupled fluid regime with (1<Γ?Γc) where Γ is the Coulomb coupling parameter and Γc is the crystallization limit. A dispersion relation for the transverse waves is experimentally obtained over a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 2 Hz and found to show good agreement with viscoelastic theoretical results.     

Courbure de la frontière d'une zone sèche dans un film en écoulement

We study experimentally the shape of dry patches inside a film flowing along an inclined plane at relatively high value of the contact angle θ. Their radius of curvature R near apex, is given by R/l_c∼l_cV_c/(Γ sinα)−F(α,θ), where Γ is the flow rate per unit length, α the plate slope, and F(α,θ) is a correction that increases with θ and decreases with α (l_c and V_c are the capillary length and the capillary velocity). A simple model allows us to recover this correction and also the existence of a critical flow rate above which dry patches disappear.     

New types of short-range orientational ordering in ortho-para hydrogen monolayers

Orientational ordering in monolayers of solid hydrogen is discussed in view of recent experimental findings in NMR studies of (ortho)_c-(para)_1−c-hydrogen mixtures on boron nitride substrate reported for ortho-H₂ concentrations 0.35≤c≤0.92 and temperatures 0.14≤T≤1.80 K. Analysis of the temperature-concentration behavior for the observed NMR frequency splitting is given on the basis of a two-dimension (J=1)_c-(J=0)_1−c-rotor model for which the fundamental parameters, quadrupolar coupling constant Γ₀=0.50±0.03 K and the crystal-field amplitude V₀=0.70±0.10 K, are derived from experiment. The two distinct para-rotational (PR) short-range ordered structures driven by positive and negative crystalline fields are described in terms of the local alignment and orientation of the polar principal axis. It is shown that they are rather different from the ferromagnetic-type ordering suggested earlier by Harris and Berlinsky as a unique PR structure. The common quadrupolar glass and a new hindered rotor phases found below the 2D site percolation threshold c_p=0.72 are also discussed.     

Absolute γ-decay rates of the fc(3.55) from tensor meson dominance and QCD-potentials

We compute the coupling gf_c of the 2⁺⁺ cc? meson f_c(3.55) to the energy-2-momentum tensor, 〈0|T_μν|f_c〉·√ = gf_c?μν, from the QCD-potential of Barbieri, Gatto, Kögerler and Kunszt. Vector meson and tensor dominance then imply, including color, Γ(Ψ' → γf_c) = 20 keV in good agreement with experiment. Other potentials available in the literature yield widths which are larger by up to a factor 2. A naive formulation of vector meson dominance for both γ's in f_c → γγ yields A width which is an order of magnitude above the experimental limit.     

Fermi surface of Ba1−xKxFe2As2 as probed by angle-resolved photoemission

Here we apply high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) using a wide excitation energy range to probe the electronic structure and the Fermi surface topology of the Ba_1?xK_xFe₂As₂ (T_c = 32 K) superconductor. We find significant deviations in the low energy band structure from that predicted in calculations. A set of Fermi surface sheets with unexpected topology is detected at the Brillouin zone boundary. At the X-symmetry point the Fermi surface is formed by a shallow electron-like pocket surrounded by four hole-like pockets elongated in Γ?X and Γ?Y directions.     

Equation of state and quantal crossover of the XY model in a longitudinal magnetic field

The equation of state of the XY model in a longitudinal (Γ) and transverse field (B) is investigated in the vicinity of a multicritical point (Γ_c, T =0) using the renormalization group method developed recently by the author and K. Walasek. For Γ = Γ_c a quantal crossover behaviour of the form H = M_{R³ψ (z)} is obtained, where H ～ B, M_R denotes the transverse magnetization, z ～ TM_R^?/βq, while ?,β_q are crossover and multicritical exponents, respectively.     

Interference of resonance luminescence of exciton polaritons in CuGaS2 crystals

The nonmodulated and wavelength-modulated reflection spectra of CuGaS₂ crystals for the polarization EIIc of 10 K are studied. The states n = 1, 2 and 3 of the excitons Γ₄ (A-excitons) and n = 1, n = 2 of B- and C-excitons are found. The nonmodulated absorption spectra for the polarization E⊥c at 10 K have been studied. The states n = 1, 2 and 3 of Γ₅ excitons are found. The main parameters of the A (Γ₄, Γ₅) and B, C exciton series at the energies of the longitudinal and transverse excitons Γ₄ for the states n = 1 and n = 2, the effective masses of electrons and holes are determined. The photoluminescence peaks were observed at n = 3 and n = 4 of the excitons Γ₅ in the luminescence spectra excited by the line 4880 Å of Ar⁺ laser. In the luminescence spectra the interference is found.     

Index of a family of Dirac operators on loop space

We use methods of constructive field theory to generalize index theory to an infinite-dimensional setting. We study a family of Dirac operatorsQ on loop space. These operators arise in the context of supersymmetric nonlinear quantum field models with HamiltoniansH=Q ². In these modelsQ is self-adjoint and Fredholm. A natural grading operator Γ exists such that ΓQ+QΓ=0. We studyQ ₊=P _? QP ₊, whereP _±=1/2 (1±Γ) are the orthogonal projections onto the eigenspaces of Γ. We calculate the indexi(Q ₊) for Wess-Zumino models defined by a superpotentialV(ω). HereV is a polynomial of degreen≧2. We establish thati(Q ₊)=n?1=degδV. In particular, the field theory models have unbroken supersymmetry, and (forn≧3) they have degenerate vacua. We believe that this is the first index theorem for a Dirac operator that couples infinitely many degrees of freedom.     

