Flow injection analysis with in-line solid phase extraction for the spectrophotometric determination of sulfonated and unsulfonated Quinoline Yellow in Cologne

An integrated solid-phase spectrophotometry/ FIA method is proposed for the determination of the synthetic colorant matter Quinoline Yellow (QYWS) in the presence of its unsulfonated derivative QYSS. The procedure is based on the retention and preconcentration of the low level QYSS on a C-18 silica gel minicolumn, followed by sequential measurement of its absorbance at lambda = 410 nm after its elution with methanol. The applicable concentration range, the detection limit and the relative standard deviation were the following: for QYWS, from 0.10 to 30.0 mg L(-1); 0.013 mg L(-1); and 0.6%; and for QYSS, between 10 and 1.000 microg L(-1); 2 microg L(-1); and 1.3%, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of small amounts of QYSS present in QYWS in Colognes. Percentages of recovery between 98% and 99% were obtained in all instances. The method was also satisfactorily applied to the determination of these compounds in samples of commercial Colognes comparing the results for QYWS with those offered by an HPLC reference method and also validating the results chemometrically.     

对磺酸基苯亚甲基硫代若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定金的研究

用文献[4]合成的新试剂对磺酸基苯亚甲基硫代若丹宁(SBDTR),研究了SBDTR与金的显色反应。在HCl介质中,乳化剂-OP存在下,SBDTR与金反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,络合物的λmax=540 nm,ε=1.05×105L.mol-1.cm-1,金量在0.1~20μg/10 mL内符合比尔定律,样中的金用TBP萃淋树脂固相萃取柱分离和富集后用该方法测定,方法相对标准偏差为2.2%~3.6%,标准回收率为96%~105%。     

Using on-line solid phase extraction for flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of salbutamol

In the proposed procedure, the determination of salbutamol with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FC) using a flow injection analysis technique (FIA) with spectrophotometric detection at 750 nm is described. The lab-made FIA system consisted of a peristaltic pump Gilson Minipulse 3 equipped with Tygon tubes, double 6-port external Vici Valco sample injector and S 2000/SAD500 fiber optic spectrophotometer. It was controlled by a PC with use of originally compiled LabVIEW^®—supported software containing the mathematical library with various statistical functions for off-line data evaluation. Concentration, volume of reagents and flow rate were optimised by a simplex method. The proposed system was used for the direct determination of salbutamol sulphate in the tablets and the human urine without preliminary pre-treatment of the sample. The negative effect of interfering substances (excipients of the tablets and matrix of the urine) is overcome by a solid phase extraction (SPE), when salbutamol is adsorbed on the solid phase in the microcolumn, which is integrated directly into the flow system. Pre-treatment of the sample takes place directly in the flowing stream. The sample throughput without carryover of on-line SPE was 60-80 samples per hour. With the SPE column (Baker—carboxylic acid), salbutamol was determined in the linear range from 1 to 15 μg ml⁻¹ (R.S.D.=1.2%), with detection limit (3σ) 0.1 μg ml⁻¹ and a frequency of 40-60 samples per hour in the water solutions. The salbutamol was determined in the linear range from 2 to 20 μg ml⁻¹ (R.S.D.=1.7%), with detection limit (3σ) 1 μg ml⁻¹ and a frequency of 30 samples per hour in the samples of the human urine.     

A sequential injection fluorimetric methodology with in-line solid phase extraction for biogenic amines screening in water

A method for the screening of biogenic amines in waters, whose presence at some concentration levels potentially cause adverse effects on humans, was developed for the first time. A suitable and easy to operate system, with low reagent consumption was devised. The proposed flow-based system was divided into two analytical parts, preconcentration and derivatization of the biogenic amines. Solid phase extraction, using a Chelex 100 resin, was the newly chosen strategy for preconcentration of the analyte and also removal of possible matrix interferences. Fluorescamine was used as derivatization reagent for biogenic amines followed by fluorimetric detection. The influence of different sorbent materials for preconcentration and flow system parameters such as pH of standards and buffer, composition of the eluent solution, flow-rates, standard/sample volume, were studied. The interference of ammonia was assessed, and no interference was observed. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.7 and 5.6 µmol L^?1, respectively. The developed system was applied to water samples and the recovery results were 98 ± 7%.     

