正常人与肝气郁结证人指甲中无机元素的比较分析

为探讨正常人与肝气郁结证指甲中特殊无机元素谱的差别,进而为人指甲的临床诊断及药效物质基础的探讨提供实验依据,采用扫描电子探针法测定了正常人与肝气郁结证患者指甲中炭化灰中无机元素。结果表明,正常人指甲炭化灰无机元素特征谱,有Ca和S两个呈正态分布趋势的特征性高峰;肝气郁结证指甲炭化无机元素特征谱只有一个Ca呈正态分布趋势的高峰。提示正常人与肝气郁结证具有不同的无机元素谱,肝气郁结证与体内无机元素发生代谢紊乱有关。     

精神分裂症病人血清、指甲、头发中微量元素含量变化分析

应用双光束双通道原子吸收光谱仪测定了精神分裂症病人血清、指甲、头发中的微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn及宏量元素Ca、Mg的含量，并作了初步分析，结果表明：精神分裂症病人血清、指甲、头发中的元素含量均明显低于正常人，笔者认为，这些元素的缺乏，与精神分裂症的病因有一定关联，代表了精神分裂症病人的基本营养水平，值得进一步深入探讨。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定头发和指甲中金属元素

人体的健康与营养均与微量元素密切相关,而头发和指甲又是最易得到并在一定程度上代表人体组织的特征样品。为此,本文研究了用逆王水(硝酸和盐酸为3:1)和高压密封罐溶解样品,以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定头发和指甲中的钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、铜、锌和锰等元素,并讨论了共存元素和酸度对测定的干扰及消除。试验表明,本法简便可靠,回收率在93％～106％范围,RSD小于5％。     

极谱分析人员头发、指甲和尿中的汞含量及其评价

为查明汞在极谱分析人员体内吸收、积累与排泄情况，用无火焰原子荧光法测定了２１例极谱分析人员（检查组）和２２例非接触汞人员（对照组）头发、指甲和尿中的汞．结果表明，检查组头发、指甲和尿中汞含量均明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；性别之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；汞的积累与接触汞史有关，与年龄无关．发汞和指甲汞远比尿汞高，且含量稳定，因而头发和指甲的监测可作为血清和尿分析的补充手段，在职业病及环境医学方面甚至可代替尿汞监测。     

头发元素分析临床应用发展史略

2000多年前，中国医家就用头发（血余炭）治疗疾病，为近代头发元素分析奠定了思想基础。近150年来，特别是近30年来，头发元素分析得到了迅速发展，并已广泛应用于各项医学领域。本文从头发医药应用史、头发元素分析发展史、头发元素临床意义认识史、头发元素分析诊断疾病实践史以及头发元素争论史等五个方面按年代学顺序对头发元素分析的实验研究和临床应用探索作了回顾和概述。4图，26表，141篇参考文献。     

头发元素分析的科学意义及医学应用价值

对近100年来头发元素分析发展历史作了简要回顾，并从头发元素水平代表身体元素总体水平、头发元素含量可以准确测定，以及头发元素分析可用于医学诊断等三个方面论述了头发元素分析的生物学基础及临床意义，重点介绍了中国科学工作者在实验研究和临床实践中的探索和发现。科学实践证明，头发元素分析不仅为揭开古代头发神话提供了解释基础，也为头发的现代应用提供了可靠工具和科学依据。     

714名0—6岁儿童头发中微量元素水平的研究

报道了深圳市南山区７１４名０￣６岁儿童头发中６种必需微量和宏量元素的水平，分析了不同年龄、性别儿童６种元素的异常状况，研究结果表明，儿童头发中锌、铜、铁、钙和锰元素缺乏状况相当严重总缺乏率占８９．９％。     

全自动石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定人体指甲中14种元素

为了实现充分且高效的消解目的,以石墨消解为样品前处理方法,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定出指甲样本中铬、锰、钴、镍、锌、砷、硒、钼、镉、锡、锑、铊、铅、汞等14种元素的浓度。将人体指甲样本以浓硝酸和双氧水为消解液经过石墨炉于110 ℃高温充分消解后稀释50倍,在相应的标准系列下,根据不同元素的原子质量选择相近的内标元素,计算相应元素的浓度,对此方法进行标准曲线线性、精密度、加标回收实验、质控物质的参照等方法学特性评估。人体指甲样本中14种元素的标准曲线线性良好(R2=0.999),总变异系数在0.58%~6.7%的范围内,加标回收率在80.8%~113%。使用此法检测与指甲构成成分相似的头发有证质控样品,检测结果全部在证书标准值范围内。采用的方法样本消解充分,安全性高,标准曲线相关性良好,线性范围广,检测金属元素多元,具有良好的精密度和准确度等优点。     

无火焰非色散原子荧光法测定头发,尿及指甲中微量汞

本文研究了无火焰非色散原子荧光法测定头发、尿及指甲中微量汞的方法。方法简便快速、灵敏。在选定的条件下,方法检出限为:头发0.0025μg/g Hg,尿0.0023μg/ml Hg,指甲0.0020μgHg/g。工作曲线线性范围0.001～0.100μg/2ml Hg。相对标准偏差(n=16)小于4％;标准回收率95％～106％。36种共存元素其含量低于允许存在量,不干扰汞的测定。     

同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析及其在生物医学中的应用

介绍了同步辐射微束Ｘ射线荧光分析的特点、主要的仪器设备和方法。介绍了在头发和病变组织中微量元素成分的扫描分析，细胞元素谱及其在外界物理、化学条件下的变化分析等。展示了同步辐射微束Ｘ射线荧光分析在生物医学研究中的广阔前景。     

