1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯的氰基蒽敏化光氧化反应

某些不能与单线态氧(~1O_2)起反应的烯烃、炔烃、硫醚和环氧化合物,在以氰基蒽为敏化剂的条件下,可发生经由光敏电子转移机理的氧化反应.近年来,Santamaria 等,Foote 等和我们都在研究这类反应.本文报道以9,10-二氰基蒽(DCA)为敏化剂、反,反-1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯为反应物的电子转移光敏氧化反应,并讨论了反应机理.     

氰基蒽敏化1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯光氧化反应的研究

本文报道1,4-二苯基1,3-丁二烯的氰基蒽敏化光氧化反应,讨论了反应机理,在溶剂乙腈和四氯化碳中,荧光淬灭、激基复合物及其自由能变化支持了电子转移反应机制,在四氯化碳中的反应与在极性溶剂乙腈中的完全不同,在四氯化碳中进行的完全是单线态氧的反应,而在乙腈中则发生负氧离子的氧化反应。从乙腈中的反应,我们分离得用臭氧直接氧化时难以得到的臭氧化物-3-苯基5(2-苯基)-乙烯基-1,2,4-三氧杂环戊烷。     

Stepwise growth of polypalladium chains in 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene sandwich complexes

A series of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene multinuclear palladium sandwich complexes are synthesized by stepwise growth of palladium chains within a sandwich framework.     

Preparation,copolymerization kinetics,and viscoelastic behavior of copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene reacts readily with sec-butyllithium in toluene to form adducts. Although this 1,4-substituted conjugated diene did not homopolymerize or copolymerize with styrene, with butadiene it formed copolymers having compositions varying from one end of the chain to the other. The monomer reactivity ratios found were r₁ = 8.2, r₂ = 0 in toluene and r₁ = 2.1, r₂ = 0 in toluene–tetrahydrofuran (0.2%) solution. The intramolecular composition distribution of these polymers varied from an initial butadiene-rich composition, dependent on the ratio of monomers charged, to the equimolar composition of the alternating copolymer. In spite of this compositional heterogeneity, the crosslinked polymers exhibited a single glass transition characteristic of the mean composition. A secondary, high-temperature dispersion observed in the dynamic viscoelastic properties of some of the products is shown to be attributable to network topological effects.     

The electronic structure and spectrum of the geometric isomers of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

Using the results of energy calculations to determine the stable conformations, LCAO-SCF-CI semi-empirical computations have been performed on the three geometric isomers of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene. The predicted wavelength and intensity changes for the fundamental band, which has been assigned to a ¹ B¹ A transition, are in agreement with experiment. The second transition has been assigned to be primarily ¹ G¹ A and the third transition, observed only in the trans-trans isomer, ¹ H ¹ A.

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Zusammenfassung Zunächst warden die stabilsten Konformationen der drei Isomeren des 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiens bestimmt. Für diese Geometrien wurden dann PPP-Rechnungen durchgeführt. Wellenlängen und Intensitäten der Hauptbande stimmen mit den experimentellen Werten sehr gut überein. Die Hauptbande ist vom Typ ¹ B¹ A, die zweite Bande beruht hauptsächlich auf ¹ G¹ A-Übergängen, der bisher nur beim trans-trans-Isomeren beobachteten dritten Bande wird ein ¹ H¹ A-Übergang zugeordnet.

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Résumé Des calculs L.C.A.O. S.C.F. C.I. semi-empiriques ont été effectués sur les trois isomères géométriques du 1,4-diphényl-1,3-butadiène, en utilisant les résultats des calculs d'énergie pour déterminer la stabilité des conformations. Les variations de longueur d'onde et d'intensité de la bande fondamentale, attribuée à une transition ¹ B¹ A, sont en accord avec l'éxpérience. La seconde transition a été attribuée essentiellement à ¹ G¹ A et la troisième, observée seulement dans l'isomère trans.trans, à ¹ H¹ A.

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On leave from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Financial support from the Swedish National Science Research Council.

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On Sabbatic leave 1966—1967 from the Physics Department and Materials Science Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A. Financial Support from the University of Connecticut Research Foundation, Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A.     

