镁助剂改性Pd/Al_2O_3甲烷催化燃烧催化剂:Mg/Al物质的量比对催化剂载体及活性物种形成的影响

本文研究了系列不同含量镁助剂改性的Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧反应。研究表明,随着镁添加量的增加,载体由Al_2O_3转变为尖晶石型MgAl_2O_4,进一步增加Mg/Al物质的量比至3∶1时,形成了Mg(Al)O_x固溶体;催化剂中活性相Pd物种以金属Pd,PdO_x或Pd-载体复合氧化物形式存在,各物种的相对含量以及Pd?PdO间的转化能力存在一定的差异。PdO_x物种表现为具有较高的低温活性,而金属Pd和Pd-载体复合氧化物的高温活性较好。当Mg/Al物质的量比为1∶3时,催化剂的Pd?PdO转化能力最强,表现出了最高的甲烷催化燃烧反应活性。     

高酸值生物柴油原料甘油酯化脱酸研究

利用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了Al改性固体酸催化剂SO₄^2-/ZrO₂,考察了催化剂在甘油酯化脱酸制备生物柴油原料反应中的催化活性、重复利用性和再生性能,并对使用前后的催化剂进行了红外光谱分析。研究表明,添加适量Al(1%,以Al₂O₃的质量分数计)不但提高了催化剂的活性,还改善了催化剂的重复利用性和再生性能。添加Al使ZrO₂上SO₄^2-的量增加,SO₄^2-结合强度增强,减少了在酯化脱酸反应过程中SO₄^2-的流失。在SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂用量为7％、甘油与酸物质的量比为6:1、反应温度为140 ℃、反应时间为4 h的条件下,酯化率可达91%以上,可将高酸值油脂的酸值从31 mg_KOH/g降低到2.8 mg_KOH/g以下,可满足生物柴油原料的要求。     

杂多酸催化合成乙酸乙酯

回流吸附法制备的负载型12-钨磷酸(HPW/C)是合成乙酸乙酯的高效催化剂。最佳反应条件下乙醇转化率达96％,酯化选择性100％。催化剂的高活性是由于HPW在活性炭上高度分散,使活性位增多,有效酸量增大。HPW/C还具有热稳定性高和不易流失等优点。     

磷钨酸插层MgAl水滑石层间距的调变及催化酯化脱酸性能

通过改变离子交换温度和时间合成了具有不同层间距的磷钨酸(H_3PW_(12)O_(40),HPW)插层MgAl水滑石(LDHs),采用XRD、FT-IR、Raman、~(31)P MAS NMR、ICP-AES和Hammett指示剂-正丁胺滴定法等表征其性质,并研究其对模型原油的催化酯化脱酸性能。高的离子交换温度有利于形成较大的层间距(d_(003)约1.46 nm),较长的交换时间有利于形成较小的层间距(d_(003)约1.05 nm)。不同的层间距源自HPW在层间不同的存在形式,P_2W_(18)O_(62)~(6-)以C_2轴倾斜于层板和PW_(11)O_(39)~(7-)以C_2轴垂直于层板的方式排列于层间时,形成d_(003)约1.46 nm的层间距;PW_(12)O_(40)~(3-)与层板发生嫁接,并以C_2轴垂直于层板的方向排列于层间时,形成d_(003)约1.05 nm的层间距。层间P_2W_(18)O_(62)~(6-)和PW_(11)O_(39)~(7-)能产生更高比例的中强酸中心,同时大的层间距有利于反应物扩散进入层间与酸中心接触,能够提高LDHs的催化酯化脱酸性能。     

Ca/Al物质的量比对Ni/CaO-Al_2O_3结构及其催化重整性能的影响

合成兼具催化、吸附性能的复合催化剂是实现CO_2吸附强化CH_4/H_2O重整制氢过程的关键。研究采用共沉淀法制备了一系列具有类水滑石结构前驱体的Ni/Ca O-Al_2O_3复合催化剂,考察了制备过程中Ca/Al物质的量比对复合催化剂结构及性能的影响。结果表明,Ca/Al物质的量比可调控活性组分Ni与载体之间的相互作用力,进而调变复合催化剂的比表面积和活性组分Ni的分散度。当Ca/Al物质的量比为3时,Ni与载体之间相互作用力适宜,复合催化剂具有最大的比表面积(12.9 m~2/g)和最高的Ni分散度(1.07%);该复合催化剂在CO_2吸附强化CH_4/H_2O重整制氢过程中可得到95%的H_2浓度和88%的CH_4转化率,循环10次后,H2浓度仍能保持在93%以上。     

稀土氧化物的掺杂量对SO42-/ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂催化性能的影响

采用浸渍-沉淀法制备负载型纳米ZrO2/Al2O3,复合载体,并将不同量的氧化钕、氧化镨掺杂到负载型纳米ZrO2/Al2O3复合载体中以调变ZrO2的表面性能.同时以此复合载体负载SO42-制备SO42-/REXOY-ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂.运用XHD、BET、NH3-TPD、原位红外技术对催化剂的晶相结构、比表面积、孔径分布、酸中心种类等进行表征,并以α-蒎烯异构化为探针反应考察了催化剂的活性.结果表明,适量的稀土掺杂会增加催化剂的比表面积,降低ZrO2的粒径,从而增加催化剂表面SO42-的配位吸附量,提高表面酸中心数和酸强度,增强催化剂的活性.     