Trace elements in nail polish as a source of contamination of nail clippings when used in epidemiological studies

Summary Trace elements were determined in 27 brands of nail polish using INAA so as to estimate the impact of nail polish remainders when using (finger, toe) nail clippings as a bioindicator for epidemiological studies. Fe was found to be present up to almost 1.7% in one brand. No unambiguous correlation between trace elements and color was established, though transparent polish has the lowest trace element concentrations. An estimate of the maximum effect (no removal of the paint) indicates that over-estimates of some trace element levels in nail with more than 200.000% may occur. This study showed that if nail clippings will be used to study trace elements, very high demands have to be set to the efficiency and selectivity of the cleaning procedure.     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定指甲中14种金属元素的含量

有益微量元素在人体的正常生命机能和各种新陈代谢中都发挥着重要的作用,同时有害重金属含量过高会对人体产生负面的影响.指甲是微量元素代谢的途径之一,因此分析指甲中元素的含量具有重要意义.本文首先建立了指甲中元素含量测定方法,采用微波消解法对指甲样品进行前处理,再使用ICP-MS测定V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、A...     

Preparation of Hair and Nail Samples for Trace Element Analysis

Abstract

The method of washing of human hair and nail samples is examined by neutron activation and γ-ray analysis. The amounts of Na, K, Br, Au, Zn and La that are removed by successive washings determine the optimum number of washing for removing these trace elements as surface contaminants. A total solution contact time with the nails is 5 minutes, and leaching effects are observed after 6 washings.     

Atomic Emission Analysis of Human Nails for the Content of Trace Elements

To obtain data on the concentrations of trace elements in a human body, different biological samples are used; however, nails have some advantages. An optimized procedure is developed for the acid mineralization of human nails for the subsequent determination of trace elements therein by arc atomic emission spectrometry with excitation of a spectrum of a dry mineralization residue from the end of a carbon electrode. A mixture of conc. HNO₃ (1 mL) and conc. H₂O₂ (0.1 mL) was shown to be an optimum reagent for the decomposition of a nail sample with a weight of 0.1 g. The efficiency and process features of acid decomposition upon heating on a plate and in a microwave oven were compared. Seventy three nail samples were analyzed for the contents of Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn according to the developed procedure. The calculated statistically average contents and concentration ranges of the above-mentioned elements were compared with data of other publications.     

Laser ablation ICP-MS for quantitative biomedical applications

LA-ICP-MS allows precise, relatively fast, and spatially resolved measurements of elements and isotope ratios at trace and ultratrace concentration levels with minimal sample preparation. Over the past few years this technique has undergone rapid development, and it has been increasingly applied in many different fields, including biological and medical research. The analysis of essential, toxic, and therapeutic metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in biomedical tissues is a key task in the life sciences today, and LA-ICP-MS has proven to be an excellent complement to the organic MS techniques that are much more commonly employed in the biomedical field. In order to provide an appraisal of the fast progress that is occurring in this field, this review critically describes new developments for LA-ICP-MS as well as the most important applications of LA-ICP-MS, with particular emphasis placed on the quantitative imaging of elements in biological tissues, the analysis of heteroatom-tagged proteins after their separation and purification by gel electrophoresis, and the analysis of proteins that do not naturally have ICP-MS-detectable elements in their structures, thus necessitating the use of labelling strategies.     

微量元素分析中药炮制研究

根据国内近年来有关向量元素分析在中药炮制研究中所取得的成绩及存在问题，探讨了微量元素分析对中药炮制理论及方法研究的意义。     

试谈中国特色的现代微量元素研究

中国微量元素研究取得了处于国际前沿的研究成果,逐渐形成了具有中国特色的微量元素医学的完整体系,形成了元素基础医学学派、元素形态分析学派和元素组学研究学派。微量元素知识普及、期刊论文和会议论文、学位论文、专利项目、基金资助项目、图书出版、元素形态分析、微量元素组学等8个方面发生了翻天覆地的变化。首创微量元素组学研究,成功地破解了临床医学和中药传统理论中一系列关键问题,发现微量元素的双面效应。     

Cloud point extraction utilizable for separation and preconcentration of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids before their determination by spectrometric methods: a brief review

This review summarizes and discusses applications related to the determination of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids using cloud point extraction as sample pretreatment technique. Biological fluids, such as urine, whole blood, serum or plasma, are the most often analyzed biological materials in these applications. Spectrometric methods, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, are commonly used for quantification of elements preconcentrated by the extraction technique. Optimized extraction procedures lead to the high extraction recoveries of the target analytes. High enrichment factors achieved lead to the lowering of quantification limits. All these achievements illustrate the great potential of extractions for reliable quantification of (ultra)trace elements in complex biological matrix what is documented in this review of a number of works published on this topic.     

Spatially resolved ultra-trace analysis of elements combining resonance ionization with a MALDI-TOF spectrometer

A combined setup for spatially resolved mass analysis of trace amounts of elements and macromolecules is presented. Using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, a laser spectroscopic setup for resonant ionization of neutral atoms has been implemented. This allows for an efficient and selective detection of trace elements by means of resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). The instrumental scheme is described, and methodological developments are presented. In a first application pure, laser desorption/ionization with TOF-MS was used to measure mass distributions of cosmic nanodiamonds. For further applications regarding the spatially resolved ultra-trace analysis of elements in solid samples, an implanted target was used to characterize both laser desorption/ionization and laser desorption/resonance ionization for the detection of trace elements within. A perspective of the setup is given and future investigations are outlined.