Kinetic and thermodynamic stability of cluster compounds under heating

A new polymorphic form of Norfloxacin has been identified and fully characterized by a variety of methods including powder X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), thermal analysis (DSC and TG), SEM and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The relationship between the new form C and the previously known forms A and B have been studied. Moreover, the crystal structure of the known form A has been solved by single-crystal methods.     

Analysis and stability of polymorphs in tablets: The case of Risperidone

Identification of the crystal phase of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a pharmaceutical tablet is of outmost importance since different polymorphs exhibit different physicochemical properties. Furthermore, some of the crystal phases are protected by patents. Identification of Risperidone polymorph A in film coated commercial tablets was attempted using IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The stability of this polymorph through time and during the manufacturing process was also examined. The inability of IR and Raman techniques to identify the presence of polymorph A in the tablets, despite their lower detection limits for Risperidone, left the XRPD as the only technique that could be used for identifying the presence of Risperidone A against the other crystal phases in the presence of the excipients. Polymorph A was proved to be stable during the manufacturing process and after a storage period of 2 years.     

The crystal structures at 80 K and IR spectra of the complex of 4-methylpyridine with pentachlorophenol and its deuterated analogue

The crystal structures of the complex of 4-methylpyridine with pentachlorophenol (MP---PCP) and its deuterated analogue (MP---PCP-d) were determined at 80 K by X-ray diffraction. The MP---PCP complex crystallizes in the space group with a = 7.267(7), b = 8.966(9), c = 13.110(14) Å, = 99.70(8), β = 118.16(9), γ = 103.38(8)° and Z = 2 and the MP---PCP-d complex in the monoclinic Cc space group with a = 3.826(2), b = 27.54(2), c = 13.209(12) Å, β = 101.38(9)° and Z = 4. The O…H…N bridge bond distance of 2.515(4) Å is significantly shorter than that determined at room temperature (2.552(4) Å) and the O---D…N bond length of 2.628(6) Å is only slightly shorter than at room temperature (2.638(3) Å). The temperature dependence of the IR spectra confirms the symmetrization of the OHN hydrogen bond.     

The crystal structures at 80 K and IR spectra of the complex of 4-methylpyridine with pentachlorophenol and its deuterated analogue

The crystal structures of the complex of 4-methylpyridine with pentachlorophenol (MP-PCP) and its deuterated analogue (MP-PCP-d) were determined at 80 K by X-ray diffraction. The MP-PCP complex crystallizes in the space group P with a = 7.267(7), b = 8.966(9), c = 13.110(14)Å, = 99.70(8), β = 118.16(9), γ = 103.38(8)° and Z = 2 and the MP-PCP-d complex in the monoclinic Cc space group with a = 3.826(2), b = 27.54(2), c = 13.209(12)Å, β = 101.38(9)° and Z = 4. The O… H … N bridge bond distance of 2.515(4) Å is significantly shorter than that determined at room temperature (2.552(4) Å) and the O---D … N bond length of 2.628(6) Å is only slightly shorter than at room temperature (2.638(3) Å). The temperature dependence of the IR spectra confirms the symmetrization of the OHN hydrogen bond.     

Physico-chemical characterization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient

The physico-chemical properties and polymorphism of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient entity has been analyzed and the gain of knowledge during the chemical development of the substance is described. Initial crystallization revealed an anhydrous crystal form with good crystallinity and a single, sharp DSC melting peak at 171°C and a straightforward development of this crystal form seemed possible. However, during polymorphism screening, new crystalline forms were detected that were often analyzed as mixtures of crystal forms. The process of characterization and identification of the different crystalline forms and its thermodynamical relationship has been supported by a combination of experimental and computational work including determination of the three-dimensional structures of the crystal forms. The crystal structure of one polymorphic form was solved by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Unfortunately, Mod B resisted in formation of suitable single crystals, but its structure could be solved by high resolution powder diffraction data analysis using synchrotron radiation. Calculation of the theoretical X-ray powder diffraction pattern from three dimensional crystal coordinates allowed an unambiguous identification of the different crystalline forms. Two polymorphic crystal forms of the API-CG3, named Mod A and Mod B, are enantiotropic whereas Mod B is the most stable polymorph at room temperature up to about 50°C and Mod A at temperatures above 50°C. The mechanism of the solid-solid transition can be explained by analyzing the molecular packing information gained from the single crystal structures. A third crystalline form with the highest melting peak turned out to be not a polymorphic or pseudopolymorphic crystal modification of our API-CG3 but a chemically different substance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal and structural properties of ambroxol polymorphs

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The thermal and structural characteristics of two crystal forms of ambroxol, (trans-((amino-2-dibromo-3,5-benzyl)amino)-4-cyclohexanol), a drug with...     

