镍掺杂对氧化铝纳米片负载金催化剂在CO氧化反应中的促进作用（英文）

负载型金催化剂在CO氧化反应中具有良好的低温活性,受到了研究者的广泛关注,其催化性能与载体的性质密切相关.氧化铝具有廉价易得、比表面积大和热稳定性好等优点.然而,作为一种非还原性载体,氧化铝提供活性氧物种的能力差,与还原性载体相比催化剂的CO氧化活性较低.理论计算和实验结果表明,在金催化剂中引入过渡金属镍能够有效促进氧分子在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,从而提升金催化剂活性.此外,过渡金属的存在能够提高金的分散度,增加活性位数目,防止在高温预处理过程中金颗粒的烧结,从而提高催化剂的活性和稳定性.基于上述考虑,本文在氧化铝纳米片合成过程中原位引入硝酸镍,以实现对氧化铝载体的改性,然后负载金并应用于CO氧化反应.结果表明,当载体中的Ni/Al摩尔比为0.05,金负载量为1wt%时,采用还原性气氛对催化剂进行预处理可以得到具有CO氧化性能优良的金催化剂, 20 oC下CO转化率即可达100%.预处理气氛能够显著影响催化活性,采用还原性气氛预处理后催化剂活性明显优于氧化性气氛预处理.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、氧气程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)、CO吸附原位红外光谱(CO-DRIFT)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段进一步研究了镍掺杂对Au/Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化反应的促进作用机制.XRD测试未观察到明显的金或镍衍射峰,表明金或镍物种均为高分散.HRTEM结果进一步证实,引入镍物种后金颗粒的粒径由3.6 nm减小为2.4 nm,表明镍掺杂有助于提高金的分散度.而XPS结果显示,镍掺杂催化剂中金与镍存在电子转移,而镍仍以Ni O为主.H2-TPR结果表明,镍掺杂的催化剂前驱体中的金物种更容易被还原.O2-TPD结果证实,镍掺杂催化剂能够引入更多的氧空位,促进氧分子的吸附和活化,从而促进CO氧化反应的进行.CO-DRIFT结果表明,相比于氧化性气氛,采用还原性气氛预处理后金物种的电子云密度增加, CO吸附增强.而对于镍掺杂的催化剂,金物种吸附CO分子的能力进一步提高,有利于CO氧化反应的进行.综上,镍掺杂能够有效提高催化剂中金的分散度,增强催化剂对CO的吸附,促进氧气分子的吸附和活化,从而提高了催化剂的CO氧化活性.     

PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂的CO低温氧化

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Pd含量的PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂, 并考察了该催化剂的CO低温氧化反应催化性能. 运用X射线衍射(XRD), 物理吸附(BET), CO化学吸附, 程序升温还原(TPR), 脉冲反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD结果表明, 焙烧温度从400 ℃升高到800 ℃, 有利于CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成. 然而焙烧温度升至1000 ℃时, 导致Pd从固溶体中析出. 催化剂的CO氧化活性(TOF)与CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的含量存在一定的对应关系. 随着CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体含量的增加, CO氧化的TOF值大, 可见CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成对CO氧化活性有着主要的贡献. 在催化剂焙烧温度相同的条件下, 催化剂的CO氧化活性与Pd粒子大小无对应关系. 脉冲反应进一步说明PdOx的CO氧化活性高于金属Pd.     

PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂的CO低温氧化

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Pd含量的PdO-CeO2复合氧化物催化剂,并考察了该催化剂的CO低温氧化反应催化性能.运用X射线衍射(XRD),物理吸附(BET),CO化学吸附,程序升温还原(TAR),脉冲反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征.XRD结果表明,焙烧温度从400 ℃升高到800℃,有利于CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成.然而焙烧温度升至1000℃时,导致Pd从固溶体中析出.催化剂的CO氧化活性(TOF)与CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的含量存在一定的对应关系.随着CexPd,1-xO2-δ固溶体含量的增加,CO氧化的TOF值大,可见CexPd1-xO2-δ固溶体的形成对CO氧化活性有着主要的贡献.在催化剂焙烧温度相同的条件下,催化剂的CO氧化活性与Pd粒子大小无对应关系.脉冲反应进一步说明PdOx的CO氧化活性高于金属Pd.     

