Evaluation of perchlorate tolerant photo-cured calcium selective electrodes for use in flow injection potentiometry

A photo-cured membrane selective to calcium, based on the calcium bis [4-(1',1',3',3'-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]phosphate ionophore and incorporating the lipophilic additive, potassium tetraki(4-chlorophenyl)borate, that can tolerate up to 200 nM perchlorate ionic background in the flow injection potentiometry mode has been previously reported (T. Dimitrakopoulos, J.R. Farrell and P.J. Ives, Electroanalysis, 8 (1996) 391). Improvements in the electrode slope and sensitivity of the previously described photo-cured calcium membrane-based electrode were achieved when anhydrous calcium chloride salt was dissolved into the pre-cured membrane composition and then photo-cured. Similar to the previously reported photo-cured calcium ion-selective electrode (ISE), the improved photo-cured calcium ISE can measure calcium in a high perchlorate background in the flow injection potentiometric mode.     

A propranolol-responsive coated-wire electrode

Propranolol-responsive electrodes of both the coated wire and conventional types based on the didodecylnaphthalene sulfonic acid salt were prepared and their operating characteristics were compared. The detection limit of the coated-wire electrodes is about 10^-6 M; interferences from common inorganic ions and from the analagous product isoproterenol are small. The response time varies from 15 s to 30 min depending on concentration; readings are reproducible to within 0.5 mV. Electrodes are still operational after six months of intermittent use.     

离子选择电极电位法测定有色冠醚与钠钾离子配合物的稳定常数

Frensdoff~[1] 曾用离子选择电极电位法测定冠醚与金属离子配合物的稳定常数.该文虽提到采用非线性最小二乘法处理实验结果,但未给出具体计算步骤和计算程序.本文用电位法测定了新合成的四种苯并-15-冠-5含偶氮基的衍生物与钠、钾离子配合物在甲醇中的稳定常数,并用自编的计算程序处理实验结果.     

基于碘离子选择性电极的流动注射分析系统构建

碘硫(IS)热化学循环分解水是目前最有前景的核能制氢技术.在IS循环研究中,I-浓度的在线分析对于实现过程反应条件的监测控制以及进行有关反应动力学研究非常重要.以碘离子选择性电极为检测器,针对IS循环物料组成体系组装了一套流动注射分析系统,考察了样品温度、氢离子浓度、离子强度等因素对电极性能的影响,对FLA装置的栽流流...     

Gas-diffusion separation and flow injection potentiometry

Summary The similarities and differences of the operation principle of gas-sensing electrodes and potentiometric detection coupled to gas-diffusion separation in flow injection analysis are discussed with special emphasis on selectivity and sensitivity aspects. Several examples of application are presented highlighting the improvements in detectability obtained by gas-diffusion flow injection potentiometry. High sensitivity determination of ammonium is achieved through accumulation of ammonia released from the sample stream in the small recipient volume of the gas-diffusion unit. A method for almost specific determination of cyanide is presented making use of gas-diffusion separation of hydrogen cyanide and potentiometric detection with a selective AgI membrane electrode. The interference of sulfide is totally prevented by its oxidation in the donor line. If applied to potentiometric measurement following gas diffusion separation an intrinsically non-selective metallic silver wire electrode turns out to enable the selective detection of sulfide with high sensitivity and fast response. A new approach for diffusive sampling and on-line detection of gas-phase contaminants is exemplified by the determination of NO_x.     

Application of differential electrolytic potentiometry for detection in flow injection analysis

The applicability of differential electrolytic potentiometry as a detection system in flow injection analysis is investigated. A computer-controlled injector which delivers precise volumes of sample solutions in a reproducible manner was developed. Conditions such as current density employed, the concentrations of the solutions used and the flow rate were optimized. Chloride in water was determined by means of this system. The relation between chloride concentration and the measured signal was found to be Nernstian for solutions of concentrations above 6 μg ml⁻¹ chloride. For solutions below this concentration, the relation is linear.     

