Structure of 2-benzothiazolylhydrazones of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes

On the basis of data of ¹³C and ¹H NMR and IR spectroscopy, it was shown that 2-benzothiazolylhydrazones of aliphatic aldehydes were in solution as a mixture of E and Z isomers, and hydrazones of aromatic aldehydes were in solution only as E isomers. All investigated compounds existed in solution mainly in an amino tautomeric form, and the content of the imino form did not depend on the nature of the aldehyde fragment.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 550–558, April, 1993.     

Highly enantioselective phenylacetylene additions to both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes

The readily available and inexpensive BINOL in combination with Ti(O(i)Pr)(4) is found to catalyze the reaction of an alkynylzinc reagent with various types of aldehydes including aliphatic aldehydes, aromatic aldehydes, and other alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes to generate chiral propargyl alcohols with 91-99% ee at room temperature. No previous chiral catalysts have exhibited such a broad scope of enantioselectivity with respect to the type of aldehydes for this reaction. [reaction: see text]     

Sensitive new test for aliphatic,aromatic, and heterocyclic aldehydes

Summary A new sensitive spot test for aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes is introduced. Limits of identification for over 70 aldehydes are recorded. All tested aldehydes except chloral and hexadecanal give positive tests revealed by a blue or a green color with an absorption maximum around 610 to 630 nm (m). For the determination of total aldehyde, the procedure is at best an estimation.

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Zusammenfassung Eine neue Tüpfelprobe für aliphatische, aromatische und heterocyklische Aldehyde wird vorgeschlagen. Die Erfassungsgrenzen für mehr als 70 Aldehyde werden angegeben. Mit Ausnahme von Chloral und Hexadekanal geben alle geprüften Aldehyde eine blaue bis grüne Färbung mit einem Maximum der Absorption bei 610 bis 630 nm. Eine kolorimetrische Bestimmung des Gesamtaldehyds kann nur mit einer relativen Präzision von etwa ±0,1 ausgeführt werden.

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Résumé Introduction d'un nouvel essai à la touche sensible pour les aldehydes aliphatiques, aromatiques et hétérocycliques. Les auteurs donnent les limites d'identification pour plus de 70 aldehydes. Tous les aldehydes essayés donnent des essais positifs à l'exception du chloral et de l'hexadecanal; cet essai se traduit par l'apparition d'une couleur bleue ou verte ayant un maximum d'absorption au voisinage de 610 à 630 nm. Pour la détermination de l'aldéhyde total la technique peut être considérée au mieux comme une estimation.

     

Electroreductive crossed pinacol coupling of aromatic ketones with aliphatic ketones and aldehydes

The intermolecular crossed pinacol coupling of aromatic ketones with aliphatic aldehydes and ketones was effected by electroreduction in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane. The best result was obtained using a Pb cathode in Bu₄NPF₆/THF. The electroreduction of aromatic 1,4-, 1,5-, and 1,6-diketones under the same conditions gave four-, five-, and six-membered 1,2-diols with trans-stereoselectivity, while the reduction of these diketones with TiCl₄-Zn produced the cis-isomers of the same intramolecular crossed pinacol coupling products predominantly.     

Zirconium-catalyzed asymmetric Kabachnik–Fields reactions of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes

An effective catalyst has been developed for the three-component reaction of aldehydes, anilines and phosphites in an asymmetric catalytic Kabachnik–Fields reaction to give α-aminophosphonates. A catalyst was sought that would give high asymmetric inductions for aromatic and, and more particularly, for aliphatic aldehydes since there has not previously been an effective catalyst developed for this class of aldehydes. The optimal catalyst is prepared from three equivalents of the 7,7′-di-t-butylVANOL ligand, one equivalent of N-methylimidazole and one equivalent of zirconium tetraisopropoxide. This catalyst was most efficient in the presence of 10 mol% benzoic acid. Optimal conditions for aryl aldehydes required the use of 3,5-diisopropyl-2-hydroxyaniline and gave the aryl α-aminophosphonates in up to 96% yield and 98% ee over 11 different aryl aldehydes. The best aniline for aliphatic aldehydes was found to be 3-t-butyl-2-hydroxyaniline and gave the corresponding phosphonates in up to 83% yield and 97% ee over 18 examples. The asymmetric inductions for aliphatic aldehydes were comparable with those for aromatic aldehydes with a mean induction of 90% ee for the former and 91% ee for the latter. The best method for the liberation of the free amine from the aniline substituted α-aminophosphonates involved oxidation with N-iodosuccinimide.

An effective catalyst has been developed for the three-component reaction of aldehydes, anilines and phosphites in an asymmetric catalytic Kabachnik–Fields reaction to give α-aminophosphonates.     