氮化硼负载的高分散Au-CuOx纳米颗粒用于低温CO氧化

负载型金催化剂显示出高的低温CO氧化活性,其催化性能与载体的性质密切相关.近年来,六方氮化硼作为一种新型催化材料引起了极大关注.已有研究表明,二维结构的氮化硼纳米片有利于传质扩散,并且暴露出大量的表面和边缘,作为新型非金属催化剂在烷烃氧化脱氢中表现出优异的活性.同时,CO氧化反应是强放热过程,氮化硼具有优良的导热性能,能够减少反应过程中热点的形成.然而氮化硼是非还原性载体,与活性组分金之间的相互作用较弱,需要通过改性来加强金与氮化硼载体间的相互作用.基于此,本文首先通过球磨处理来获得具有高比表面积和富缺陷的氮化硼纳米片载体,采用浸渍法在氮化硼纳米片上引入铜物种,实现对载体的改性,然后采用传统的沉积-沉淀法制备Au-CuO_x/BN催化剂.经氧化性气氛预处理后,Au-CuO_x/BN催化剂表现出良好的低温CO氧化活性,80℃下即可实现CO的完全转化.采用X射线衍射(XRD),高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM),氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),CO吸附原位漫反射红外光谱(CO-DRIFT)等表征手段深入分析了Au-CuO_x/BN的结构与催化活性的关系.XRD测试结果未观察到明显的金和铜物种衍射峰,表明二者在氮化硼载体上高度分散.HRTEM和元素分析面扫描结果进一步表明,氧化铜主要分布于BN边缘的官能团和缺陷位上,金纳米粒子与铜物种的空间分布位置一致,表明BN通过稳定CuO_x物种进而实现了金纳米粒子(2.0 nm)的高分散,且反应后的金纳米粒子未发生明显团聚.H₂-TPR结果表明金和铜物种间的相互作用可促进铜物种的还原,XPS分析进一步证实了金和铜物种之间存在电子转移.CO-DRIFT结果表明,Au-CuO_x/BN催化剂对CO的吸附能力和提供活性氧物种的能力显著强于Au/BN催化剂,从而促进了CO氧化反应.综上,铜物种作为连接金和氮化硼载体之间的桥梁,促进了金纳米粒子在氮化硼载体上的分散和稳定,同时增强了CO的吸附和氧的活化.本文拓展了氮化硼在多相催化中的应用,为发展新型二维催化材料提供新的思路.     

