La3+诱导钙调蛋白与鼠脑组织钙调蛋白亲合蛋白的结合

应用固定化钙调蛋白(CaM)亲合色谱法、变性丙烯酰胺电泳(SDS-PAGE)和基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)等方法研究了La3+诱导CaM在大鼠脑匀浆液中的钙调蛋白亲合蛋白(CaMBP)谱以及CaM-CaMBP在模拟细胞环境下结合作用的La3+浓度依赖关系, 并与Ca2+的作用进行了比较. 实验结果表明, (1) La3+参与的CaMBP物种与Ca2+的基本相同. 鉴定了其中含量高且稳定出现的5种CaMBP分别是参与糖酵解反应的6-磷酸果糖激酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶、细胞骨架类的微管蛋白和肌动蛋白以及应激反应相关的71000热休克同源蛋白, 表明稀土离子可能参与多种细胞过程; (2) La3+诱导CaM与5种CaMBP结合的浓度依赖曲线因CaMBP物种的不同而存在差别. 热休克同源蛋白、肌动蛋白或微管蛋白对La3+相对敏感, La3+在金属-CaM-CaMBP三元体系中与CaM的结合常数K与Ca2+的相近或稍高; 而6-磷酸果糖激酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶体系对La3+的敏感性明显低于Ca2+. 其原因可能在于模拟细胞环境的复杂性以及CaM-CaMBP蛋白质相互作用对金属离子与CaM配位结合的调节.     

核磁共振法研究大肠杆菌细胞内La3+与钙调蛋白的相互作用

应用in-cell和cell free核磁共振（NMR）方法分别研究了柠檬酸镧与大肠杆菌细胞内^15N标记的钙调蛋白（CaM）以及La^3＋和大肠杆菌无细胞提取液（Cell free extract,CFE）的相互作用。将所得^1H-^15N HSQC NMR谱与纯化过的以不同组成比结合Ca/La的CaM的^1H-^15N HSQC NMR谱比较,发现在细胞内因胞内环境拥挤,蛋白运动能力下降,使CaM的NMR信号较少且峰宽增加。而柠檬酸镧可以透过细胞膜进入细胞,并与胞内的CaM结合。无细胞提取液的NMR谱显示,加镧之前细胞内CaM主要以Ca结合态存在,而加入La^3＋可能形成Ca2La2CaM混合金属配合物。这和无细胞的化学体系的实验结果一致。实验结果显示,细胞水平NMR方法可用于研究稀土以至其他金属配合物与细胞的相互作用如何与细胞内钙调蛋白作用,以及有关的生物功能。     

硝酸铈对钙调素及调节蛋白Ca^2＋—ATP酶基因表达的影响

运用逆转录聚合酶链式反应研究了硝酸铈对大白鼠肝脏CaMⅠ,PMCA1b基因表达的影响,腹腔注射高、低浓度硝酸铈均不会引起CaMⅠ,PMCA1b基因表达的变化,提示硝酸铈对钙调素,Ca^2 -ATP酶的影响可能仅处于转录后水平。     

光谱法研究钙调素与蜂毒肽片断及其类似物的相互作用

设计合成了蜂毒肽片断及其类似物: Mel15, Mel15(8F)和Mel15(7P), 这些多肽与钙调素有很强的结合力, 而且链段很短, 因此它们可作为钙调素可结合蛋白质的结合部位的模型。本文采用光谱法研究了它们与钙调素的相互作用。荧光发射光谱法结果表明, 多肽Mel15在与钙调素相互作用时, 肽链中的Trp基团的微环境变得更加疏水, 说明Mel15中的Trp残基可能与钙调素的疏水性表面靠近。紫外差谱测试表明, 只有当钙调素分子结合2个Ca^2^+后, 才可以与多肽Mel15(8F)结合。圆二色谱法研究表明, 多肽与钙调素结合后多肽分子和钙调素分子的α-螺旋结构的含量都被诱导而增加, 结合力越大, 则越多的残基被诱导形成α-螺旋结构。     

钙调蛋白Q41C/K75C突变体对Ca~(2+)和La~(3+)表现不同的结合模式

钙调蛋白(CaM)是一种多功能钙离子结合蛋白,作为对细胞内钙离子浓度变化的应答,它可以调节许多酶的活性.Q41C/K75C突变钙调蛋白(CaMSS)在N结构域端具有一个二硫键,此前研究表明,CaMSS对Ca2+亲合力明显降低.本研究结果发现,Ca2+和La3+与CaMSS的结合方式表现出了一种特殊的选择方式:Ca2+的结合位置为I,III和IV金属结合位点,而La3+与I,II和IV位点结合.综合文献和实验结果,我们提出一种结合机理的假设,即CaMSS的金属离子结合位点II(或III)可能通过长程效应,对另一端III(或II)的金属离子的结合发生响应,由于二硫键存在等原因,导致该位点丧失结合金属离子的合适蛋白构象.本研究结果为阐明金属离子与钙调蛋白结合的特异性机理提供了新的观点,也为以钙调蛋白为模版的蛋白设计提供了新思路.     