Electron-transfer photochemistry of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

Photoinduced electron-transfer (ET) reaction of 2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene 1 resulted in the formation of [4+2] dimer 8, [4+4] dimer 4, and its secondary product bicyclooctadiene 9. The ET induced dimerization of 1 is suggested to proceed through a stepwise mechanism involving a bis-allylic intermediate 10.     

Photoisomerization of cis,cis-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene in the solid state: the bicycle-pedal mechanism

The cis-trans photoisomerization of crystalline or powdered cis,cis-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (cc-DPB) was studied at room temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, 1H NMR and HPLC. High conversions (up to 90%) to the trans,trans isomer were observed in a crystal to crystal reaction. Formation of the cis,trans isomer, the sole product obtained in solution and in very viscous glassy media at 77 K is entirely suppressed in the solid state. The observed two-bond photoisomerization is explained by Warshel's bicycle-pedal photoisomerization mechanism (BP). The results are consistent with X-ray diffraction measurements, which have revealed that cc-DPB molecules exist in crystals in edge to face alternating arrays of two conformer structures whose phenyl rings deviate significantly from the plane of the central diene moiety ( approximately 40 degrees ). One of the conformers has the two phenyls in parallel planes and the other in roughly perpendicular planes. Least motion considerations suggest that the former should undergo the two-bond photoisomerization more easily, in agreement with observations that indicate that the reaction proceeds in discrete stages. Recently reported cis,cis- to trans,trans-muconate photoisomerizations in the solid state are proposed to also proceed via the BP mechanism. The reactions are consistent with the X-ray crystal structures of the cis,cis-muconate isomers.     

1,4-regioselective iodofunctionalizations of 1,3-butadiene

Addition reactions of benzene and acetonitrile to 1,3-butadiene are described. This new iodofunctionalization process proceeds “via” iodonium ion-allylic cation equilibrium and gives regioselectively 1,4-adducts, which can be alternatively obtained by acid treatment of the 1,2-derivative 8.     

Photoisomerization of cis,cis-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene in glassy media at 77 K: the bicycle-pedal mechanism

The cis-trans photoisomerization of cis,cis-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene in a soft isopentane glass at 77 K gives significant two-bond photoisomerization in contrast to solution and hard glassy media where only one-bond photoisomerization takes place.     

Regiospecific photoisomerization of fluorinated (E,E)-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadienes

Photoisomerization of five fluorinated E,E-1-(R-phenyl)-4-phenyl-1,3-butadienes in solution (R = 1: p-monofluoro, 2: m,m′-difluoro, 3: m,m′,p-trifluoro, 4: o,o′,m,m′-tetrafluoro, 5: o,o′,m,m′,p-pentafluoro) was investigated via direct irradiation. Our results indicated that cis-trans photoisomerization of the fluorinated 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadienes in the excited singlet state took place exclusively at the CC bonds closer to the fluorine substituents.     

Comparison of free and metal coordinated 1,4-disubstituted-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes : Crystal and molecular structures of 1,4-dicyclohexyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene and trans-[dichloro(triphenylphosphine)(1,4-di-tert-butyl- 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene)palladium(II)]

The crystal and molecular structures of c-Hex-DAB (c-hexyl-NC(H)C(H)N-c-hexyl; DAB = 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene) and of trans-[PdCl₂(PPh₃)(t-Bu-DAB)] are reported. Crystals of c-Hex-DAB are monoclinic with space group C_2/c and cell constants: a = 24.70(1), b = 4.660(2), c = 12.268(3)Å, β = 107.66(4)°, Z = 4. The molecule has a flat E-s-trans-E structure with bond lengths of 1.258(3)Å for the CN double bond and 1.457(3)Å for the central CC′ bond. These bond lengths and the NC-C′ angle of 120.8(2)° indicate that the C- and N-atoms are purely sp²-hybridized and that there is little or no conjugation within the central DAB skeleton. Crystals of trans-[PdCl₂(PPh₃)(t-Bu-DAB)] are triclinic with space group P-1 and cell constants: a = 17.122(3), b = 18.279(3), c = 10.008(5)Å, α = 96.77(2), β = 95.29(3), γ = 109.79(2). Z = 4. The t-Bu-DAB ligand is coordinated to the metal via one lone pair only. In this 2e; σ-N coordination mode the E-s-trans-E conformation of the free DAB-ligand is still present and the bonding distances within the DAB-ligand are hardly affected. [CN: 1.261(10)Å; CC′: 1.479(10)Å (mean).] The PdN-, NC- and central CC′-bond lengths are compared with those found in other metal -R-DAB complexes.     