金单原子催化剂上一氧化碳低温氧化（英文）

CO低温氧化对于基础研究和实际应用均具有重要意义.自上世纪八十年代日本的Haruta教授发现氧化物负载金催化剂对CO氧化的超高活性以来,负载金催化剂受到了广泛关注与深入研究,被认为是目前活性最高的CO氧化催化剂.在诸多影响CO氧化活性的因素中,纳米金的粒子尺寸是最重要因素之一.目前主流观点认为对于CO氧化,纳米金有一个最优尺寸范围,在0.5–5 nm,而Au原子/离子(Au~(3+),Au~+)的活性则低一到两个数量级.因此,一般认为负载金单原子催化剂对于CO氧化反应的活性要比金纳米粒子和团簇低很多.然而,最近几年的理论与实验研究均表明,金单原子负载于合适的载体上可以显示出与金纳米粒子和团簇相当的活性.本文对这些新进展进行综述,阐述金单原子催化剂对CO氧化的独特反应性能.Gates教授研究组进行了大量关于正价金对CO氧化影响的研究,其中包括孤立的金原子(Au~+).他们的研究发现,CO氧化活性随价态降低而降低,表明正价金对CO氧化至关重要.此外,他们的研究也表明,孤立金原子对CO氧化的活性(TOF)比金纳米粒子低一到两个数量级.然而,在他们的研究中,有几个因素可能导致催化剂的低活性.首先,他们一般采用非或弱还原性的载体.而载体的还原性对金催化剂上CO氧化活性影响非常巨大.另外,他们所用的金原子前驱体为配合物,在催化剂制备与反应过程中配体并没有去除,可能也是导致催化剂活性低的原因之一.与此相反,张涛课题组近期采用氯金酸为前驱体,通过简单的吸附浸渍法制备了一系列负载金单原子催化剂.同时用相同的载体制备了负载金纳米粒子催化剂进行对比,可以排除载体等其它影响因素.对比结果显示,单原子催化剂均显示出与纳米粒子相当的TOF(单位表面Au原子)和更高的反应速率(单位重量金).首先制备了氧化铁负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂在室温即展现出可观活性,TOF值与2–3 nm金粒子TOF值相当(~0.5 s–1).更有趣也更重要的是,该催化剂在高温(200 oC以上)展现出非常高的反应稳定性,在200 oC反应100 h无失活.在300和400 oC反应50 h也无失活发生,为开发高温稳定的金催化剂提供了新途径.其次制备了氧化钴负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂以0.05%金负载量即可实现室温全转化,其TOF值高达1.4 s~(–1).然而该催化剂在达到高活性之前必须首先在反应气氛中进行高温处理,这限制了其实用性.此外,催化剂需经反应气氛活化的原因尚待进一步研究.随之又制备了氧化铈负载金单原子催化剂,对富氢条件下CO选择氧化不仅具有高活性,而且具有极高的CO选择性.进一步研究结合理论计算表明,高选择性来自氧化铈负载的金单原子不能解离活化氢,对于氢气氧化活性极低,从而导致CO氧化的高选择性.理论研究方面也有进展.Camellone等计算发现金原子可以取代Ce O_2(111)面上的Ce原子形成Au~+并促进CO氧化.然而该金原子会扩散至氧空位形成带负电荷的Au~(δ-),阻止CO和O_2吸附,因而使催化剂失活.李隽课题组利用从头算分子动力学模拟首次发现氧化铈和氧化钛负载的Au纳米粒子在CO氧化过程中可以形成单原子的现象,并将之称为动态单原子催化剂.Yang等则计算了二维材料BN负载Au单原子催化CO氧化并发现反应优先通过三原子E-R机理进行.     

沉积-沉淀法和沉积-还原法制备Nb2O5负载的金纳米粒子及其催化CO氧化活性

采用不同的沉积法制备了氧化铌(Nb2O5)负载的金纳米粒子催化剂,即沉积-沉淀(DP)法、尿素辅助的DP法、沉积-还原(DR)法和一步法制备了1 wt%Au/Nb2O5催化剂.在众多类型Nb2O5(包括商业Nb2O5)中,采用水热法制备的层间型Nb2O5(Nb2O5(HT))最适合用作载体.结果表明,较大比表面积的Nb2O5(HT)使得金以纳米颗粒形式分散于其上.在优化的条件下,以DP和DR法沉积于Nb2O5(HT)上的金纳米粒子平均粒径为5 nm.采用DR法制备的Au/Nb2O5(HT)催化剂上CO转化率为50%时的温度为73oC.不沉积金的条件下,即使在250oC, Nb2O5(HT)对CO氧化反应也没有催化活性.因此,金的沉积对活性的促进作用非常明显.该简易Au/Nb2O5催化剂将金催化剂的类型扩展到酸性载体,这将增加新的应用.     

沉积-沉淀法和沉积-还原法制备Nb_2O_5负载的金纳米粒子及其催化CO氧化活性（英文）

采用不同的沉积法制备了氧化铌(Nb_2O_5)负载的金纳米粒子催化剂,即沉积-沉淀(DP)法、尿素辅助的DP法、沉积-还原(DR)法和一步法制备了1 wt%Au/Nb_2O_5催化剂.在众多类型Nb_2O_5(包括商业Nb_2O_5)中,采用水热法制备的层间型Nb_2O_5(Nb_2O_5(HT))最适合用作载体.结果表明,较大比表面积的Nb_2O_5(HT)使得金以纳米颗粒形式分散于其上.在优化的条件下,以DP和DR法沉积于Nb_2O_5(HT)上的金纳米粒子平均粒径为5 nm.采用DR法制备的Au/Nb_2O_5(HT)催化剂上CO转化率为50%时的温度为73 oC.不沉积金的条件下,即使在250 oC,Nb_2O_5(HT)对CO氧化反应也没有催化活性.因此,金的沉积对活性的促进作用非常明显.该简易Au/Nb_2O_5催化剂将金催化剂的类型扩展到酸性载体,这将增加新的应用.     