离子选择电极法研究钙调素与重金属铅的结合平衡

用Pb2 选择电极法首次测定了CaM与Pb2 的结合常数,结果说明:Pb2 在CaM中约有10个结合位点,与文献报道的一致。其中包括4个强结合位点,结合常数在107量级,对应于Pb2 在CaM中的4个主结合位点;而其余的位点则结合常数较低,对应于Pb2 在CaM中的约6个辅助结合位点。逐级结合常数分别为:K1=2.62×107,K2=3.75×107,K3=1.03×107,K4=1.85×107,K5=2.53×106,K6=8.07×105,K7=3.36×105,K8=2.76×105,K9=2.22×105,K10=3.96×104。由于Pb2 与CaM的4个主结合位点的稳定常数比相应Ca2 的强几十到几百倍,因此Pb2 对Ca2 与CaM的竞争结合作用能够调节CaM的功能。     

离子电极电位滴定法研究钙与钙调素结合平衡及其应用

利用钙离子与钙调素(CaM)有4个结合位点的特点,以钙离子选择电极络合电位滴定法测定了Ca2+与CaM络合反应的滴定终点,用滴定终点时Ca2+的准确浓度,结合cCa2＋＝4cCaM计算得到CaM浓度。此方法一般可估算低至5×10-6mol／L的钙调素浓度。所求钙调素浓度与凯氏定氮法测定的结果一致。采用此方法测量钙调素浓度具有用量少、方法简便、准确性高的优点。     

稀土离子诱导钙调蛋白构象变化后的单克隆抗体制备

采用单克隆抗体技术研究了三价稀土离子与钙调蛋白作用后对其与靶分子识别能力的影响。牛脑钙调蛋白经2.4-二硝基氟苯修饰后再结合三价的铕离子,然后免疫Balb/c小鼠,经过3次免疫后在小鼠血清中检测到相应的抗体,抗体效价为1:12000;用杂交瘤细胞技术制备出一株抗钙调蛋白的单克隆抗体细胞株2C3;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定结果证实钙调蛋白结合稀土离子前后对该抗体的识别能力存在显着差异,表明该抗体可以用于进一步研究金属离子对钙调蛋白构象变化及其对靶分子识别的影响。     

光谱法研究钙调素与蜂毒肽片断及其类似物的相互作用

设计合成了蜂毒肽片断及其类似物:Mel15,Mel15(8F)和Mel15(7P),这些多肽与钙调素有很强的结合力,而且链段很短,因此它们可作为钙调素可结合蛋白质的结合部位的模型.本文采用光谱法研究了它们与钙调素的相互作用.荧光发射光谱法结果表明,多肽Mel15在与钙调素相互作用时,肽链中的Trp基团的微环境变得更加疏水,说明Mel15中的Trp残基可能与钙调素的疏水性表面靠近.紫外差谱测试表明,只有当钙调素分子结合2个Ca~(2+)后,才可以与多肽Mel15(8F)结合.圆二色谱法研究表明,多肽与钙调素结合后多肽分子和钙调素分子的α-螺旋结构的含量都被诱导而增加,结合力越大,则越多的残基被诱导形成α-螺旋结构.     

稀土离子对钙调蛋白与单克隆抗体分子识别的影响

分别采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法和荧光标记技术比较了Ca²⁺,La³⁺,Eu³⁺和Yb³⁺离子对钙调蛋白与单克隆抗体2C3之间分子识别的影响.结果表明,金属离子与钙调蛋白作用后会诱导其发生不同的构象变化,并进一步影响到钙调蛋白与单克隆抗体2C3分子之间的结合强度.当钙调蛋白分别与La³⁺,Eu³⁺,Yb³⁺作用后,它与单抗2C3分子之间的解离常数为(26.8±2.5),(21.8±3.4)和(64.8±5.1)nmol/L,而结合Ca²⁺前后的钙调蛋白与单抗分子的解离常数分别为(177.2±2.8)和(157±4.2)nmol/L.这一结果表明,稀土离子诱导钙调蛋白发生的构象变化明显不同于钙离子的作用,这种差异可能是稀土与钙离子对钙调蛋白调控作用表现出差别的原因.     

Confinement Alters the Structure and Function of Calmodulin

Many cellular reactions involving proteins, including their biosynthesis, misfolding, and transport, occur in confined compartments. Despite its importance, a structural basis of understanding of how confined environments alter protein function is still lacking. Herein, we explore structure–function correlations of calmodulin (CaM), a multidomain protein involved in many calcium‐mediated signaling pathways, in reverse micelles. Confinement dramatically alters CaM structure and function. The protein forms an extended structure in bulk water, but becomes compacted in reverse micelles. In addition, confinement changes the function of CaM. Specifically, the protein binds the MLCK, AcN19, and somatostatin peptides in dilute buffer, but binds only the MLCK and AcN19 peptides in reverse micelles. In summary, we determined a new CaM structure in reverse micelles and demonstrate that confinement can modulate both protein structure and function.     