Photochemical reaction of 7-aminocoumarins. 9. [2+2]-Cycloadducts with trans,trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene

The photoreactions of 7-diethylaminocoumarin, 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin, 4-trifluoromethyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin, and 4-N-morpholino-7-diethylaminocoumarin with trans,trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, which lead to the formation of [2+2]-cycloaddition products, were studied. It was established that photocycloaddition proceeds with the formation of adducts that have a 1-endo-styryl substituent and a 2-exo-phenyl group. The effect of the substituent in the 4-position of the 7-aminocoumarin molecule on the effectiveness of cycloaddition is discussed.See [1] for Communication 8.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1319–1325, October, 1990.     

Inertial effects on the intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution and nonadiabatic photoisomerization of a 2,3-substituted 1,3-butadiene: a quasi-classical CASSCF dynamics study

Quasi-classical CASSCF trajectory calculations have been carried out on s-cis-1,3-butadiene and substituted 2,3-dideuterio-1,3-butadiene (DDB) to assess the inertial effect on the ultrafast nonadiabatic deactivation of their first singlet excited states. Calculations indicate that even this modest increase in the mass of the 2,3-substituents noticeably affects the photodynamics of cis --> trans isomerization, by reducing the efficiency of the vibrational energy leakage between the initial relaxation and subsequent nonadiabatic decay modes. In qualitative agreement with experimental findings on related 1,3-dienes, the slowing down of the intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) upon substitution results in extended excited-state lifetimes and reorients the photoregioselectivity toward cis rotamers and cyclic products.     

The vibrational structure of (E,E')-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene Linear dichroism FT-IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations

The title compound (DPB) was investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy in liquid solutions and by FT-IR linear dichroism (LD) measurements on samples aligned in stretched polyethylene. The LD data provided experimental assignments of molecular transition moment directions and vibrational symmetries for more than 40 vibrational transitions. The observed IR wavenumbers, relative intensities, and polarization directions were generally well reproduced by the results of a harmonic analysis based on B3LYP/cc-pVTZ density functional theory (DFT). The combined experimental and theoretical results led to proposal of a nearly complete assignment of the IR active fundamentals of DPB, involving reassignment of a number of transitions. In addition, previously published Raman spectra of DPB were well predicted by the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ calculations.     

Steric effects in hula-twist photoisomerization. 1,4-dimethyl- and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diphenylbutadienes

1,4-Dimethyl-1,4-diphenylbutadiene was shown to be able to execute regiospecific HT-1 photoisomerization around a methyl group when irradiated in a low-temperature organic glass, albeit at reduced efficiency. 2,3-Dimethyl-1,4-diphenylbutadiene exhibited a different type of steric effect, causing the E,E-isomer to undergo regiospecific HT-1 photoisomerization.     

Structures and cis-to-trans photoisomerization of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene radical cation: electron spin resonance and computational studies

The s-cis and s-trans isomer radical cations of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene (s-cis-HFBD+ and s-trans-HFBD+) were generated by a gamma-irradiated solid solution of the neutral HFBD molecule in solid matrix at 77 K and observed by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) and electronic spectroscopies. In comparing the experimental isotropic and anisotropic 19F hyperfine splittings with the computational ones by the DFT B3LYP and MP2 methods, the generated s-cis-HFBD+ and s-trans-HFBD+ radical cations were confirmed to be 2A2 and 2Bg electronic ground states in C2v and C2h symmetries, respectively. The present spectroscopic study revealed that the relative abundance of s-cis-HFBD+ to s-trans-HFBD+ was 4.0 immediately after being formed by gamma-irradiation, and subsequently most s-cis-HFBD+ was isomerized to s-trans-HFBD+ by visible-light illumination with 500-600 nm wavelength. The process of nonplanar HFBD ionizing to form stable planar s-cis- and s-trans-HFBD+ and the reaction mechanism of the cis-to-trans photoisomerization were discussed by (MS-)CASPT2//CASSCF calculated vertical excitation energies (Tv) and torsional potential energy curves (TPECs) of HFBD and HFBD+.