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塔克拉玛干沙漠黑碳气溶胶的特性及来源 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
长期监测并采集塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的大气颗粒物及黑碳气溶胶样品.在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,沙尘气溶胶中的黑碳在PM10中的年平均含量高达1.14%,这说明在人迹罕至的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区,其上空的沙尘气溶胶也已经受到人为活动的影响.黑碳气溶胶具有明显的季节变化和日变化,冬季最高,平均达2261.7ngm-3,依次为冬季春季秋季夏季.黑碳气溶胶日变化特征与城市地区恰好相反,夜间高于白天,午夜0:00~2:00出现峰值,而在上午8:00~11:00出现低值.非沙尘暴期间黑碳对PM10的贡献是沙尘暴时期的11倍.塔里木盆地周边绿洲带人为活动,尤其是新疆南北部地区跨越春秋冬三季的居民采暖所产生的黑碳经由局地、区域或长途传输是塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地黑碳气溶胶的主要来源,也是沙漠黑碳气溶胶具有明显的季节特征和日变化的主要原因.随着沙尘气溶胶的长途传输,沙漠每年大约输出6.3×104吨黑碳气溶胶,这势必会对全球的气候与环境变化产生一定影响. 相似文献
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微量热法测定细菌的最低生长温度 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
微量热法测定细菌的最低生长温度南照东,刘永军,孙海涛,张洪林(曲阜师范大学化学系曲阜273165)关键词微量热法,细菌的生长热谱,最低生长温度,生长速率常数我们应用微量热法测定了大肠杆菌(E.coli),白色葡萄球菌(S.albus),金黄色葡萄球菌... 相似文献
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陈培红张洪彬韦桂欢杨品龙庆云商轶 《化学分析计量》2021,30(7):70-73
建立电位法测定密闭环境中碱性气溶胶的检测方法。将空气中的碱性气溶胶采集到滤膜上,将滤膜剪碎,置于25 mL比色管中,加入20 mL水,将比色管置于振荡器中,于25℃恒温振荡器中剧烈振荡1 min,立即使用酸度计测定溶液的pH值,计算出空气中碱性气溶胶(以氢氧化钠计)的质量浓度。该方法的检出限为0.001 mg/m^(3),当碱性气溶胶的质量浓度在0.05~1.00 mg/m^(3)的范围内,加标回收率为84.4%~90.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6)。该方法适用于密闭环境空气中碱性气溶胶的测定。 相似文献
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近年来,用光声量热法(photoacoustic calorimetry,缩写PAC)测量液相体系中的光物理或光化学过程有了较快发展.这对于观测无辐射的瞬态粒子有重要意义。Peters及其同事曾分析过这种光声技术的原理.简言之,脉冲激光被体系吸收后将 相似文献
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热化学性质(标准生成焓,标准生成Gibbs自由能等)作为物理化学基础数据在工业生产和科学研究中都有广泛用途.这些性质最基础的研究方法是量热学方法.各种热量计的基本原理都是用替代法测定封闭体系内一定量物质在相同条件下的焓变.量热学的根本目的在于测定封闭体系的焓变或焓在恒定压力下随温度变化的关系-热容Cp. 相似文献
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应用微量热学的方法,我们已能成功地测得细菌生长过程的热谱,这种热谱包含着有关细菌生长代谢过程的丰富信息,例如对热谱曲线的指数生长段进行解析,可得出细菌生长的速率常数、激活能和有关的热力学参数。故采用微量热法测定细菌在不同培养温度下的生长速率常数,利用计算机拟合出相应k(速率常数)和T(培养温度)的线性关系式后,若把生长速率为零的温度定义为临界生长温度时,就可以根据由上述实验所得的k~T线性关系式求得细菌的临界生长温度。本工作仍采用微量热法对福氏志贺氏菌(S. flexneri)和大肠埃希氏菌(E. coli)进行实验测定。按文献的方法求出它们在不同温度下的生长速率常数;对于大肠埃希氏菌还用几种不同的培养基分别进行实验测定。 相似文献
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微量热法测定细菌的临界生长温度 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
In this paper, we have determined the multiplication rate constanis (k) of Shigella flexneri and E. coli. at different temperatures and in different culture media by means of a microcalorimeter. From these results a linear equation as k~(1/2)=a+bT can be established for the bacterial growth. The corresponding linear equation for S. flexneri is k~(1/2)=-1.2823+0.0047122 T(r=0.971), so its eritica lgrowth temperature T_0 is equal to 272.1 K. The linear equation for E coli is k~(1/2)=-1.6390+0.005948 T (r=0.994), T_0=275.5 K. The experimental results indicate that the critial growth temperature of E. coli. is nearly a constant (T_0=273.9 K) in different culture media, which is very informative for the study on microorganism growth. 相似文献
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报道催化反应热诱导激光光偏转分析法研究,将其应用于铁催化过氧化氢氧化二苯胺磺酸钠反应体系。探讨了催化反应的最佳条件及共存离子的影响。在铁浓度为95×10-4~95×10-6mol/L之间得到了良好线性关系。进行了赤铁矿中总铁量的测定,结果满意。 相似文献
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微量量热法测定细菌的最佳生长温度 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
前文*报导过两个菌种在不同培养基中的临界生长温度.本文在此基础上,对细菌生长过程与温度之间的关系做了进一步探讨,确定了各菌种在相同的培养基中有最适宜的生长温度,对几株杆菌、球菌、弧菌在相同培养基、不同温度下代谢过程的热谱进行了测定,按文献间的方法,求出了它们在不同温度下的生长速率常数,并拟合了k一T非线性方程(有极大值),从该方程出发找出了另一特征温度,即最佳生长温度.1实验部分五.五仪器、苗种与材料本实验采用瑞典Aug司产的新型热导式微量量热计,其结构、原理与操作见前文门.实验所用菌种均由北京药品… 相似文献
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Megan E. Matter Lejla Čamdžić Prof. Erin E. Stache 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(40):e202308648