Local Unfolding of Fatty Acid Binding Protein to Allow Ligand Entry for Binding

Fatty acid binding proteins are responsible for the transportation of fatty acids in biology. Despite intensive studies, the molecular mechanism of fatty acid entry to and exit from the protein cavity is still unclear. Here a cap‐closed variant of human intestinal fatty acid binding protein was generated by mutagenesis, in which the helical cap is locked to the β‐barrel by a disulfide linkage. Structure determination shows that this variant adopts a closed conformation, but still uptakes fatty acids. Stopped‐flow experiments indicate that a rate‐limiting step exists before the ligand association and this step corresponds to the conversion of the closed form to the open one. NMR relaxation dispersion and H‐D exchange data demonstrate the presence of two excited states: one is native‐like, but the other adopts a locally unfolded structure. Local unfolding of helix 2 generates an opening for ligands to enter the protein cavity, and thus controls the ligand association rate.     

Satellite Hole Investigation of the Vibrational Modes of 9-Aminoacridine upon Binding to DNA

The spectral features of satellite holes are used to investigate 9-aminoacridine-DNA interactions. The hole depths of the outer ring vibronic modes are reduced more than that of the inner ring vibronic modes, implying that inner ring motion is less perturbed than outer ring motion. As a result, the mode coupling between the inner ring and outer ring is reduced upon binding to DNA. However, similar hole frequency and width of the satellite hole corresponding to the NH₂ mode upon binding to DNA imply that the amino group of 9-aminoacridine sits outside the DNA.     

Direct Observation of Ca2+‐Induced Calmodulin Conformational Transitions in Intact Xenopus laevis Oocytes by 19F NMR Spectroscopy

The Ca²⁺‐mediated conformational transition of the protein calmodulin (CaM) is essential to a variety of signal transduction pathways. Whether the transition in living cells is similar to that observed in buffer is not known. Here, we report the direct observation by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy of the transition of the Ca²⁺‐free and ‐bound forms in Xenopus laevis oocytes at different Ca²⁺ levels. We find that the Ca²⁺‐bound CaM population increased greatly upon binding the target protein myosin light‐chain kinase (MLCK) at the same Ca²⁺ level. Paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy was also exploited for the first time to obtain long‐range structural constraints in cells. Our study shows that ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy can be used to obtain long‐range structural constraints in living eukaryotic cells and paves the way for quantification of protein binding constants.     

稀土离子对钙调蛋白与蜂毒素作用的影响

分别用钙调蛋白和蜂毒素的内源荧光光谱以及铽离子的敏化荧光光谱考察了铽离子对钙调蛋白构象变化以及对钙调蛋白与蜂毒素相互作用的影响 .结果表明 ,铽离子首先结合在钙调蛋白的第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ位点 ,铽离子不影响钙调蛋白与蜂毒素的相互作用 ,蜂毒素与钙调蛋白作用后不影响铽离子在钙调蛋白上的键合顺序 .傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明三价的镧离子与钙调蛋白作用使钙调蛋白的α螺旋结构增加 ,β折叠结构减少 ,与钙离子对它的二级结构影响相类似 .稀土离子在钙调蛋白 -蜂毒素复合体系中主要与钙调蛋白作用 .     

Preparation and Application of a Chemical Probe for Identifying the Targets of the Marine Cyclic Peptide Kapakahine A

Marine organisms are a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Although many marine natural products with bioactivities have been isolated, successful elucidation of their mechanisms of action remains limited. In this study, we prepared a probe molecule based on the marine cyclic peptide kapakahine A (1) by introducing a linker with an azide terminal group, which enables the introduction of fluorescent groups for the effective monitoring of subcellular localization, or coupling to affinity beads for the pull-down of target proteins. The results of LC/MS/MS measurements, ProteinPilot analysis, and Western blotting suggest that kapakahine A interacts with the mitochondrial inner membrane proteins PHB1, PHB2, and ANT2, which is consistent with the results of the subcellular localization analysis using a fluorescent probe.     

人顶体酶活性腔性质及与抑制剂的结合模式

顶体酶是目前抗生育药物的一个潜在靶点. 在前期同源模建人顶体酶三维结构复合物的基础上, 采用多重拷贝同时搜寻(MCSS)等方法对人顶体酶活性腔进行分析. 结果显示, 活性腔的P1,P2和G 3个区域均具有较大极性, 且P1对抑制剂结合尤为重要. 另外, G和P1边缘及P2底部还具有一定疏水性, 且其中的部分重要残基还能与配体形成氢键作用和静电作用. MCSS计算结果确定的关键配体结合位点与人顶体酶复合物结构和定点突变实验结果相吻合. 在此基础上用分子对接方法将6个人顶体酶代表性抑制剂对接入活性腔, 阐明其结合模式, 确定与配体结合相关的关键残基.