PVC/插层稀土类水滑石的热稳定性能研究

以山梨酸、La(NO_3)_3,Al(NO_3)_3,Mg(NO_3)_2和Na OH为主要原料合成了山梨酸插层镁铝镧类水滑石(Mg Al La-SA LDHs),通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)进行结构表征。采用刚果红法、热老化烘箱法、转矩流变法、电导率法等研究了山梨酸插层类水滑石及与季戊四醇、硬脂酸锌复合后添加到聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热稳定性能。结果表明:山梨酸插层类水滑石可有效地延长PVC热稳定时间,抑制初期着色,降低加工能耗,热降解活化能较纯PVC提高了6.59 k J·mol~(-1)。按质量份数1/4/1与季戊四醇、硬脂酸锌复合后,热降解活化能较复合前提高了13.96 k J·mol~(-1),热稳定效果更优。     

金属氢氧化物直接制备对苯二甲酸插层水滑石及其应用

以新制备的Mg(OH)_2和Al(OH)_3滤饼与对苯二甲酸通过水热反应制备了对苯二甲酸插层水滑石(TALDHs).使用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-差热分析、扫描电镜(SEM)等技术对TA-LDHs与碳酸根型水滑石(CO3-LDHs)进行对比研究,结果显示,对苯二甲酸离子成功插入到LDHs层间,产物结构完整、晶相单一,所制得的TA-LDHs为片状.CO3-LDHs和TA-LDHs分别作为纳米填料,以两种不同的添加方式制备聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/LDHs纳米复合材料.对复合材料进行XRD和SEM研究,结果表明在酯交换反应前添加2%TA-LDHs所制备的PET/LDHs纳米复合材料的层板被部分剥离,分散性最好.     

TPAOH处理制备的微介孔催化剂物化性质与噻吩烷基化性能研究

采用不同浓度的TPAOH溶液处理不同SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比的HZSM-5分子筛,制备了微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5催化剂。结果表明,采用不同浓度的TPAOH溶液处理不同SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比的HZSM-5分子筛能够脱出HZSM-5分子筛的骨架硅而产生介孔,介孔孔径随TPAOH溶液浓度和SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比的增大而增大;TPAOH溶液处理能够调变HZSM-5催化剂的酸性。采用不同浓度的TPAOH溶液处理SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比分别为50、80和150的HZSM-5分子筛,其中,SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比为50的HZSM-5弱中酸酸强度、相对酸量、B酸和L酸含量明显高于SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比为80和150的HZSM-5分子筛。经不同浓度的TPAOH溶液处理后SiO_2/Al_2O_3物质的量比为50的HZSM-5催化剂具有最佳的噻吩烷基化反应性能。     

Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的研究

以氢氧化铜、醋酸镍和拟薄水铝石为原料,通过固相法合成了Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石催化剂。采用N2物理吸附、XRD、H2-TPR和XPS等表征方法,研究Cu/Ni/Al的物质的量比和焙烧温度对催化剂的比表面积、物相、还原性能以及表面性质的影响,并以甲醇水蒸气重整制氢为探针反应,考察催化剂的缓释催化性能。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,Cu-Ni-Al催化剂的尖晶石含量增加,但尖晶石晶粒增大,且比表面积下降。不同的焙烧温度和Cu/Ni/Al物质的量比,所得催化剂的比表面积、还原性能和表面性质不同,从而表现出不同的缓释催化性能。与计量比Cu/Al=1∶2的合成比较,Cu/Al=1∶3形成了非计量比的富Al尖晶石固溶体,生成的晶体粒子小、比表面积和孔容大、难还原的尖晶石部分增多,呈现出更好的缓释催化性能。甲醇制氢反应性能评价结果显示,Cu-Ni-Al尖晶石在反应条件下逐渐释放活性铜而催化反应的进行,其中,CNA3-1000催化剂表现中最高的催化活性和稳定性。     

A composite of layered double hydroxides obtained through random costacking of layers from Mg–Al and Co–Al LDHs by delamination–restacking: Thermal decomposition and reconstruction behavior

A composite of dodecylsulfate intercalated Mg–Al and Co–Al LDHs in which the layers of the two LDHs are randomly costacked was prepared starting from the monolayer colloidal dispersions of the individual surfactant intercalated LDHs obtained through delamination in 1-butanol. The surfactant ion of the composite could be exchanged for acetate ions. The thermal decomposition and reconstruction behavior of the acetate-intercalated composite was found to be different from those of an LDH in which each layer contains Mg, Co and Al and a physical mixture of Mg–Al and Co–Al LDHs. While the composite shows partial reconstruction to LDH phase even after heating up to 1000 °C the other samples do not show reconstruction beyond 800 °C.     