金单原子催化剂上一氧化碳低温氧化

CO低温氧化对于基础研究和实际应用均具有重要意义.自上世纪八十年代日本的 Haruta教授发现氧化物负载金催化剂对 CO氧化的超高活性以来,负载金催化剂受到了广泛关注与深入研究,被认为是目前活性最高的 CO氧化催化剂.在诸多影响 CO氧化活性的因素中,纳米金的粒子尺寸是最重要因素之一.目前主流观点认为对于 CO氧化,纳米金有一个最优尺寸范围,在0.5–5 nm,而 Au原子/离子(Au3+, Au+)的活性则低一到两个数量级.因此,一般认为负载金单原子催
　　化剂对于 CO氧化反应的活性要比金纳米粒子和团簇低很多.然而,最近几年的理论与实验研究均表明,金单原子负载于合适的载体上可以显示出与金纳米粒子和团簇相当的活性.本文对这些新进展进行综述,阐述金单原子催化剂对 CO氧化的独特反应性能. Gates教授研究组进行了大量关于正价金对 CO氧化影响的研究,其中包括孤立的金原子(Au+).他们的研究发现, CO氧化活性随价态降低而降低,表明正价金对 CO氧化至关重要.此外,他们的研究也表明,孤立金原子对 CO氧化的活性(TOF)比金纳米粒子低一到两个数量级.然而,在他们的研究中,有几个因素可能导致催化剂的低活性.首先,他们一般采用非或弱还原性的载体.而载体的还原性对金催化剂上 CO氧化活性影响非常巨大.另外,他们所用的金原子前驱体为配合物,在催化剂制备与反应过程中配体并没有去除,可能也是导致催化剂活性低的原因之一.与此相反,张涛课题组近期采用氯金酸为前驱体,通过简单的吸附浸渍法制备了一系列负载金单原子催化剂.同时用相同的载体制备了负载金纳米粒子催化剂进行对比,可以排除载体等其它影响因素.对比结果显示,单原子催化剂均显示出与纳米粒子相当的 TOF(单位表面 Au原子)和更高的反应速率(单位重量金).首先制备了氧化铁负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂在室温即展现出可观活性, TOF值与2–3 nm金粒子 TOF值相当(~0.5 s–1).更有趣也更重要的是,该催化剂在高温(200oC以上)展现出非常高的反应稳定性,在200oC反应100 h无失活.在300和400oC反应50 h也无失活发生,为开发高温稳定的金催化剂提供了新途径.其次制备了氧化钴负载金单原子催化剂,该催化剂以0.05%金负载量即可实现室温全转化,其 TOF值高达1.4 s–1.然而该催化剂在达到高活性之前必须首先在反应气氛中进行高温处理,这限制了其实用性.此外,催化剂需经反应气氛活化的原因尚待进一步研究.随之又制备了氧化铈负载金单原子催化剂,对富氢条件下 CO选择氧化不仅具有高活性,而且具有极高的 CO选择性.进一步研究结合理论计算表明,高选择性来自氧化铈负载的金单原子不能解离活化氢,对于氢气氧化活性极低,从而导致 CO氧化的高选择性.理论研究方面也有进展. Camellone等计算发现金原子可以取代 CeO2(111)面上的 Ce原子形成 Au+并促进 CO氧化.然而该金原子会扩散至氧空位形成带负电荷的 Auδ-,阻止 CO和 O2吸附,因而使催化剂失活.李隽课题组利用从头算分子动力学模拟首次发现氧化铈和氧化钛负载的 Au纳米粒子在 CO氧化过程中可以形成单原子的现象,并将之称为动态单原子催化剂. Yang等则计算了二维材料 BN负载 Au单原子催化 CO氧化并发现反应优先通过三原子 E-R机理进行.     