Determination of phosphate in hydroponic nutrient solutions using flow injection potentiometry and a cobalt-wire phosphate ion-selective electrode

The direct flow injection potentiometric (FIP) analysis of phosphate in hydroponic nutrient solution has been carried out using a cobalt-wire ion-selective electrode (ISE). Synthetic hydroponic nutrient solution, commercial hydroponic nutrient solution and working hydroponic farm nutrient solution were analysed for phosphate using the FIP technique. It is shown that FIP results compare favourably to standard methods of analysis such as spectrophotometry and indirect photometric ion-pair chromatography. Reproducible FIP response curves with a slope of −(47.57±0.03) mV per decade and intercept of −(169.7±0.1) mV were obtained for four separate calibrations in the concentration range 5.0×10⁻⁴–1.0×10⁻² M H₂PO₄⁻. Anion corrections for interferences by Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ were applied to all samples using the selectivity coefficients determined independently using a fixed interference method. Nevertheless, it was found that anion corrections were not necessary, as the deviations fell within the bounds of experimental error for the cobalt-wire ISE technique (i.e.±2–5% R.S.D.). The proposed FIP method enables the direct determination of phosphate in hydroponic nutrient solutions.     

Evaluation of experimental conditions on the response of fluoride and cyanide selective electrodes in flow injection potentiometry

Summary The response of fluoride and cyanide selective electrodes has been investigated under steady-state and flow injection measuring conditions. Response time measurements indicate that at lower concentration levels of these ions the surface condition for both sensors is very critical; the choice of flow cell geometry, however, is of minor importance. An acetate buffer without CDTA is proposed for fluoride determinations because of better long term stability of response time of the fluoride ISE. Problems associated with the corrosion of the AgI-membrane when applied in a flow cell with wall-jet configuration are discussed.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. G. Schulze on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Flow injection potentiometry for enzymatic assay of cholesterol with a tungsten electrode sensor

Flow injection potentiometry (FIP) for the enzymatic determination of cholesterol is reported. The assay utilises a combination of three enzymes: cholesterol esterase (CE), cholesterol oxidase (COD) and peroxidase (POD). The method is developed by the use of a tungsten wire electrode as a sensor vs. Ag/AgCl in conjunction with a redox mediator ferrocyanide. CE converts esterified cholesterol to free cholesterol, which is then oxidised by COD with hydrogen peroxide as product. Ferrocyanide is converted to ferricyanide by hydrogen peroxide, catalysed by POD, and the tungsten electrode responds to the ratio of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide. Flow injection potentiometry gave well-defined peaks for cholesterol samples with a fast response (30 s). Linear calibration was obtained from 0.05 to 3.0 mM cholesterol, with a slope of 60.2 mV/decade change in cholesterol concentration, and detection limit 0.01 mM cholesterol (S/N=3). Repeatability was 3% (CV). Interferences from commonly found species were shown to be negligible. The sensor cell is simple to construct, and it was free from surface contamination problems over long periods of use. The application of the sensor for the determination of serum cholesterol was demonstrated.     

Calcium ion selective membrane electrode

The calcium salts of the mono- and diesters of [4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl phosphoric acid] have been prepared, and the individual esters as well as mixtures of the esters have been used with several varieties of polyvinyl chloride to construct macro membrane electrodes selective to calcium ions. These electrodes have been calibrated by using solutions of CaCl₂ and Ca ion buffers. The mixed ester electrodes showed Nernstian response in the concentration range 10^-1 to 10^-7M; the diester electrodes showed Nernstian response down to 7.9 x 10^-8M. The detection limit of the mixed ester electrode was 10^-8M, whereas that of the diester electrode was 7.9 x 10^-9M. Contrary to these results, the monoester electrodes showed unsatisfactory behavior. The responses of both the mixed ester and diester electrodes to calcium ions were not affected by the presence of sodium, potassium, or other divalent ions. Only ferric and lanthanum ions showed interferences with the electrode response to calcium ions. p]The electrode response was independent of pH in the approximate range 5–8 at a CaCl₂ concentration of 10^-4M. As the Ca ion concentration was increased, the range of pH independence widened to approximately 4–8. The dynamic response time constant of the mixed ester electrode was in the range 0.7–1.5 sec, whereas that of the diester electrode was in the range 0.5–0.75 sec.     