Crystal structures of sulfathiazole polymorphs in the temperature range 100–295 K: A comparative analysis

The response of four polymorph modifications of sulfathiazole C₉H₉N₃O₂S₂ to variation of temperature was examined in the range 295–100 K by single crystal X-ray diffraction. No phase transitions occur in this temperature range; all the structures exhibit anisotropic contraction. The metastable sulfathiazole modification I is drastically different from the other modifications (II, III, and IV) in the anisotropy of structure distortions and changes in the intra-and intermolecular geometry, although bulk thermal expansion is virtually similar for all polymorphs within the temperature range studied.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of EnH<Superscript>2</Superscript>[IrCl<Superscript>6</Superscript>]

The preparation of EnH²[IrCl⁶] is described. Crystal data for C₂H₁₀Cl₆IrN₂ are: a = 6.8972(11) Å, b = 6.9435(16) Å, c = 7.3354(11) Å; α = 88.269(3)°, β = 65.495(2)°, γ = 60.305(2)°, V = 270.76(9) ų, space group P1, Z = 1, d_calc = 2.864 g/cm³. Crystal chemical analysis of the general motif of the structure was performed by the translation sublattice identification technique. It has been found that complex anions [IrCl₆]^2? follow the nodes of a rather regular rhombohedral subcell with the parameters a_c = 7.1 Å, α_c = 64°.     

Thermal and Spectroscopy Investigation of Cyclopalladated Compounds of the Type [Pd(C13H10N)(μ-X)]2, (X=H3CCOO,NCO, SCN,CN)

The dimeric compound [Pd(bzan)(μ-OOCCH₃)]₂ (1) (bzan=N-benzylideneaniline) reacts with KX, in methanol/acetone (2:1), affording the analogous dimeric pseudohalogen-bridged species [Pd(bzan)(μ-X)]₂ [X=NCO(2),SCN(3), CN(4)]. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR and thermogravimetric analysis. IR data for 2–4 showed bands typical of coordinated pseudohalogen ligands clearly indicating the occurrence of the exchange reaction. Their thermal behaviour was investigated and suggested that their stability is influenced by the bridging ligand. The thermal stability decreased in the order[Pd(bzan)(μ-CN)]₂>[Pd(bzan)(μ-SCN)]₂>[Pd(bzan)(μ-OOCCH₃)]₂>[Pd(bzan)(μ-NCO)]₂. X-ray results showed the formation of Pd° as final decomposition product. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Single crystal structure,vibrational study,and thermal behavior of a new rare earth diphosphate HYbP2O7·4H2O

A new ytterbium diphosphate: HYbP₂O₇·4H₂O was prepared via soft chemistry route from evaporation of aqueous solution. It was investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.

The framework of the title compound consists in an assemblage of HP₂O₇ groups and [YbO₅(H₂O)₂] polyhedra, giving rise to corrugated layers stacked along the b axis at y = 1/4 and y = 3/4. Between these layers are located two uncoordinated water molecules. The cohesion of this arrangement is well ensured by a three-dimensional network of water-layer and inter-layer hydrogen bonds of different strengths. Non-coincidences are observed between the majority of the IR and Raman bands and confirm a centrosymetric structure for this compound. Thermal analysis reveals the elimination of 4.5 water molecules per formula unit in three stages between 310 K and 1100 K, which correspond to the departure of the four crystallization water molecules and the OH group. A comparative study among hydrated lanthanide monohydrogendiphosphates known in the literature is presented.     

Physico-chemical characterization of anhydrous <Emphasis Type="Italic">D</Emphasis>-mannitol

In this work the solid-state characterization of anhydrous D-mannitol has been performed: α and β modifications can be distinguished only by XRPD and FTIR as they show melting temperature and enthalpy that are the same within the standard deviation. The understanding of the thermal behaviour of the δ form (obtained by re-crystallization in acetone) has required XRPD experiments performed at variable temperature. This form during heating undergoes a solid phase transition to α modification. By cooling a melted sample, under a wide range of experimental conditions, a very fast crystallization occurs. Independently of the starting crystal form (β or δ form), the re-crystallization of D-mannitol from melt always leads to α form.     

Comprehensive studies of Tolperisone·HCl-cyclodextrin complexes

Solid inclusion complexes of TolperisoneHCl with five various cyclodextrins were prepared by kneading and spray drying. The complex formation between the drug and the cyclodextrins were proven using thermoanalytical methods, X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy. The results of the solid state investigations were supported by the liquid phase investigations, such solubility and parition constant measurements and stability constant determination. Among all cyclodextrins used the - and -CD-s were found to be the best complexing agents.     

Thermal decomposition of manganese(II)bis(oxalato)nickelate(II)tetrahydrate

Summary A mixed metal oxalate, manganese(II)bis(oxalato)nickelate(II)tetrahydrate, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. Thermal decomposition studies (TG, DTG and DTA) in air showed that the compound decomposed mainly to Mn₂O₃, MnO₂ and NiO at ca.1000°C, via. the formation of several intermediates. DSC study in nitrogen upto 500°C showed the endothermic decomposition. The tentative mechanism for the thermal decomposition in air is proposed.     