Au/CeO2-TiO2表面物种在还原和CO氧化过程中的变化

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了CeO2-TiO2载体, 再用沉积沉淀法制备了Au/CeO2-TiO2催化剂. 利用原位漫反射红外(FT-IR), 程序升温还原(TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附方法考察了催化剂的结构和表面性能. 结果表明, CeO2的存在有效抑制TiO2晶粒的长大, 增加TiO2的比表面积和晶格应变, 从而增强了Au和载体中TiO2的相互作用, 使得催化剂表面的氧化能力显著增强. 结合原位CO吸附的FT-IR结果表明, 不同温度的还原预处理能有效改变催化剂表面氧物种的组成, 并对不同氧物种在CO低温氧化过程中的作用进行了分析.     

含铈Cu-Fe-O催化剂的氧化还原性研究

用TPR等方法研究了Cu-Fe-Ce-O/γ-Al₂O₃(Ⅰ)催化剂的氧化还原性能。结果表明,在(Ⅰ)中铜的存在有利于Fe₂O₃的还原,铈作为助催化剂能增强Cu-Fe-O/γ-Al₂O₃(Ⅱ)的氧化还原性能,配合CO、NO和CO+NO气对试样进行预处理后发现,铜吸附CO的能力比铁强,铁吸附NO的能力比铜强,铈的存在可增强(Ⅱ)在NO+CO反应气氛中对CO的吸附能力,并对NO在催化剂表面吸附形成硝酸盐物种产生影响。     

无溶剂条件下磷酸锆纳米粒子作为固体酸催化剂催化苯酚选择性烷基化(英文)

A facile synthesis of α-zirconium phosphate(ZP) nanoparticles as an effective, eco-friendly, and recyclable solid acid catalyst is reported. Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were used as organic matrix as dispersing agents and served as a template for the nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds between ZP and PVA or PVP, along the polymer chains, appear to play an important role for improving the dispersion of in situ formed ZP. Following calcination of PVA/ZP or PVP/ZP, pure hexagonal ZP nanoparticles were obtained. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen sorption, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Pyridine-FTIR and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 suggest the presence of Brnsted acid sites. The acidic properties of the catalyst were studied in Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol by tert-butanol, producing 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol. The alkylation reaction was performed in the presence of catalysts P2O5/Al2O3, P2O5/SiO2, α-ZrP(prepared in the absence of the polymers), and various ionic liquids. The use of the hexagonal ZP nanoparticle catalyst afforded an excellent phenol conversion(86%) and selectivity towards 4-tert-butylphenol(83%) under optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least four times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.     

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Polyoxometalate‐Supported Gold Nanoparticulate Catalysts: Activity,Stability, and Temperature‐ Dependent Activation Properties

Nanoparticulate gold supported on a Keggin‐type polyoxometalate (POM), Cs₄[α‐SiW₁₂O₄₀]⋅n H₂O, was prepared by the sol immobilization method. The size of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) was approximately 2 nm, which was almost the same as the size of the gold colloid precursor. Deposition of gold NPs smaller than 2 nm onto POM (Au/POM) was essential for a high catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The temperature for 50 % CO conversion was −67 °C. The catalyst showed extremely high stability for at least one month at 0 °C with full conversion. The catalytic activity and the reaction mechanism drastically changed at temperatures higher than 40 °C, showing a unique behavior called a U‐shaped curve. It was revealed by IR measurement that Au^δ+ was a CO adsorption site and that adsorbed water promoted CO oxidation for the Au/POM catalyst. This is the first report on CO oxidation utilizing Au/POMs catalysts, and there is a potential for expansion to various gas‐phase reactions.     