A PVC-based 1,8-diaminonaphthalen electrode for selective determination of vanadyl ion

A PVC membrane vanadyl (VO²⁺) ion-selective electrode was constructed using 1,8-diaminonaphthalen (DAN) as a neutral carrier. The electrode shows good Nernstian response for VO²⁺ ions over a wide concentration range (1.0×10⁻¹-1.0×10⁻⁵ M). The optimum composition of the membrane was 55 wt.% poly(vinylchloride), 35 wt.% 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), 5 wt.% ionophore, and 5 wt.% potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB). It has relatively fast response time and can be used at least for 5 weeks without any considerable divergence in potentials. The proposed electrode revealed relatively good selectivity for VO²⁺ over wide variety of other metal ions. The electrode was used for the potentiometric titration of VO²⁺ ions with EDTA.     

Differential electrolytic potentiometry, a detector in flow injection analysis for oxidation-reduction reactions

For the first time, differential electropotentiometry (DEP) is coupled with the flow injection analysis (FIA) technique for detection of oxidation–reduction reactions, and is utilized for quantitative determination of vitamin C in pharmaceutical preparations using 1.0×10⁻³-M cerium(IV) in 0.50-M sulfuric acid as carrier. Two similar platinum electrodes were employed and polarized by a constant current. Optimization by the univariate method was carried out and the optimum conditions for current density, flow rate, sample size and concentration of sulfuric acid were 4 mA, 0.93 ml min⁻¹, 140 μl and 0.25 M, respectively. Vitamin C was determined in the concentration range 100–300 ppm with 0.9987 correlation coefficient and 1.9 standard deviation. The method was applied to the determination of vitamin C in pharmaceutical preparations and no excipient was found to pose any interference thus rendering the method suitable for determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations. The accuracy of the method was determined by comparison with the BP standard method.     

Differential electrolytic potentiometry, a detector in flow injection analysis for precipitaton reactions

The application of differential electrolytic potentiometry as a detection system in flow injection analysis for precipitation reactions is described. Different combinations of electrodes were investigated. The optimum conditions for the current density and the flow rate were elucidated. In the case of chloride, an Ag/AgCl-Pt pair was found to be successful. For iodide a combination of Ag-Pt electrodes was found to give good results. The relation between the concentration of analyte and the measured signal was found to be linear.     

A chemiluminescence flow injection system for nitrite ion determination

A chemiluminescence system is described for the determination of nitrite ion based on new designs for an ozone generator, liquid-gas separator and chemiluminescence reaction cell. The method is based on the gas-phase chemiluminescence reaction between ozone and nitric oxide, which is generated from the reduction of nitrite with iodide in sulfuric acid solution. The efficiency of the system was evaluated by investigation of the analytical performance characteristics of the system for nitrite determination in batch and flow injection procedures. Under optimal conditions, the chemiluminescence response of the system was linear against the nitrite concentration over the range 1 to 1 × 10⁴ ng ml^?1 in the batch procedure and 10 to 5 × 10³ ng ml^?1 in the flow injection procedure, with detection limits of 1 and 10 ng ml^?1, respectively. The method is highly selective and allows for the determination of nitrite in the presence of high concentrations of several cationic, anionic and nitrogen containing species. It has been successfully applied to the analysis of nitrite in natural water and soil extracts.     

A new coated-wire cobalt(II)-selective electrode based on the benzalkonium tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(II) ion pair

A cobalt-selective electrode based on the benzalkonium tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(II) ion pair is described. The response is Nemstian (slope 29.3 $\text{mV}\text{pCo}$) in the cobalt concentration range 10^-1–10^-4 M in solutions with a constant ionic strength of 3.0 M made up with KSCN at 25°C. The electrode is suitable for end-point detection in titrations of cobalt(II) with EDTA as well as for direct potentiometric determinations of cobalt(II), even in the presence of large amounts of several metal ions (Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺) and anions (HCO₃^-, Br^-, I^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-).     