Structure and reactivity of the condensation products of aromatic amines with aliphatic aldehydes

A number of previously undescribed propylidenearylamine dimers have been synthesized by the interaction of propionaldehyde with a series of para-substituted anilines(R=H, CH₃, OCH₃, F, Cl, Br, I) and with-naphthylamine. The structure of the bis-propylidenearylamines has been established by a study of their IR and UV spectra. It has been shown that all the bis-propylidenearylamines, except for bis(propylidene-p-fluoroaniline), have the structure of 2-ethyl-3-methyl-4-arylamino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinolines. The dipole moments of the bis(propylidene-p-R-anilines) have been determined. Comparison of the values obtained with the calculated values indicates that the most favorable molecular conformation of the bispropylidenearylamines is a tetrahydroquinoline half-chain with quasi-equatorial positions for the 4-NHAr and NH groups and an equatorial 3-CH₃ group. In contrast to the bis-ethylideneanilines, we did not succeed in finding other stable conformers for the bis-propylidene derivatives. It has been established that bis (propylidene-p-fluoroaniline) has the 1, 3-bis (p-fluorophenylamino)-2-ethyl-1-hexene structure.For communication VI, see [1].     

Indium tri(isopropoxide)-catalyzed selective Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes

Indium tri(isopropoxide)-catalyzed Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in 2-propanol gave selectively the corresponding primary alcohols in good to excellent yields at room temperature. A wide range of functional groups including alkene, ether, ketone, ester, nitrile, and nitro were tolerated under the optimum reaction conditions. Chemoselective reductions were also achieved not only between aromatic aldehyde, aromatic ketone, and epoxide but also between aliphatic aldehyde and alkene.     

A stereoselective route to polysubstituted tetrahydroquinolines by benzotriazole-promoted condensation of aliphatic aldehydes and aromatic amines

By the promotion of benzotriazole (20 mol %), two molecules of anilines (or other arylamines) and two molecules of phenylacetaldehyde (or o-bromophenylacetaldehyde) condensed to give a series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines in a stereoselective manner. By the catalysis of SmI(2) or SmI(3), the N-(alpha-aminoalkyl)benzotriazoles derived from anilines and (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide dissociated to the corresponding iminium and enamine species, which underwent asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloadditions to give optically active tetrahydroquinolines.     

Tautomeric and conformational isomerism of natural hydroxyanthraquinones

Natural 1,5-di-, 1,4,5-tri-, and 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinones and their anions and metal complexes were shown to be equilibrium mixtures of tautomers and conformers using quantum-chemical and correlation analysis of elecronic absorption spectra. Solvent effects, ionization, complexation, and the introduction and substitution of substituents were accompanied by shifts of tautomeric and conformational equilibria that determine the color of the compounds. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 224–229, May–June, 2006.     

α-Hydroxy carboxylic acids as ligands for enantioselective diethylzinc additions to aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes

The first examples of the enantioselective titanium-mediated diethylzinc additions to aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes catalyzed by optically active α-hydroxy acids are presented. The reactions proceed with very good yield and good asymmetric induction. Enantioselectivities up to 90% are obtained depending on ligand and aldehyde used. A stereochemical model for the reaction is proposed.     

Tautomerism and spatial isomerism in the 2-phenylaminothiazolin-4-one series

The existence of amine-imine tautomerism in 2-phenylaminothiazolin-4-ones was confirmed by comparison of the IR and UV spectra of these compounds with N-methyl model compounds with amine and imine structures. It is shown that the temperature changes in the PMR spectra are associated with syn-anti isomerization relative to the exocyclic CN bond. The kinetic parameters of this isomerization were calculated, and it was established that it is realized in the imine form via an inversion mechanism.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 190–195, February, 1978.     

Development of an environment-friendly microextraction method for the determination of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in water

Aldehydes are produced in water disinfected primarily by ozone treatment, and are generally present in treated water below the limit of detection (<5 μg L⁻¹) of commonly proposed methods. Formaldehyde is the most studied along with acetaldehyde due to their mutagenic character, and because it causes chromosomal aberrations. This paper reports the first miniaturised system for the simultaneous determination of thirteen aldehydes (aliphatic and aromatic) which are selected based on their frequent or suspected presence in water, mainly as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The micro liquid–liquid extraction (MLLE) method is a miniaturisation of EPA Method 556.1 for carbonyl compounds that includes some innovations, such as performing the derivatising reaction in a strong acidic medium (pH 1.1), and the addition of magnesium sulphate to the aqueous layer as the heating agent, which allows to carry out the whole simultaneous derivatisation/microextraction process in only 1 min. Large-volume sample injection (50 μL) coupled to programmed temperature vaporiser–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is also used to improve both sensitivity and selectivity. The MLLE method demonstrated high extraction efficiency (96%) with low limits of detection, between 0.7 and 80 ng L⁻¹, and good precision (RSD below 10%, n = 11). The proposed method was evaluated by determining aldehydes in water. Our study demonstrated that the selection of the target aldehydes was appropriate since all were found (at average concentrations from 8.0 to 1.4 μg L⁻¹ for aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, respectively) in swimming pool waters as DBPs.