ηc as we know it

Various theoretical models for paracharmonium are critically reviewed. The main emphasis is put on the dispersion approach which has proved to be powerful enough to fix, say, the η _c mass,m _ηc =(3.00±0.02) GeV. A few original remarks concerning mainly the radiative transitions in charmonium are included. In particular, a new, simple, and reliable method for calculatingΓ(J/ψ→η _c γ) is described which makes no reference to potentials, overlap integrals, etc.     

Pion pair production in photon-photon collisions at spear

We report a measurement of the cross section for the process γγ→π⁺π^? at invariant masses 500 MeV/c² < m_ππ<2000 MeV/c². A value for the radiative width of the f(1270) tensor meson Γ_f→γγ = 3.6 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 KeV (helicity λ = 2) has been obtained from a fit to the observed ππ mass spectrum.     

Multiple andreev reflections spectroscopy of superconducting LiFeAs single crystals: Anisotropy and temperature behavior of the order parameters

The superconducting state of LiFeAs single crystals with the maximum critical temperature T _c ≈ 17 K in the 111 family has been studied in detail by multiple Andreev reflections (MAR) spectroscopy implemented by the break-junction technique. The three superconducting gaps, Δ_Γ = 5.1–6.5 meV, Δ_L = 3.8–4.8 meV, and Δ_S = 0.9–1.9 meV (at T ? T _c), as well as their temperature dependences, have been directly determined in a tunneling experiment with these samples. The anisotropy degrees of the order parameters in the k space have been estimated as <8, ～12, and ～20%, respectively. Andreev spectra have been fitted within the extended Kümmel-Gunsenheimer-Nikolsky model with allowance for anisotropy. The relative electron-boson coupling constants in LiFeAs have been determined by approximating the Δ(T) dependences by the system of the two-band Moskalenko and Suhl equations. It has been shown that the densities of states in bands forming Δ_Γ and Δ_L are approximately the same, intraband pairing dominates in this case, and the interband coupling constants are related as λ_ΓL ≈ λ_LΓ ? λ_SΓ, λ_SL.     

Diffraction dissociation,the deck mechanism and diffractive resonance production

We have constructed a model amplitude for the diffractive production of resonant states in the presence of Deck amplitudes: rescattering corrections to the Deck amplitudes are included. We have found that gross distortion of the resonance may occur and also that the phase of the diffractively produced system may vary very slowly, despite the existence of resonances: the only requirement is that the phase of the Deck amplitude leads the production phase of the resonance by ≈40°. Our model simultaneously accommodates the well established lack of phase variation in the diffractively produced 1⁺ s-wave (A1) ?π system and the details of the variation of intensity with mass, with resonance parameters M_A1 ≈ 1.3 GeV/c² and Γ_A1 ≈ 240 MeV/c². The analogous Kππ (Q) diffractive enhancement fits satisfactorily into the same framework. Our model also accounts for a number of features of diffractive N¹ production.     

Missing mass analysis of the A−2 at 6.0 GeV/c

The missing mass spectrum in the region of the A^?₂ has been measured in the reaction π^?p→X^?p at 6.0 GeV/c in the interval 0.27 <|t|<0.42 (GeV/c)², with an optical spark chamber system which simultaneously observed the decay X^?→ηπ^?. A signal of 230 events above background per five MeV interval is observed at the A₂ peak, with a signal-to-background ratio of greater than 1:1. A single D-wave Breit-Wigner distribution with a quadratic background gives a good fit to the data, yielding the parameters M₀=(1.324±0.003) GeV/c² and Γ₀=(0.104±0.009) GeV/c². The spectrum is incompatible with a dipole shape.     

Replica symmetry breaking in a fermionic cluster spin glass model in a transverse field

We analyze a fermionic Ising spin glass model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field Γ within a cluster mean field theory. The model considers a Sherrington-Kirkpatrick type interaction between magnetic moments of clusters with a ferromagnetic intra-cluster coupling J₀. The spin site operators are written as a bilinear combination of fermionic operators. In these quantum spin glass model, the inter-cluster disorder is treated by using a framework of one-step replica symmetry breaking within the static approximation. The effective intra-cluster interaction is then computed by means of an exact diagonalization method. Results for several cluster size n_s, values of Γ and J₀ are presented. For instance, the specific heat shows a broad maximum (for n_s>1) at a temperature above the freezing temperature T_f, which is characterized by the inter-cluster replica symmetry breaking. Phase diagrams T versus Γ show that the critical temperature T_f(Γ) decreases for any value of n_s when Γ increases until it reaches a quantum critical point at some value of Γ_c.     

Exciton and phonon spectra of acoustooptic Tl3AsS3 crystals

The λ-modulated exciton reflection spectra of Tl₃AsS₃ crystals are investigated at 8 and 77 K, in which the ground (n=1) and excited (n=2, 3) exciton states are revealed. Taking into account the spatial dispersion, the shapes of λ-modulated reflection spectra of the n=1 line are calculated and the basic parameters of excitons and bands are determined (the translational and reduced masses of excitons and the effective masses of electrons and light and heavy holes). The one-phonon reflection spectra are studied in the region from 50 to 500 cm^?1 in polarizations E ∥ c and E ⊥ c. The shapes of one-phonon reflection spectra are calculated and the parameters of vibrational modes E and A ₂ are determined.