Mg-Al类水滑石负载金催化醇选择氧化中Mg/Al比例的影响

为研究Mg/Al比例对Mg-Al类水滑石(LDH)负载Au催化醇选择氧化的影响,采用共沉淀—水热晶化法合成了不同Mg/Al比的y Mg-Al LDH,采用液相还原法负载纳米Au颗粒.对样品进行XRD、N_2物理吸附、ICP-AES、AAS、TEM、CO_2-TPD、CO_2-In-situ DRIFTS和XPS等表征.在无附加碱条件下,Au/yMg-Al LDH催化剂催化1-苯乙醇选择氧化的催化活性随Mg/Al比增大呈现递增趋势,Au/4Mg-Al LDH活性最佳.载体表面弱碱性强度随Mg/Al比增大变化不大,弱碱位略有增多,对醇羟基脱氢有促进作用.载体层板Mg_3OH基团随Mg/Al比增大而增多有利于Au在层板边缘沉积,二者可形成有效协同,促进醇氧化过程进行.     

Synthesis of Ni／Mg／Al Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Use as Catalyst Precursors in the Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes

Ni/Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHs) with different n(Ni) : n(Mg) : n(Al) ratio values were prepared via a coprecipitation reaction. Then Ni/Mg/Al mixed oxides were obtained by calcination of these LDHs precursors. Carbon nanotubes were produced in the catalytic decomposition of propane over the Ni/Mg/Al mixed oxide catalysts. The quality of as-made nanotubes was investigated by SEM and TEM. The nanotubes were multiwall with a high length-diameter ratio and appeared to be flexible. The catalytic activities of these mixed oxides increased with increasing the Ni content. The Ni/Mg/Al mixed oxide with the highest Ni content [ n( Ni)/n( Mg)/n(Al) = 1/1/1 ] showed the highest activity and the carbon nanotubes grown on its surface had the best quality.     

微波法合成乙二醇插层镍铝层状双金属氢氧化物

乙二醇(EG)插层层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)可作为层间催化反应器,用于原油中环烷酸与EG的酯化脱酸反应,但其合成过程需要较长时间。 以硝酸根型镍铝LDH为前体,在KOH促进下,采用微波辅助的离子交换法合成EG插层LDH,省时节能,提高效率。 考察了微波时间、微波温度和微波功率对EG插层LDH结构的影响。 并用XRD、FT-IR和TG-DSC等比较了微波法和常规方法合成的EG插层LDH的性质。 结果表明,微波辐射能提供高能量,促进待交换阴离子向层间的扩散,并减弱层板与层间原有阴离子间的作用力,在微波温度为120 ℃,微波时间为10 min和微波功率550 W的条件下,即可得到结晶度高的EG插层LDH。 微波法合成的EG插层LDH与常规方法合成的具有相似的性质和更高的结晶度,而合成时间可由12 h大幅缩短至10 min。     

Calcined Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Urea Derivatives from Amines and CO2

The calcined Mg‐Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a Mg/Al molar ratio of 3:1 were synthesized and characterized thoroughly by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) of CO₂, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thus the calcined Mg‐Al LDHs were used as catalyst for the catalytic synthesis of disubstituted ureas from amines and CO₂. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, pressure, solvent and calcined temperature on activity have been investigated. The results indicated that aliphatic amines, cyclohexylamine and benzylamine can be converted to the corresponding ureas selectively over the calcined Mg‐Al LDHs catalysts with N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent without using any dehydrating regent. The catalyst can be recycled several times with only slight loss of activity.     

