基于图像相关分析的狗骨式钢框架子结构试验节点区变形场测量

为研究狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域在循环荷载作用下的损伤演化规律,采用图像相关技术对3榀、3层、单跨1/3缩尺的狗骨式钢框架子结构底层节点区域的应变场及变形进行了监测,重点分析了不同循环加载方式作用下狗骨式节点区域的应变场、节点域剪切变形的历程,并与传统测试方法所记录结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,加载方式对狗骨式钢框架子结构节点区域的变形、应变及其损伤程度均有显著影响;图像相关技术可获得节点区域的变形及应变场,较传统测试方法更具优势;测点峰值应变及变形同传统方法测试结果吻合良好。     

Analysis of heterogeneous deformation and dislocation dynamics in single crystal micropillars under compression

The size dependent deformation of Cu single crystal micropillars with thickness ranging from 0.2 to 2.5 μm subjected to uniaxial compression is investigated using a Multi-scale Dislocation Dynamics Plasticity (MDDP) approach. MDDP is a hybrid elasto-viscoplastic simulation model which couples discrete dislocation dynamics at the micro-scale (software micro3d) with the macroscopic plastic deformation. Our results show that the deformation field in these micropillars is heterogeneous from the onset of plastic flow and is confined to few deformation bands, leading to the formation of ledges and stress concentrations at the surface of the specimen. Furthermore, the simulation yields a serrated stress–strain behavior consisting of discrete strain bursts that correlates well with experimental observations. The intermittent operation and stagnation of discrete dislocation arms is identified as the prominent mechanism that causes heterogeneous deformation and results in the observed macroscopic strain bursts. We show that the critical stress to bow an average maximum dislocation arm, whose length changes during deformation due to pinning events, is responsible for the observed size dependent response of the single crystals. We also reveal that hardening rates, similar to that shown experimentally, occur under relatively constant dislocation densities and are linked to dislocation stagnation due to the formation of entangled dislocation configuration and pinning sites.     

机械臂臂杆刚度主动控制下的末端振动特性研究

机械臂在运动过程中会因臂杆柔性引发结构变形和弹性振动,降低机械臂末端的定位精度和运动稳定性,将结构振动控制方法用于机械臂的振动抑制研究具有重要意义. 基于变刚度主动控制的设计思想,提出了臂杆刚度主动控制方法,通过改变机械臂臂杆的轴向受力状况来主动改变机械臂的刚度. 采用变形耦合法描述了机械臂的非线性变形,进而结合假设模态法和拉格朗日方程建立了臂杆的变刚度动力学模型,并进行了数值仿真. 在此基础上,设计了基于臂杆刚度主动控制方法的单自由度实验台,分析了不同预紧力下机械臂末端的振动特性. 数值仿真和实验结果表明,随着预紧力的增加,机械臂末端的振动幅值得到衰减,验证了臂杆刚度主动控制方法的有效性. 通过采用响应面法建立了机械臂末端的振动响应与预紧力的关系,并基于内部映射牛顿法的子空间置信域法优化算法对预紧力进行了优化分析,得到了最优预紧力. 该研究可为机械臂的精细动力学建模和振动抑制提供一定的理论依据,并为研究经济型低刚度材料的刚化问题提供了方向,以利用廉价低刚度材料取代目前所应用的昂贵高刚度材料.      

Stretching skin: The physiological limit and beyond

The goal of this paper is to establish a novel computational model for skin to characterize its constitutive behavior when stretched within and beyond its physiological limits. Within the physiological regime, skin displays a reversible, highly non-linear, stretch locking, and anisotropic behavior. We model these characteristics using a transversely isotropic chain network model composed of eight wormlike chains. Beyond the physiological limit, skin undergoes an irreversible area growth triggered through mechanical stretch. We model skin growth as a transversely isotropic process characterized through a single internal variable, the scalar-valued growth multiplier. To discretize the evolution of growth in time, we apply an unconditionally stable, implicit Euler backward scheme. To discretize it in space, we utilize the finite element method. For maximum algorithmic efficiency and optimal convergence, we suggest an inner Newton iteration to locally update the growth multiplier at each integration point. This iteration is embedded within an outer Newton iteration to globally update the deformation at each finite element node. To illustrate the characteristic features of skin growth, we first compare the two simple model problems of displacement- and force-driven growth. Then, we model the process of stretch-induced skin growth during tissue expansion. In particular, we compare the spatio-temporal evolution of stress, strain, and area gain for four commonly available tissue expander geometries. We believe that the proposed model has the potential to open new avenues in reconstructive surgery and rationalize critical process parameters in tissue expansion, such as expander geometry, expander size, expander placement, and inflation timing.     