On-line molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for the selective spectrophotometric determination of catechol

A molecularly imprinted polymer has been synthesized for a selective on-line catechol extraction, followed by its spectrophotometric determination in guarana powder, mate tea and tap water samples. A clean-up column, containing a methacrylic polymer + C₁₈ solid phase, was also used in order to enhance selectivity. The imprinted polymer was prepared by bulk polymerization using catechol as template and 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer. Permanganate solution was used as spectrophotometric reagent, where Mn(VII) was reduced to Mn(II) by catechol in an acid medium, causing color loss, which was monitored at 528 nm. Physical (extraction flow rate, elution flow rate, coil length) and chemical (nature and concentration of the eluent, potassium permanganate concentration) variables were optimized, and the selectivity was appraised using three molecules (4-chloro-2-methylphenol, 2-cresol, 2-methoxyphenol) similar to catechol. These molecules did not present interference in 1:8, 1:10 and 1:10 (catechol/concomitant) proportions, respectively. The analytical calibration curve ranged from 3.0 up to 100 μmol L^− 1 (r > 0.999; seven concentrations levels, n = 3) and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.8 and 2.7 μmol L^− 1, respectively. Precision, expressed as RSD, was of 3.0% (20 μmol L^− 1, n = 10), and the analytical frequency was 15 h^− 1. Accuracy was checked by the HPLC technique and the results did not present significant difference at 95% confidence levels according to the t test.     

Flow injection analysis of ethyl xanthate by in-line dialysis and UV spectrophotometric detection

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric flow method for determination of low concentrations of the flotation collector O-ethyldithiocarbonate (ethyl xanthate, CH₃CH₂-O-CS₂⁻) in solutions is described. The method is based on ethyl xanthate detection at 301 nm in medium of NaOH 50 mmol L⁻¹. By injection of 200 μL of sample, the analytical method shows linear response for the ethyl xanthate concentration from 0.5 up to 500 μmol L⁻¹. Successive injections of 4 μmol L⁻¹ ethyl xanthate (n = 23) show a coefficient of variation lower than 0.6%, denoting high repeatability. The detection limit is 0.3 μmol L⁻¹. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min⁻¹, a frequency of 120 injections/h of ethyl xanthate can be attained. By introduction of a tangential dialysis cell in the FIA system, the manual sample filtration step with 0.22 μm filter was eliminated and the residual interference of suspended material, was completely overcome even for unfiltered sludge suspension samples, an important advantage that compensates for the frequency reduction to 25 injections/h elevation and detection limit elevation to 2 μmol L⁻¹, still outreaching for many applications. Potential applications of the method embrace the at line determination of ethyl xanthate in the ore processing industry, control of the concentration at its optimal level during the flotation process, as well as monitoring of residues in the effluents.     

固相萃取光度法测定食品中的微量汞

研究了氯磺酚偶氮硫代若丹宁(HSCT)与汞的显色反应,在pH 3.6的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中,Triton X-100存在下,HSCT与汞反应生成21稳定络合物,该络合物可被C18固相萃取小柱定量萃取,小柱上保留的络合物用四氢呋喃洗脱后用分光光度法测定,λmax=550 nm,体系ε=9.64×104 L/mol/cm.汞含量在0～1.0μg/mL内符合比尔定律,方法可用于食品中痕量汞含量的测定.     

新亚铜灵试剂固相萃取光度法测定饮用水中的铜

世界卫生组织规定饮用水中铜的理想含量为0 .0 5ｍｇ/Ｌ。水样中铜的测定常用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠 (ＤＤＴＧ)萃取光度法[1 ,2 ] ,该方法需用液液萃取 ,不但操作麻烦 ,容易污染环境 ,且引入误差因素多。新亚铜灵试剂 (ＮＨＣＭ)用于铜的测定已有很多报道[3] 。该试剂具有较好的选择性 ,但灵敏度较低 ,很难满足于饮用水中痕量铜的测定的要求。目前固相萃取法已在痕量有机化合物分析中得到广泛应用。但是铜的固相萃取光度法测定还未报道过。本文研究了ＮＨＣＭ与铜的显色反应及ＷａｔｅｒｓＳｅｐ Ｐａｒｋ Ｃ1 8固相萃取小柱对络合物的固…     

Flow injection catalytic determination of ruthenium with spectrophotometric detection

A new flow injection catalytic method was described for the determination of ruthenium(III) based on its catalytic effect on the oxidation of brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) by periodate in acidic media. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of the dye at 635 nm. Under optimum conditions, ruthenium can be determined in the range of 1.0-100.0 ng ml(-1) with a relative standard deviation of 1.1% and with a limit of detection of 0.70 ng ml(-1). The influence of reagent and manifold variables were studied and optimized. The method was tested for the determination of ruthenium(III) in some synthetic mixtures.     

