超临界CO2气爆煤体致裂机理实验研究

为提高超临界CO₂气爆低渗透煤层增透技术的应用水平,进一步研究超临界CO₂气爆煤体致裂机理,利用自主研发的超临界CO₂气爆装置,在多通道电液伺服相似材料试验台上,对原煤和混凝土大试件(1 m×1 m×0.5 m)进行了超临界CO₂气爆实验,用动态应变仪采集试件内部监测点处的变形和破坏信息,并用工业窥镜对爆破孔内裂隙分布进行了观测。分析气爆应力波的变化规律和气爆后试件的破坏形貌特征可知,距离气爆孔由近及远依次分为粉碎区、裂隙区和震动区,其形成机理为:超临界CO₂冲击气爆孔周围介质并形成远超介质抗压强度的球面纵波,介质在径向压应力作用下发生粉碎性破坏,形成粉碎区;应力波传播能量逐步衰减,不足以使介质产生压缩破坏,然而脆性材料抗压不抗拉,其产生的环向应力仍然使介质产生径向裂隙,应力波之后具有准静态加载作用的高压CO₂气体进入裂隙形成气楔,促使裂隙进一步发育和扩展,形成裂隙区;裂隙区以外的介质在低能量应力波的作用下只发生震动,未发生明显破坏,即震动区。裂隙的扩展速度与其到气爆孔距离符合“S”形曲线衰减,裂隙的高速扩展发生在粉碎区,低速扩展发生在裂隙区;距离气爆孔越远,测点的峰值应变越小,相同距离内节理裂隙等结构面越复杂,峰值应变减小的幅度越大且应变波形差别越大。     

超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体破裂规律模拟研究

为揭示超临界CO2气爆含割理裂隙非均质煤体的致裂规律,开发了识别实际煤体图像获取其割理裂隙几何信息的M atlab程序,将几何信息与煤体非均质物性参数关联并导入Abaqus中,实现了非均质煤体有限元表征,并采用SPH与FEM联合求解的方法模拟超临界CO2气爆非均质煤体的致裂过程,得到了弱面倾角、弱面到爆孔中心距离及初应力的变化对煤体气爆致裂效果的影响规律.模拟结果表明,初应力对主裂缝的萌生和扩展具有导向作用,气爆裂缝沿最大初应力方向扩展;弱面倾角相同时,弱面离爆孔越近,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越大,弱面离爆孔较远时,弱面完全阻断了裂缝的扩展;弱面到爆孔中心距离相同时,弱面倾角越大,弱面对裂缝扩展的阻碍作用越大,穿过弱面的裂缝尺度和密度越小,应力波透射率越小.现场气爆增透煤体时,应考虑割理裂隙和地应力特征合理布置气爆孔位置及爆破参数.     

超临界CO2在低渗透煤层中渗流规律的实验研究

利用自主研发的THM三场耦合渗流实验系统,进行不同孔隙压力和温度条件下的超临界CO2在低渗透煤层中的渗流实验,得出不同温度下流速和压力梯度之间的关系,从而得到了低渗透煤层注入超临界CO2的非达西渗流规律,即流速与压力梯度变化规律呈现正指数关系.随着压力梯度的增大,渗透系数也不断的增大,且呈现正指数关系;在同一体积应力和压力梯度的条件下,温度越高,流速越快;温度在临界点附近,流速和渗透系数增加很快.     

超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形规律试验研究

为解决采用应变片对超临界CO_2作用下煤体膨胀变形进行点测量时,试验结果离散性大、超临界CO_2作用导致应变片易脱离破损等问题,自主研发了具有施加热流力载荷功能的膨胀体积应变测量装置,对不同温度、压力的超临界CO_2作用下,煤体膨胀体积变形规律进行研究。结果表明:煤体膨胀体积应变随超临界CO_2作用时间增加呈现先增大后趋于稳定的变化规律;当孔隙压力不变时,膨胀体积应变随超临界温度的升高而增加,温度越高,达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间越长;当温度不变时,随着超临界孔隙压力增加,膨胀体积应变也随之增大,但达到稳定膨胀变形所需时间随孔隙压力的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势;超临界CO_2作用下,煤体体积应变随温度和孔隙压力均呈"S型"Logistic函数规律变化;膨胀体积应变对超临界温度和孔隙压力的变化率具有分区性,其变化率大小排序依次为:近临界区跨临界区高临界区。     