The Newman Kwart Rearrangement (NKR) offers an efficient and high-yielding method for producing substituted thiophenols from phenols. While an industrially important protocol, it suffers from high activation energy barriers (35–43 kcal/mol), requiring the use of extreme temperatures (>200 °C) and specialty equipment. This report details a highly efficient and straightforward method for facilitating the NKR using photothermal conversion. This underused, unique reactivity pathway arises from the irradiation of nanomaterials that relax via a non-radiative decay pathway to generate intense thermal gradients. We show carbon black (CB) can be an inexpensive and abundant photothermal agent under visible light irradiation to achieve a facile NKR under mild conditions. The scope includes a wide array of stereo- and electronically diverse substrates with increasing difficulty of rearrangement, including BHT and BINOL as effective substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique application for temporal control in a thermal reaction and tunability of thermal gradients by modulating light intensity. Ultimately, photothermal conversion enables high-temperature reactions with simple, visible light irradiation. 相似文献
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高分子型炭黑分散剂的合成及其性能研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了嵌段型分分子颜料分散剂的合成及其有炭黑分散体系中的分散稳定作用。结果表明,高分子嵌段分散剂在炭黑分散体系中能明显改善分散稳定性。同时发现,嵌段分散剂的组成、结构及分子量对分散作用有综合影响。 相似文献
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单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪分析香烟烟气气溶胶 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱可同时对气溶胶单颗粒的粒径大小、化学成分进行实时、在线检测.本研究介绍了新近研制的单颗粒质谱仪的原理、结构、主要技术指标及对香烟烟气气溶胶的应用研究.仪器采用空气动力学透镜聚焦,双光束粒径测量系统确定颗粒物的空气动力学直径,激光电离系统实现颗粒物精确电离,通过双极有网反射飞行时间质量分析器实现正负离子同时检测.香烟检测结果表明,在颗粒物粒径分布上,新鲜香烟烟气颗粒范围较老化烟气宽.在气溶胶化学成分上,老化烟气颗粒物与新鲜烟气相比,尼古丁,氰酸盐,硝酸盐,硫酸盐及铵盐5种成分的数浓度百分比都有所增加,而含C1-的数浓度百分比减少.原因可能是由于烟气由气相到粒相之间的转化,及颗粒物与空气中的气体发生了非均相反应;C1-老化之后的减少是因为HN03与CI-之间的非均相反应. 相似文献
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用电阻法测定了添加导电炭黑的环氧树脂固化过程。由于载流子是导电炭黑提供的电子,因而体系电阻率大大降低,测量方法得以简化,并使固化过程的测量可以一直进行,从而发现了环氧树脂固化过程存在着两个阶段:第一阶段,反映树脂粘度增加的电阻值上升;第二阶段,反映树脂密度增加的电阻值下降。 相似文献
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Modification of carbon black N220, ISAF-HM, by aprotonic and protonic acids uniquely improves its catalytic activity in relation to the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole. The polymerization is first order in monomer and directly proportional to the weight of the catalyst. However, the molecular weights of the polymer do not depend significantly on the nature of the modification. Heat treatment of the catalysts at 500°C reduces the yield of polymer drastically. The activation energy of the polymerization by unmodified carbon black is 83 kJ/mol as compared to 71 kJ/mol for the modified catalyst. Modification by dialkylzinc (0.1 to 0.4 M) produces stereoregularity as indicated by the MEK insolubility of the polymer. 相似文献
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Aromatic poly(amide-imide) with terminal isocyanate groups (PAINCO) was prepared by the polycondensation of trimellitic anhydride and a slight excess of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) at 160°C for 20 h. PAI was effectively grafted onto the surface by the reaction of PAI-NCO with carbon black: the percentage of grafting onto FW 200 and Neospectra II was determined to be 41.2 and 39.5%, respectively. When the carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups on carbon black were blocked by treatment with diazomethane, the grafting of PAI-NCO onto the treated carbon black does not proceed. Therefore, it is concluded that PAI-NCO reacts with the carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups on carbon black and PAI is grafted through amide and urethane bonds, respectively. The reaction of PAI-NCO with carbon black was accelerated by the addition of amines as catalyst and by raising of the reaction temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that PAI-grafted carbon black was stable in air up to about 300°C. The PAI-grafted carbon black was found to give a stable colloidal dispersion in NMP. 相似文献