1-（2′-苯并噻唑）-3-（4′-羧基苯）三氮烯固相萃取分光光度法测定钯

根据新试剂1-(2′-苯并噻唑)-3-(4′-羧基苯)三氮烯(BTCBT)与钯的显色反应及C8固相萃取小柱对显色络合物的固相萃取,建立了一种测定痕量钯的新方法,在pH为5.0~6.3的柠檬酸氢二钠-NaOH缓冲介质中,在乳化剂OP和SDBS存在下,钯与BTCBT发生反应形成1∶2的稳定络合物,该络合物可用C8固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后用分光光度法测定,在富集后的测定液中,络合物最大吸收波长为490 nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.16×105L.mol-1.cm-1,Pd2 量在0.1~1.2μg/mL内符合比尔定律,方法适用于测定催化剂中的钯。     

Utility of solid phase extraction for spectrophotometric determination of gold in water, jewel and ore samples

A highly sensitive, selective and rapid method for the determination μg L(-1) level of Au(III) based on the rapid reaction of Au(III) with 2,3-dichloro-6-(3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)quinoxaline (DCHNAQ) and the solid phase extraction of the colored complex with a reversed phase polymer-based C18 cartridge have been developed. The DCHNAQ reacted with Au(III) to form a violet complex of a molar ratio 3:1 [DCHNAQ to Au(III)] in the presence of 5.0 M of phosphoric acid solution and Triton X-100 medium. This complex was enriched by the solid phase extraction with a polymer-based C18 cartridge. The enrichment factor of 100 was achieved. The molar absorptivity of the complex is 2.73×10(5) l mol(-1) cm(-1) at 633 nm in the measured solution. The system obeys Beer's law in the range of 0.02-1.30 μg ml(-1), whereas the optimum concentration ranges obtained from Ringbom plot was 0.08-1.24 μg ml(-1). The relative standard deviation for ten replicates sample of 0.6 μg ml(-1) level is 1.28%. The detection and quantification limits, are 6.1 and 19.5 ng ml(-1) in the original sample. This method was applied to the determination of gold in water, jewel and ore samples with good results comparing to the GFAAS method.     

Potentiometric multi-syringe flow injection system for determination of exchangeable potassium in soils with in-line extraction

A multi-syringe flow injection system for the potentiometric determination of exchangeable potassium in soil samples is proposed. Firstly, a manifold was devised to allow determination in soil extracts prepared off-line. It was possible to analyze samples prepared in extractants with different composition (Mehlich or Morgan) without physical or chemical modification of the manifold. A linear dynamic concentration range of 6–391 mg L^− 1 was obtained, allowing the direct introduction of soil extract without dilution. A determination frequency of 50 h^− 1 was achieved, with good repeatability for 10 consecutive injections of soil extracts (RSD < 3.0%). The in-line preparation of soil extract was implemented by automatic addition of extractant solution to a previously weighed portion of soil, followed by in-line filtration. Good repeatability was attained as the variance of the extraction procedure was not significantly different from the variance obtained in consecutive measurements of the same extract. Furthermore, results comparable to those obtained by off-line extraction and determination by flame emission spectrometry were attained for the two soil samples tested. Using this procedure, a determination frequency of 13 h^− 1 and a sampling rate of 4 h^− 1 were achieved.     

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of boron in plant material with azomethine-H

A simple, fast method for the determination of boron in plant extracts is described. The method utilizes injection of 1.0 ml of an acid plant digest into a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid stream, with further addition of a buffer—masking solution and azomethine-H as the colour-forming reagent. Effects of pH, kinetics of colour reaction development, sample volume, reagent composition and interferences are described. The proposed method allows the analysis of plant extracts with boron contents in the range 0.1–6.0 ppm at a rate of 60 determinations per hour, with a reagent consumption of 2 mg of azomethine-H per sample. The precision is good (r.s.d. < 1%) and the results agree with those obtained by the curcumin method.     

2-(4-羧基苯偶氮)苯并噻唑固相萃取分光光度法测定铂的研究

根据新试剂2-(4-羧基苯偶氮)苯并噻唑(CPABT)与铂的显色反应及C8固相萃取小柱对显色络合物的固相萃取,建立了一种测定痕量铂的新方法,在pH为3.8~5.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲介质中,在Tween-80存在下,铂与CPABT发生反应形成1∶1的稳定络合物,该络合物可用C8固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用二甲基甲酰胺洗脱后用分光光度法测定,在富集后的测定液中,络合物最大吸收波长为508 nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=2.29×105L.mol-1.cm-1,Pt4 量在0.1~1.2μg/mL内符合比尔定律,方法已用于测定催化剂中的铂。     