Competitive Methane Desorption by Supercritical CO2 Injection in Coal

A large diameter (∼70 mm) dry coal sample was used to study the competitive displacement of CH₄ by injection of supercritical CO₂, and CO₂–CH₄ counter-diffusion in coal matrix. During the test, a staged loading procedure, which allows the calibration of the key reservoir modelling parameters in a sequential and progressive manner, was employed. The core-flooding test was history matched using an Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM) simulator, in which Fick’s Law for mixed gas diffusion and the extended Langmuir equations are implemented. The system pressure rise during the two loading stages and the CO₂ breakthrough time in the final production stage were matched by using the pair of constant sorption times (9 and 3.2 days) for CH₄ and CO₂, respectively. The corresponding diffusion coefficients for CH₄ and CO₂ were estimated to be 1.6 ×  10⁻¹² and 4.6 ×  10⁻¹² m²/s, respectively. Comparison was made with published gas diffusion coefficients for dry ground samples (ranging from < 0.063 to ∼3 mm) of the same coal at relatively low pressures (< 4 MPa). The CO₂/CH₄ gas diffusion coefficient ratio was well within the reported range (2–3), whereas the CH₄ diffusion coefficient obtained from history matching of the core-flooding test is approximately 15 times smaller than that arrived by curve-fitting the measured sorption uptake rate using a unipore diffusion model. The calibrated model prediction of the effluent gas composition was in good agreement with the test data for CO₂ mole fraction of up to 20%.     

Buoyancy Effects on Upward Brine Displacement Caused by CO2 Injection

Upward displacement of brine from deep reservoirs driven by pressure increases resulting from CO₂ injection for geologic carbon sequestration may occur through improperly sealed abandoned wells, through permeable faults, or through permeable channels between pinch-outs of shale formations. The concern about upward brine flow is that, upon intrusion into aquifers containing groundwater resources, the brine may degrade groundwater. Because both salinity and temperature increase with depth in sedimentary basins, upward displacement of brine involves lifting fluid that is saline but also warm into shallower regions that contain fresher, cooler water. We have carried out dynamic simulations using TOUGH2/EOS7 of upward displacement of warm, salty water into cooler, fresher aquifers in a highly idealized two-dimensional model consisting of a vertical conduit (representing a well or permeable fault) connecting a deep and a shallow reservoir. Our simulations show that for small pressure increases and/or high-salinity-gradient cases, brine is pushed up the conduit to a new static steady-state equilibrium. On the other hand, if the pressure rise is large enough that brine is pushed up the conduit and into the overlying upper aquifer, flow may be sustained if the dense brine is allowed to spread laterally. In this scenario, dense brine only contacts the lower-most region of the upper aquifer. In a hypothetical case in which strong cooling of the dense brine occurs in the upper reservoir, the brine becomes sufficiently dense that it flows back down into the deeper reservoir from where it came. The brine then heats again in the lower aquifer and moves back up the conduit to repeat the cycle. Parameter studies delineate steady-state (static) and oscillatory solutions and reveal the character and period of oscillatory solutions. Such oscillatory solutions are mostly a curiosity rather than an expected natural phenomenon because in nature the geothermal gradient prevents the cooling in the upper aquifer that occurs in the model. The expected effect of upward brine displacement is either establishment of a new hydrostatic equilibrium or sustained upward flux into the bottom-most region of the upper aquifer.     

Long-Term Evolution of Coal Permeability Under Effective Stresses Gap Between Matrix and Fracture During CO2 Injection

Transport in Porous Media - Understanding the long-term evolution of coal permeability under the influence of gas adsorption-induced multiple processes is crucial for the efficient sequestration of...     