Vibrational study of tamoxifen citrate polymorphism

The trans isomer of (Z)-2-[p-(1,2-diphenyl-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethyletylamine (tamoxifen) is well known for its endocrine activity as an antiestrogenic agent. Its citrate salt, a widely used pharmaceutical agent, appears in three main polymorphic forms, two of which are well known (I and II) and another form not yet well evidenced.

A vibrational study has been conducted for identifying the two known polymorphic forms of tamoxifen citrate (I and II) and for characterising the other form (form III) examined in this study.

Other techniques for the characterization of the different polymorphs, such as XRDP, have been used.     

Investigation of pentaamminechloroplatinum(IV) perrhenate dihydrate

The crystal structure of the [Pt(NH₃)₅Cl](ReO₄)₃·2H₂O salt is determined. Crystallographic data: a = 10.3476(2) Å, b = 12.8955(2) Å, c = 14.3536(3) Å, β = 105.241(10)°, V = 1847.94(6) ų, space group P ₂1/n, Z = 4, d _x = 3.962 g/cm³. Thermal decomposition of the compound is studied in a helium and hydrogen atmosphere. A two-phase product arises in the former case, in the latter a substitution Re_0.75Pt_0.25 solid solution with unit cell parameters: a = 2.767(2) Å, c = 4.441(3) Å, space group P6₃/mmc.     

Combined Online Spectroscopic,Calorimetric, and Chemometric Analysis: Reaction Enthalpy Determinations in Single and Parallel Reactions

Calorimetry and signal processing : Vibrational spectroscopies, heat‐flow microcalorimetry, and multivariate analysis are combined to decouple the reaction enthalpies of parallel reactions (see picture). This methodology allows the evaluation of reaction enthalpy from complex systems without recourse to conventional kinetic modeling.

     

New polymorphic modification of the crystal structure of bromopeganol

The crystal structure of 6-bromopeganol in a new polymorphic modification is found and determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. For the crystal structure of the new polymorph the formation of a centrosymmetric closed dimer (associate) is also characteristic. It consists of two bromopeganol molecules bound by centrosymmetric reciprocal hydrogen bonds O-H...N(1). This polymorph differs from the known one in the mutual arrangement and interaction of these associates. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2009 by R. Ya. Okmanov, A. G. Tozhiboev, K. K. Turgunov, B. Tashkhodzhaev, N. I. Mukarramov, and Kh. M. Shakhidoyatov __________ Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 396–398, March–April, 2009.     

Combined thermal and structural study of some egyptian bentonitic clays

Egyptian bentonitic clays from Qasr El-Sagha, Wadi El-Rayan, Kom Oshim and the Cairo — Alexandria desert road were studied thermally (TG, DTG and DTA) and structurally (XRD and IR). The clay fraction consisted mainly of montmorillonite, kaolinite and some illite. Gypsum, quartz and calcite were also identified. It was found that the Na-to Ca-montmorillonite ratio increases in the following sequence: Qasr El-Sagha相似文献   

An accurate quantitative analysis of polymorphs based on artificial neural networks

Measurement precision based on homogeneous and accurate standard samples has been reported to result in significant improvement in the sensitivity and accuracy of the quantitative analysis of polymorphic mixtures. The purpose of this study was to further improve the accuracy of the quantitation based on data processing by artificial neural networks (ANNs), using such high quality standard samples. Homogeneous powder mixtures of - and γ-forms of indomethacin (IMC) at various ratios (0–50% -form content) were subjected to X-ray powder diffractometry. The two diffraction peaks selected as the best combination in multiple linear regression (MLR) were used in the ANN with an extended Kalman filter as a training algorithm. The results obtained by ANN had better predictive accuracy at lower contents (0–5%) compared to those of MLR. ANNs for the diffraction data based on high quality standard samples provide an extremely precise and accurate quantification for polymorphic mixtures.     

Thermal decomposition behaviour of lanthanum(III) tris-tartrato lanthanate(III) decahydrate

Lanthanum(III) tris-tartrato lanthanate(III) decahydrate, La[La(C₄H₄O₆)₃]·10H₂O has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic spectral and X-ray powder diffraction studies. Thermal studies (TG, DTG and DTA) in air showed a complex decomposition pattern with the generation of an anhydrous species at ~170°C. The end product was found to be mainly a mixture of La₂O₃ and carbides at ~970°C through the formation of several intermediates at different temperature. The residual product in DSC study in nitrogen at 670°C is assumed to be a similar mixture generated at 500°C in TG in air. Kinetic parameters, such as, E*, ΔH, ΔS, etc. obtained from DSC are discussed. IR and X-ray powder diffraction studies identified some of the decomposition products. The tentative mechanism for the thermal decomposition in air of the compound is proposed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.