Preparation of Mg–Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with alkyl sulfates and investigation of their capacity to take up N,N-dimethylaniline from aqueous solutions

This study examined the effect of the interlayer spacing of a Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (Mg–Al LDH) on the ability of the Mg–Al LDH to take up a nonionic organic material. Mg–Al LDHs, intercalated with 1-propanesulfonate (PS^?), 1-hexanesulfonate (HS^?), and 1-dodecanesulfonate (DS^?), were prepared by coprecipitation, yielding PS·Mg–Al LDH, HS·Mg–Al LDH, and DS·Mg–Al LDH, respectively. The increase in the alkyl chain lengths of the Mg–Al LDHs (PS^? < HS^? < DS^?) resulted in the perpendicular orientation of the organic acid anions in the interlayer of Mg–Al LDH, which in turn resulted in more organic acid anions being accommodated in the interlayer space. An organic acid anion with a large molecular length was more easily intercalated in the interlayer of Mg–Al LDH than one with a small molecular length. This was attributed to the hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl chains, affecting the intercalation of the organic acid anions. The uptake of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) by Mg–Al LDHs increased in the order PS·Mg–Al LDH < HS·Mg–Al LDH < DS·Mg–Al LDH. The uptake was attributed to the hydrophobic interactions between DMA and the intercalated PS^?, HS^?, and DS^?. Thus, Mg–Al LDH, which has a lot of large interlayer spacings when intercalated with organic acid anions, can take up a large number of DMA molecules from an aqueous solution.     

Application of simplified version of advanced isoconversional procedure in non-isothermal kinetic study

Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were used to study some selected Mg/Al and Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) prepared by co-precipitation. A Mg/Al hydrotalcite was investigated before and after reformation in fluoride and nitrate solutions. Little change in the TG or PXRD patterns was observed. It was proposed that successful intercalation of nitrate anions has occurred. However, the absence of any change in the d ₍₀₀₃₎ interlayer spacing suggests that fluoride anions were not intercalated between the LDH layers. Any fluoride anions that were removed from solution are most likely adsorbed onto the outer surfaces of the hydrotalcite. As fluoride removal was not quantified it is not possible to confirm that this has happened without further experimentation. Carbonate is probably intercalated into the interlayer of these hydrotalcites, as well as fluoride or nitrate. The carbonate most likely originates from either incomplete decarbonation during thermal activation or adsorption from the atmosphere or dissolved in the deionised water. Small and large scale co-precipitation syntheses of a Zn/Al LDH were also investigated to determine if there was any change in the product. While the small scale experiment produced a good quality LDH of reasonable purity; the large scale synthesis resulted in several additional phases. Imprecise measurement and difficulty in handling the large quantities of reagents appeared to be sufficient to alter the reaction conditions causing a mixture of phases to be formed.     

Green phenol hydroxylation by ultrasonic-assisted synthesized Mg/Cu/Al-LDH catalyst with different molar ratios of Cu2+/Mg2+

Nitrate-intercalated Mg/Cu/Al-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method under ultrasonic irradiation as a fast, simple, and low-cost technique. The LDHs were synthesized with six different molar ratios of Cu²⁺/Mg²⁺, and then they were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, ICP, BET, TEM, and FE-SEM analyses. The results showed that the nitrate ions were well intercalated between layers without any carbonate ions. According to the XRD and TGA results, increasing of Cu ions in the LDHs lowered the crystallization and improved the thermal stability of samples at the same time. The morphological studies carried out by FE-SEM and TEM analyses showed the morphological structure similar to the lamellar structure and plate-like shape particles. However, the surface property of binary LDHs, including Al and only one of Cu or Mg elements, was better than ternary ones. Furthermore, this catalyst was used for the phenol hydroxylation using H₂O₂ as oxidant and water as a solvent. The results exhibit that the CuMg₃₂Al-NO^3? catalyst had the best catalytic activity, as well as it was found that the catalyst is active under mild reaction conditions such as the temperature of 65 °C, phenol: oxidant ratio of 2:1, phenol/catalyst?=?100, and reaction time of 1 h. Thus, these conditions gave better activity with the conversion of 27%, the selectivity of 92.05% for catechol and hydroquinone, and CAT/HQ ratio of 1.5.

     

MgAPO-11分子筛的合成及Pt/MgAPO-11在正十二烷临氢异构化反应中的催化性能

 采用常规水热合成法合成了系列MgAPO-11分子筛,考察了晶化时间、 P/Al投料比和Mg源对MgAPO-11分子筛的物相、酸性以及Pt/MgAPO-11催化正十二烷临氢异构化反应性能的影响. 分别用X射线衍射、 X射线荧光光谱和NH3程序升温脱附测定了样品的晶相、 Mg含量和酸性质. 结果表明,合成条件影响着合成产物的晶相组成、 Mg含量及酸性质,从而影响到Pt/MgAPO-11在正十二烷临氢异构化反应中的催化性能. 反应结果显示, Pt/MgAPO-11催化剂的催化活性与MgAPO-11分子筛的强酸位数目密切相关. 较短的晶化时间、合成凝胶的P/Al摩尔比为1.0以及使用Mg(NO3)2为Mg源有利于提高MgAPO-11的强酸位数目,从而提高Pt/MgAPO-11的催化活性.