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Polyoxometalate‐Supported Gold Nanoparticulate Catalysts: Activity,Stability, and Temperature‐ Dependent Activation Properties

Nanoparticulate gold supported on a Keggin‐type polyoxometalate (POM), Cs₄[α‐SiW₁₂O₄₀]?n H₂O, was prepared by the sol immobilization method. The size of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) was approximately 2 nm, which was almost the same as the size of the gold colloid precursor. Deposition of gold NPs smaller than 2 nm onto POM (Au/POM) was essential for a high catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The temperature for 50 % CO conversion was ?67 °C. The catalyst showed extremely high stability for at least one month at 0 °C with full conversion. The catalytic activity and the reaction mechanism drastically changed at temperatures higher than 40 °C, showing a unique behavior called a U‐shaped curve. It was revealed by IR measurement that Au^δ+ was a CO adsorption site and that adsorbed water promoted CO oxidation for the Au/POM catalyst. This is the first report on CO oxidation utilizing Au/POMs catalysts, and there is a potential for expansion to various gas‐phase reactions.     

Promotion effect of adsorbed water/OH on the catalytic performance of Ag/activated carbon catalysts for CO preferential oxidation in excess H2

Activated carbon (AC) supported silver catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method and their catalytic performance for CO preferential oxidation (PROX) in excess H₂ was evaluated. Ag/AC catalysts, after reduction in H₂ at low temperatures (≤200 °C) following heat treatment in He at 200 °C (He200H200), exhibited the best catalytic properties. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) results indicated that silver oxides were produced during heat treatment in He at 200 °C which were reduced to metal silver nanoparticles in H₂ at low temperatures (≤200 °C), simultaneously generating the adsorbed water/OH. CO conversion was enhanced 40% after water treatment following heat treatment in He at 600 °C. These results imply that the metal silver nanoparticles are the active species and the adsorbed water/OH has noticeable promotion effects on CO oxidation. However, the promotion effect is still limited compared to gold catalysts under the similar conditions, which may be the reason of low selectivity to CO oxidation in PROX over silver catalysts. The reported Ag/AC-S-He catalyst after He200H₂00 treatment displayed similar PROX of CO reaction properties to Ag/SiO₂. This means that Ag/AC catalyst is also an efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalyst.     

An XPS and STM study of the size effect in NO adsorption on gold nanoparticles

The effect of the gold particle size, temperature of the model gold catalyst, and NO pressure on the composition of the adsorption layer was studied by in situ XPS and STM methods. Adsorption of nitric oxide was carried out on gold nanoparticles with a mean size of 2?C7 nm prepared on the thin film surface of alumina. In high-vacuum conditions (P _NO ?? 10^?5 Pa), only atomically adsorbed nitrogen is formed on the surface of gold nanoparticles. At about 1 Pa pressure of NO and in the temperature range from 325 to 475 K, atomically adsorbed nitrogen coexists with the N₂O adsorption complex. The surface concentration of the adsorbed species changes with a change in both the mean gold particle size and adsorption temperature. The saturation coverage of the surface with the nitrogen-containing complexes is observed for the sample with a mean size of gold particles of 4 nm. The surface of these samples is mainly covered with atomically adsorbed nitrogen, the saturation coverage of adsorbed nitrogen of about ??0.6 monolayer is attained at T = 473 K. The change in the composition of the adsorption layer with temperature of the catalysts agrees with the literature data on the corresponding temperature dependence of the selectivity of N₂ formation observed in the catalytic reduction of NO with carbon monoxide on the Au/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The dependences of the composition of the adsorption layer on the mean size of Au nanoparticles (size effect) and temperature of the catalyst are explained by the sensitivity of NO adsorption to specific features of the gold surface.     

一维金纳米粒子链的制备及其光学特性研究

在没有模板存在的条件下, 只用表面活性剂为稳定剂, 制备了一维的金纳米粒子链, 详细考察了链状结构形成时各种试剂浓度、种类及其它外部条件对纳米粒子链形成的影响. 实验发现, 在HAuCl₄ 浓度1～5 mmol•L^－1、十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)浓度在2～8 mmol•L^－1 (小于其CMC)范围内, 温度由60 ℃ 0.5 h内升高到100 ℃, 并在升温时间内分次将还原剂加完, 反应完成后不老化立即冷却到室温, 可以获得一维金纳米粒子链. 采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、同步光散射光谱和发射光谱等手段对金纳米粒子链的光学特性进行了研究, 用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)研究了金纳米粒子的外观和粒径分布, 结果表明制备的金纳米粒子链是错落有致的链状结构, 结节处可以观察到金原子的排列晶格, 说明金纳米粒子的链状连接不是外部分子作用的结果; 表面等离子体共振吸收峰出现红移现象, 且随着链长的增加红移越明显; 具有非常强的光散射特性, 散射光强度比浓度相同的金纳米粒子高8倍; 发射光谱中明显观察到其三级散射, 表明其具有很好的非线性光学特性. 对金纳米粒子链的形成机理进行了探讨, 认为表面活性剂烷基亲油作用和金原子的聚集作用相互竞争是链状结构形成的原因.     