RESEARCH ON VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANIPULATOR END UNDER ACTIVE CONTROL OF ARM STIFFNESS$^{\bf 1)}$

机械臂在运动过程中会因臂杆柔性引发结构变形和弹性振动,降低机械臂末端的定位精度和运动稳定性,将结构振动控制方法用于机械臂的振动抑制研究具有重要意义. 基于变刚度主动控制的设计思想,提出了臂杆刚度主动控制方法,通过改变机械臂臂杆的轴向受力状况来主动改变机械臂的刚度. 采用变形耦合法描述了机械臂的非线性变形,进而结合假设模态法和拉格朗日方程建立了臂杆的变刚度动力学模型,并进行了数值仿真. 在此基础上,设计了基于臂杆刚度主动控制方法的单自由度实验台,分析了不同预紧力下机械臂末端的振动特性. 数值仿真和实验结果表明,随着预紧力的增加,机械臂末端的振动幅值得到衰减,验证了臂杆刚度主动控制方法的有效性. 通过采用响应面法建立了机械臂末端的振动响应与预紧力的关系,并基于内部映射牛顿法的子空间置信域法优化算法对预紧力进行了优化分析,得到了最优预紧力. 该研究可为机械臂的精细动力学建模和振动抑制提供一定的理论依据,并为研究经济型低刚度材料的刚化问题提供了方向,以利用廉价低刚度材料取代目前所应用的昂贵高刚度材料.     

基于光纤光栅技术的船体变形修正技术

为进一步优化航天测量船变形测量系统,提出了基于光纤Bragg光栅技术的应变误差测量方法。首先通过对测量船变形系统的结构和光路进行几何分析,建立了应变量与误差角之间的转换模型。然后基于光纤光栅技术设计了测量船变形系统的应变误差测量方案。由应变与误差角的转换公式得到,运用常用的Si425型光纤光栅解调仪,其理论测量精度可达0.01″。     

数字图像相关法在相似材料模拟试验中的应用

利用相似材料模拟试验研究印度某矿长壁开采采场厚硬顶板的破断规律,针对试验中传统的位移测量法的不足,引入了数字图像相关法。通过恰当布设模型、合理控制光照强度,实时用高分辨率数码相机拍摄模型在开采过程中的表面变形图像,借用数字照相图像分析与结果可视化应用软件系统GeoDPDM对序列照片进行相关性分析,得到了开采过程中上覆岩层变形的位移场和应变场。将分析结果与传统测量方法所得结果对比,得到两种方法具有较高的一致性,并将测试精度提高到0.6mm/pixel,成功实现了大范围模型变形的全场、非接触式测量。     

Nonlinearity of muscle stiffness

In this letter, a comparison between three types (two linear and one nonlinear) of models of skeletal muscle stiffness is shown. Results are compared with experimental data for biceps brachii in the case of muscle stretching and with the Hill equation for a biological muscle. It is shown that results for nonlinear stiffness model in case of length-force relationship fits to the experimental data.     

刃型位错理论模型的实验验证

刃型位错芯周围变形场的实验测量是多年来非常困难的研究任务,它导致目前有多种位错理论模型并存。为了检验刃型位错理论模型的适用性,使用透射电子显微镜直接观察并获得了多晶金中刃型位错的高分辨电子显微图像,并采用几何相位分析方法测量了刃型位错周围的位移场和应变场。将实验测量结果与线弹性理论位错模型、Peierls-Nabarro位错模型及Fore-man(a=4)位错模型进行了比较。结果表明,三种位错理论模型在远离位错芯的区域都能描述刃型位错变形场,但在距离位错芯较近的区域,Peierls-Nabarro模型是最适当的位错理论模型。     

MEASUREMENT OF LÜDERS BAND IN SMALL SIZE LOW CARBON STEEL SPECIMEN BY 3D DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION METHOD

吕德斯效应是多种金属和合金材料由于屈服阶段的不均匀变形而在材料表面产生条带状褶皱的现象,它会使冲压件表面质量降低. 为了防止它的出现,对吕德斯效应进行研究变得非常重要. 采用小视场(15mm×15 mm)下三维数字图像相关方法对小尺寸低碳钢试件在单轴拉伸载荷作用下的变形场进行测量,实际观测了小尺寸试件的吕德斯效应,结合理论模型解释了其形成机理,并分析了吕德斯带传播过程中应变及应变率的变化规律.实验研究表明,运用三维数字图像相关方法测量试件表面变形场,实现了对小尺寸低碳钢试件的吕德斯带演化过程以及颈缩、断裂等细观力学行为的观测,该方法是研究材料变形细观机理的一种有效测量手段.     