水下爆炸过程的高精度数值计算

采用三阶精度的Parabolic Piecewise Method(PPM)方法和Volume Of Fluid(VOF)方法相结合，运用Lagrange-Remapping算法，数值计算爆轰产物、水、空气多种介质之间的相互作用过程，该方法可以用来处理界面两边高密度比可压缩流动以及强剪切滑移运动等问题。     

超临界CO_2作用后煤微观结构与渗透率变化规律实验研究

在宏观超临界CO_2增透实验基础上进行微观成像实验,提取煤微观孔隙特征,自编Matlab程序,计算孔隙率,得到煤各微区孔隙率和渗透率矩阵,绘制孔隙率和渗透率等值线图。结果表明:增透实验前后煤微观结构差别显著,经超临界CO_2作用后,煤微观孔隙充分发育,孔隙的数量、尺寸明显增加,孔隙率是增透前的9.11倍;随着孔隙压力的增大,煤中粒间孔隙数量增多,孔隙之间的连通性增加,孔隙率呈指数增大的趋势,煤体各微区孔隙率等值线密集程度增加;煤体的渗透率随着孔隙率的增加呈正指数递增的趋势,且随着孔隙压力的增加,渗透率呈指数递增的变化规律,渗透率等值线的密集程度增加,宏微观实验结果是一致的,随着注入超临界CO_2孔隙压力的增加,煤微观孔隙结构的发育程度提高,为煤层气的运移提供更多的通道,有效提高了煤体的渗透性。     

Investigating Supercritical CO2 Foam Propagation Distance: Conversion from Strong Foam to Weak Foam vs. Gravity Segregation

Transport in Porous Media - This study investigates how to determine the optimal supercritical CO2 foam injection strategies, in terms of total injection rate (or injection pressure, equivalently)...     

铝合金 2A12韧性断裂机制的实验研究

用轴对称圆棒静拉伸实验研究了铝合金2A12韧性断裂的特点,并探讨了临界空穴扩张比参数-VGC在实验材料上的适用性。实验测试了实验材料的拉伸特性参数及VGC参数。实验证实实验材料在不同应力状态下会发生断裂形式的转变,光滑试样表现为剪切破坏,而缺口试样为拉伸破坏,VGC参数对材料的断裂形式较为敏感。用SEM观测了试样断口显示缺口试样为空穴聚合型断裂机制。VGC参数只适用于以拉伸型断裂为主的缺口试样,对以剪切断裂为主的光滑拉伸试样不适用。     

用动态焦散线方法研究圆环在冲击载荷作用下的破坏机理

本文用动态焦散线实验方法并结合理论分析,深入地研究了圆环在冲击载荷作用下的破坏问题。考察了试件的几何尺寸和支承材料对破坏模态及破坏过程的影响。用应力波传播的几何理论(rays-theory)分析了应力波在圆环内部的传播过程,着重分析了圆环中应力波聚焦的现象。理论分析和实验结果在破坏时刻和破坏位置上吻合的很好。     

纤维/金属网增强层板低速冲击损伤机理和演化

本文首先通过落锤低速冲击实验测试了纯玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料和304不锈钢丝网(SSWM)/玻璃纤维混杂复合材料的力学性能,探究了SSWM嵌入数量对混杂复合材料抗冲击性能的影响．随后采用Abaqus有限元软件建立了混杂复合材料的低速冲击模型,分别采用三维Hashin失效准则和Jason-Cook破坏准则模拟了纤维/基体和SSWM的损伤;建立了基于表面接触的内聚力模型来模拟界面分层;编写了VUMAT用户子程序定义混杂复合材料层合板的渐进失效过程．结果表明：相较于纯玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂层合板,SSWM/玻璃纤维混杂增强环氧树脂层合板的抗冲击性能更优,其中铺层形式为铺层III的混杂复合材料抗冲击性能最佳．通过对比发现有限元仿真结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明建立的模型适用于SSWM/玻璃纤维混杂增强环氧树脂复合材料低速冲击损伤的评估．通过分析仿真结果发现混杂复合材料的低速冲击损伤主要是冲击区域的纤维断裂、基体破坏和层间分层;SSWM通过吸收和传递冲击能量从而提升了混杂复合材料的抗冲击性能．