磺硝酚偶氮若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中的铅

在pH 4.5的HAc NaAc缓冲介质中 ,吐温 - 80存在下 ,磺硝酚偶氮若丹宁 (NSPAR)与铅反应生成 2∶1稳定络合物 ,该络合物可被WatersSep PakC1 8小柱固相萃取 ,用氮 氮二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF)洗脱后用光度法测定。在洗脱液介质中 ,λmax=5 5 5nm ,体系摩尔吸光系数ε=1 .0 2× 1 0 5L·mol- 1 ·cm- 1 。铅质量浓度在 0 .0 5～ 4.0 μg/mL内符合比尔定律 ,本方法可用于环境样品中铅的测定     

Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of boron in ceramic materials

A flow injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of boron in ceramic materials is described. The method is based on spectrophotometric measurement of the decrease in the pH produced by the reaction between boric acid and mannitol in the presence of an acid-base indicator. A bichannel FI (flow injection) manifold in which the sample solutions were injected into deionized water (at pH 5.4) and the stream was later merged with the reagent stream (a mannitol solution containing 1x10(-4) mol l(-1) bromocresol green at pH 5.4), was used. Transient signals were monitored at 616 nm. A theoretical model which describes the dependence between the absorbance values and boric acid concentration is presented. The model predicts a non linear dependence between the absorbance or increment in absorbance and the boric acid concentration. In contrast, the model predicts a linear dependence between the inverse of the absorbance values and the boric acid concentration. The calibration graphs (1/A vs mug ml(-1) B(2)O(3)) were linear over the range 1-30 mug ml(-1) of B(2)O(3). The relative standard deviations were 0.7 and 0.4% for 4 and 8 mug ml(-1) of B(2)O(3), respectively. The limit of detection was 0.02 mug ml(-1) of B(2)O(3) (3sigma criterium). The method was used to determine boron in nine ceramic materials with very different nominal boron compositions. The results were compared with those obtained using a potentiometric titration method as reference method. No significant differences (at 95% probability level) were found between the proposed and reference methods. The method is rapid, reliable, precise and free of interferences.     

对磺酸基苯亚甲基若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定水中的汞

研究了对磺酸基苯基亚甲基若丹宁(SBDR)与汞的显色反应,在pH4.0的HAc NaAc缓冲介质中,吐温 80存在下,SBDR与汞反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被WatersPorapak Sep Park C18固相萃取小柱萃取,用乙醇洗脱后在乙醇介质中λmax=520nm,可用分光光度法测定,体系ε=1.16×105L/mol·cm。汞含量在0μg/mL～1.5μg/mL内符合比尔定律,方法可用于水样中汞含量的测定。     

Flow injection on-line solid phase extraction for ultra-trace lead screening with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A flow injection (FI) on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure for ultra-trace lead separation and preconcentration was developed, followed by hydride generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometric (AFS) detection. Lead is retained on an iminodiacetate chelating resin packed microcolumn, and is afterward eluted with 2.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid to facilitate the hydride generation by reaction with alkaline tetrahydroborate solution with 1% (m/v) potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing (or sensitizing) reagent. The hydride was separated from the reaction medium in the gas-liquid separator and swept into the atomizer for quantification. The chemical variables and the FI flow parameters were carefully optimized. With a sample loading volume of 4.8 ml, quantitative retention of lead was obtained, along with an enrichment factor of 11.3 and a sampling frequency of 50 h(-1). A detection limit of 4 ng l(-1), defined as 3 times the blank standard deviation (3 sigma), was achieved along with a RSD value of 1.6% at the 0.4 microg l(-1) level. The procedure was validated by determining lead contents in two certified reference materials, and its practical applicability was further demonstrated by analysing a variety of biological and environmental samples.     

Flow injection on-line displacement/solid phase extraction system coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for selective trace silver determination in water samples

A novel flow injection (FI) on-line displacement solid phase extraction preconcentration and/or separation method coupled with FAAS in order to minimize interference from other metals was developed for trace silver determination. The proposed method involved the on-line formation and subsequently pre-sorption of lead diethyldithiocarbamate (Pb-DDTC) into a column packed with PTFE-turnings. The preconcentration and/or separation of the Ag(I) took place through a displacement reaction between Ag(I) and Pb(II) of the pre-sorbed Pb-DDTC. Finally, the retained analyte was eluted with isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) and delivered directly to nebulizer for measuring. Interference from co-existing ions with lower DDTC complex stability in comparison with Pb-DDTC, was eliminated without need for any masking reagent. With 120 s of preconcentration time at a sample flow rate of 7.6 mL min−1, an enhancement factor of 110 and a detection limit (3 s) of 0.2 μg L−1 were obtained. The precision (RSD, n = 10) was 3.1% at the 10 μg L−1 level. The developed method was successfully applied to trace silver determination in a variety of environmental water samples and certified reference material.