图像相关法在高分子材料拉伸性能研究中的应用

本文对聚碳酸酯(PC)和丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯(ABS)的合金(PC/ABS)高分子材料不同环境温度下的拉伸性能进行了试验研究。根据图像相关分析法编制了图像法位移测量分析软件,并对该分析软件的适用性进行了分析。系统研究了PC/ABS高分子材料拉伸试验时三个方向的位移场和应变场。根据测得的位移场研究了该高分子材料拉伸过程中应变和应变率的变化以及应力应变变化规律,并对试验结果进行了详细分析。结果表明,文中采用的图像法位移测量系统具有较高的测试精度;拉伸过程中,试件厚度方向的收缩变形大于宽度方向的收缩变形;颈缩过程区具有非常高的应变率,颈缩后的平直颈缩区的应变率快速下降到一个很低的应变率继续缓慢变形;尽管载荷位移曲线出现了较大的载荷下降现象,PC/ABS拉伸时的真应力应变曲线没有明显的应力下降现象出现,因此,载荷下降现象主要由颈缩时的截面减小引起;高分子材料PC/ABS的屈服应力随环境温度的升高而降低。     

Obtaining a Wide-Strain-Range True Stress–Strain Curve Using the Measurement-In-Neck-Section Method

Background

Measuring true stress–strain curve over a large-strain-range is essential to understand mechanical behavior and simulate non-linear plastic deformation. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique, a non-contact full-field optical measurement technique, is a promising candidate to obtain a long-range true stress–strain curve experimentally.

Objective

This paper proposes a method for measuring true stress–strain curves over a large-strain-range during tensile testing using DIC.

Methods

The wide-strain-range true stress–strain curves of dual-phase and low carbon steels were extracted on the transverse direction in the neck region. The axial strain on the neck section was estimated by averaging the inhomogeneous deformation on the cross-section of the tensile specimen. The true stress was calculated from the engineering stress and the cross-sectional area of the neck.

Results

The validity of the proposed method was assessed by comparing the experimental load–displacement responses during tensile testing with the finite element method (FEM) simulation results. The stress and strain on the neck section estimated using the FEM and DIC, respectively, were proven to satisfy the uniaxial condition and successfully obtained.

Conclusions

The experimental results agree well with the FEM results. The proposed concept can be applied to various deformation modes for accurately measuring long-range true stress–strain curves.

     

基于数字图像的分离式霍普金森压杆实验中试件应变及两端应力的同步测量法

本文提出一种基于高速摄像和数字图像相关方法(DIC)的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)测量技术,从而实现试件应变和两端应力的同步测量。即在与试件接触的输入输出杆两端制作散斑,通过高速摄像获取SHPB实验过程中的散斑变形图像,由DIC测得各时刻试件的应变、输入输出杆端的应变(可直接换算为试件两端的应力)。由于试件和杆端的应变都是从同一张高速摄影的图像上分析得到的,因此它们是同步的。应用该方法对钢纤维混凝土试件的SHPB试验进行了测量,测量结果与传统应变片测量结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。该技术不仅实现了SHPB实验中试件应变和应力的同步测量,还将有助于直接检验各材料在SHPB实验中试件两端的力在实验过程中是否平衡。     

Dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear robot manipulators

In this paper, a method for the dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear elastic robot manipulators is presented. Robot arm elasticity is introduced using a finite element method which allows for the gross arm rotations. A shape function which accounts for the combined effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation is employed to describe the arm deformation relative to a selected component reference. Geometric elastic nonlinearities are introduced into the formulation by retaining the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relationships. This has lead to a new stiffness matrix that depends on the rotary inertia and shear deformation and which has to be iteratively updated during the dynamic simulation. Mechanical joints are introduced into the formulation using a set of nonlinear algebraic constraint equations. A set of independent coordinates is identified over each subinterval and is employed to define the system state equations. In order to exemplify the analysis, a two-armed robot manipulator is solved. In this example, the effect of introducing geometric elastic nonlinearities and inertia nonlinearities on the robot arm kinematics, deformations, joint reaction forces and end-effector trajectory are investigated.     

A finite deformation fractional viscoplastic model for the glass transition behavior of amorphous polymers

The stress response of amorphous polymers exhibits tremendous change during the glass transition region, from soft viscoelastic response to stiff viscoplastic response. In order to describe the temperature-dependent and rate-dependent stress response of amorphous polymers, we extend the one-dimensional small strain fractional Zener model to the three-dimensional finite deformation model. The Eyring model is adopted to represent the stress-activated viscous flow. A phenomenological evolution equation of yield strength is used to describe the strain softening behaviors. We demonstrate that the stress response predicted by the three-dimensional model is consistent with that of one-dimensional model under uniaxial deformation, which confirms the validity of the extension. The model is then applied to describe the stress response of an amorphous thermoset at various temperatures and strain rates, which shows good agreement between experiments and simulation. We further perform a parameter study to investigate the influence of the model parameters on the stress response. The results show that a smaller fractional order results in a larger yield strain while has little effect on the yield stress when the temperature is below the glass transition temperature. For the stress relaxation tests, a smaller fractional order leads to a slower relaxation rate.     