Green preparation of hollow mesoporous silica nanosphere inside-loaded gold nanoparticles and the catalytic activity

In this work, an active nano-catalyst with gold nanoparticles loaded in hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres (HMSNs/Au) was prepared by a one-pot sol-gel method, in which gold ions were loaded in hollow mesoporous silica spheres followed by sodium alginate reduction. The characterization of the HMSNs/Au were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET). The high catalytic activity of HMSNs/Au, denoted as apparent turn-over frequency (TOF), was detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (74.5 h^?1) and 2-nitrophenol (108.7 h^?1) in the presence of sodium borohydride solution due to the small gold nanoparticles size and overall exposure of active sites. It is expected that this ecofriendly approach to prepare inorganic composited nanoparticles as high active catalysts based on hollow mesoporous materials was a promising platform for loading noble metal nanoparticles.     

Nanosized Au/C catalyst obtained from a tetraamminegold(III) precursor: Synthesis,characterization, and catalytic activity in low-temperature CO oxidation

A method in which the water-soluble complex [Au(NH₃)₄](NO₃)₃ is used as the active-component precursor is suggested for preparing nanosized Au/C catalysts (C = Sibunit, a mesoporous carbon material). The complex is unreadily reducible by the carbon matrix and can be involved in cation exchange with proton-containing groups of the support. This method is referred to as cationic adsorption. It has been demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that the catalyst prepared in this way and treated with H₂ at 400°C contains size-uniform gold metal particles with a dominant diameter of <5 nm. The greater part of the gold particles is located on the outer surface of the Sibunit granules; that is, an egg shell type distribution of the active component takes place. The catalyst containing 1.3 wt % Au shows high activity in CO oxidation with excess humid air at 40°C. In this respect, it is far superior to the Au/C catalysts prepared by conventional methods (deposition-precipitation and impregnation), in which the typical gold particle size is several tens of nanometers.     

Multi-wall carbon nanotube supported tungsten hexacarbonyl: an efficient and reusable catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide

Highly efficient epoxidation of alkenes with H₂O₂ catalyzed by tungsten hexacarbonyl supported on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified with 1,2-diaminobenzene is reported. The prepared catalyst, [W(CO)₆@DAB-MWCNT], was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopic methods. The prepared catalyst was applied as an efficient catalyst for green epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide in CH₃CN. This heterogeneous metal carbonyl catalyst showed high stability and reusability in epoxidation without loss of its catalytic activity.     

溶剂热法制备Ag/TiO2纳米材料及其光催化性能

以乙醇为溶剂, 钛酸四丁酯为前驱体, 用溶剂热法制备了Ag表面修饰的负载型纳米二氧化钛光催化剂. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱等技术对其进行了系统的表征, 以亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液的脱色降解为模型反应, 考察了不同Ag含量样品的光催化性能. 结果表明: 用溶剂热法制备的样品中TiO₂皆为锐钛矿相, 金属Ag颗粒沉积在TiO₂表面, 粒径为2 nm左右, 比表面积较溶胶凝胶法制备的样品大大增加, 最高可达151.44 m²·g^-1; UV-Vis光谱和光催化实验表明: Ag修饰使TiO₂对光的吸收能力大大增强, 吸收带边红移至可见光区, 亚甲基蓝在该复合材料上的光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学模型; 溶剂热法制备样品的光催化性能明显好于溶胶凝胶法制备的样品, 在紫外光和可见光下, Ag摩尔分数为5%的样品表现出最佳的光催化活性.