Flow injection potentiometry for low level measurements in the presence of sensed ion in the carrier

Summary A theoretical treatment of the response of ion sensitive electrodes in flow-injection analysis is presented with emphasis on the influence of sample dispersion and the addition of sensed ion to the carrier solution. Guidelines are given for optimal conditions with respect to desired working range and sensitivity, i.e., the slope of the calibration plot. The comparison of predicted data and experimental results obtained with the fluoride and iodide sensitive electrodes showed significant deviations due to slow response. For low dispersion systems (D _max 1) a method for linearization of the calibration plot is proposed.

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Fließinjektions-Potentiometrie für Messungen niedriger Konzentrationen in Gegenwart des zu messenden Ions in der Trägerlösung

     

Uncertainty of measurement for the determination of fluoride in water and wastewater by direct selective electrode potentiometry

A procedure to estimate the uncertainty of measurement applied to the fluoride determination of waters and wastewaters matrices by selective electrode potentiometry was implemented based on Eurachem Guide. The major sources of uncertainty were identified as the calibration standard solutions, fluoride concentration obtained by potential interpolation of the regression line and the precision. However the relative uncertainties depend on the anion concentration levels. The methodology proposed was presented to two fluoride concentration levels that are in the range of surface water samples (C _sample=1.12 mgF l⁻¹) and of wastewater matrices (C _sample=101.4 mgF l⁻¹). The expanded uncertainties calculated were 0.40 and 9.1 mg l⁻¹ for low and high concentration levels, respectively, using the reproducibility uncertainty as precision evaluation. The relative expanded uncertainty was around ±10% for the highest concentration, which can be considered acceptable for the ion selective electrode potenciometric methods and ±36% for the lowest concentrations. In this case the sample fluoride content is very close to the limit of quantification which has a relative uncertainty of about ±30%. If the repeatability was used in spite of duplicate analysis the same conclusions were obtained (C _sample=1.12 ± 0.39 mgF l⁻¹ and C _sample=101.4 ± 7.0 mgF l⁻¹). Although the calculated expanded uncertainties and consequently the combined uncertainty, do not vary significantly in the cases where it was used the repeatability or reproducibility for evaluating the precision, each relative variances uncertainty contributions do. When the repeatability is used to determine the combined uncertainty, the CSS and uncertainties contributions are the most dominant ones. However, if reproducibility is used, relative uncertainty variance contributions are distributed among CSS, C _F, and precision. In both cases, the contribution increases and r _CSS contribution decreases with the increasing of the concentration level. The precision variance contribution is only significant in the case where the reproducibility is used, and increases with the increasing of the concentration level. The uncertainty in the result calculated using the proposed methodology (C _sample ± U _sample = 2.17 ± 0.42 mgF l⁻¹) is in satisfactory agreement with the estimated expanded uncertainty obtained using the relative reproducibility standard deviation obtained in interlaboratory studies ().     

A metallic cobalt electrode for the indirect potentiometric determination of calcium and magnesium in natural waters using flow injection analysis

A flow injection analysis of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) using indirect potentiometric detection in natural waters is proposed, where Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) are injected into a buffer carrier containing phosphate, resulting in the formation of Ca(3)(PO(4))(2) or Mg(3)(PO(4))(2). The consequent reduction in free phosphate in the carrier solution is detected using a metallic cobalt wire electrode. Indirect electrode response was used and the experimental conditions affecting electrode response were optimized. Responses were linear in the concentration range 5x10(-4) to 5x10(-3) M with a detection limit of 1x10(-5) M in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0. The relative standard derivation at 1 mM of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were 3.9 and 3.7% (n=10), respectively. EGTA and 8-hydroxyquinoline were used as the masking agents for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), respectively. Concentrations of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in natural waters were successfully determined by the proposed method.