Digital Image Correlation for Improved Detection of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Border detection is a critical aspect during removal of a basal cell carcinoma tumor. Since the tumor is only 3% to 50% as stiff as the healthy skin surrounding it, strain concentrates in the tumor during deformation. Here we develop a digital image correlation (DIC) technique for improved lateral border detection based upon the strain concentrations associated with the stiffness difference of healthy and cancerous skin. Gelatin skin phantoms and pigskin specimens are prepared with compliant inclusions of varying shapes, sizes, and stiffnesses. The specimens with inclusions as well as several control specimens are loaded under tension, and the full-field strain and displacement fields measured by DIC. Significant strain concentrations develop around the compliant inclusions in gelatin skin phantoms, enabling detection of the tumor border to within 2% of the actual border. At a lower magnification, the lateral border between a pigskin/inclusion interface is determined within 23% of the border. Strain concentrations are identified by DIC measurements and associated with the lateral edges of the compliant inclusions. The experimental DIC protocol developed for model specimens has potential as a tool to aid in more accurate detection of basal cell carcinoma borders.     

Nonlinear dynamical behavior of surface electromyographical signals of biceps muscle under two simulated static work postures

The primary objective of this study was to explore nonlinear characteristics, if any, of the surface myoelectrical (EMG) activity of the biceps muscle during simulated maximum voluntary contraction at a reference arm posture (MVCRP), and at an elevated static arm work posture (EAWP) observed on the manufacturing assembly line. The results showed that positive Lyapunov exponents existed for each of the trials in both work postures. The statistical test of significance showed that surface EMG of the biceps brachii was more chaotic under the MVCRP condition as compared to the EWAP condition. Based on the Kaplan-Yorke dimension, it was observed that the recorded two types of time series EMG data were similar in complexity. The study also found a significant difference in fractal dimensions between the two postures. It was concluded that the nonlinear dynamical EMG properties expressed in terms of the Lyapunov exponents, Kaplan-Yorke dimension, and fractal dimensions could be used as sensitive indices for evaluation of the level of muscular efforts under static work conditions.     

基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的误差分析及应用

探讨数字图像相关方法测试结果的误差分布规律对提高该方法的测试精度具有重要意义。本文从理论上分析了基于双线性位移模式数字图像相关方法的子区变形场测试误差分布规律,结果表明,当试件的真实变形可由双线性位移模式描述时,变形场最大测试误差通常出现在子区的边界或节点处。因此,若试件发生均匀拉伸等常应变变形,可利用相关系数选取一个最优子区,认为测得最优子区中心应变为试件真实应变。零变形实验验证了该测试方法的可靠性。最后对手机导光板试件在单轴拉伸载荷下的数字图像进行分析,并利用本文方法测试了其弹性常数。     

Evaluation of Volume Deformation from Surface DIC Measurement

Stereo-DIC allows to track with a high accuracy the shape change and the surface displacement field of objects during deformation processes. When multiple camera arrangements are used, the shape and deformation measurement can be performed over the whole surface of the object. We submit that, in the case of intact specimens, with no internal defects and/or discontinuities, such boundary information can be used to estimate the internal displacement field by using proper interpolation functions. This calculation could serve, for instance, to evaluate the strain localization that occurs in metal specimens subjected to plastic deformation, hence allowing to get a better insight in the necking initiation and fracture propagation processes. In this paper, an interpolation method based on Bézier curves is developed and tested using simulated and real experiments on specimens with flat and cylindrical geometries. In particular, the deformation behaviour in the necking zone was investigated in the case of highly ductile and anisotropic materials. Numerical models were used to validate the method while the application to two real experiments demonstrated its feasibility in practical cases. The applicability of the method to more complex loading cases (e.g., bending, torsion, mixed-loads) or different initial shapes (e.g., curved beams, notches) will be investigated in future studies.     

Sampling Moiré method for full-field deformation measurement: A brief review

The sampling Moiré(SM) method is one of the vision-based non-contact deformation measurement methods, which is a powerful tool for structural health monitoring and elucidation of damage mechanisms of materials. In this review, the basic principle of the SM method for measuring the twodimensional displacement and strain distributions is introduced. When the grid is not a standard orthogonal grating and cracks exist on the specimen surface, the measurement methods are also stated. Two of the most typical application examples are described in detail. One is the dynamic deflection measurement of a large-scale concrete bridge, and the other is the residual thermal strain measurement of small-scale flip chip packages. Several further development points of this method are pointed out. The SM method is expected to be used for deformation measurement of various structures and materials for residual stress evaluation, crack location prediction, and crack growth evaluation on broad scales.