IR spectra of methane adsorbed on MgO

Methane adsorbed on MgO is activated to form CH₃ fragments stabilized on cations and OH groups.

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, MgO CH₃-, OH-.

     

Catalytic methylation of phenol

Attempt was made to methylate phenol with methyl formate in the presence of a zeolite-supported palladium and a ruthenium-titanium catalyst.     

Kinetics of catalytic methylation of phenol

The kinetics of catalytic methylation of phenol on -alumina in the presence of water vapors was studied by means of a factorial experiment.

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Influence of surface relaxation on the IR spectrum of microcrystalline MgO

Relaxation effects on the infrared spectra of microcrystalline MgO prepared under controlled conditions have been studied both by varying the average particle size and by chemisorption of pyndine. The results are compared with the phonon density of states distribution calculated by other authors.     

Fe掺杂ZrO2催化剂上苯酚气相甲基化

采用共沉淀法制备了Fe掺杂的ZrO2样品,并采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、紫外漫反射光谱、扫描电镜-电子能谱、氨程序升温脱附、X射线光电子能谱和原位红外光谱进行了表征。结果表明, Fe进入ZrO2晶格中有效稳定了其晶相结构为单一的四方相。这些样品可很好地催化苯酚气相甲基化反应,其催化活性取决于Fe含量,并与样品中L酸有关。     

ORTHO-selective phenol methylation over iron-magnesium oxide catalysts

Alkylation of phenol to ORTHO-cresol and 2,6-xylenol with methanol in the presence of iron and iron-magnesium oxide catalysts was investigated. The catalysts displayed high activity and stability. Addition of magnesium oxide to the iron catalyst increases its selectivity towards C-alkylation in ortho-position. It was found that the active phase in the investigated catalysts is highly dispersed magnetite or mixed spinel of Fe(MgFe)O₄ type. It is noticed that if Fe⁺² ions are replaced by Mg⁺² ions in the spinel the basicity of the bifunctional catalyst is augmented, increasing ortho-selectivity of alkylation.     

The mechanism of phenol methylation on acid and basic zeolite catalysts

The alkylation of phenol with methanol on HY and CsY/CsOH catalysts was studied in situ under static conditions by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Attention was largely given to the identification of intermediate compounds and mechanisms of anisole, cresol, and xylenol formation. The mechanisms of phenol methylation were found to be different on acid and basic catalysts. The primary process on acid catalysts was the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether and methoxy groups. This resulted in the formation of anisole and dimethyl ether, the ratio between which depended on the reagent ratio, which was evidence of similar mechanisms of their formation. Subsequent reactions with phenol gave cresols and anisoles. Cresols formed at higher temperatures both in the direct alkylation of phenol and in the rearrangement of anisole. The main alkylation product on basic catalysts was anisole formed in the interaction of phenolate anions with methanol; no cresol formation was observed. The deactivation of acid catalysts was caused by the formation of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons that blocked zeolite pores. The deactivation of basic catalysts resulted from the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde with the formation of phenol-formaldehyde resins.     

IR spectroscopy and thermal desorption study of the transformation of phenol on hydrated manganese dioxide

An experimental basis is given for the conclusion that deep oxidation of phenol on hydrated manganese dioxide in a two-stage adsorption catalysis regime takes place via the stage of formation of surface phenoxy compounds.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 219–222, July–August, 1994.     

不同方法制备的介孔Ni/MgO催化剂上水蒸气重整苯酚制氢

利用浸渍法和水热共沉淀法两种方法,制备了介孔Ni/MgO催化剂,用于水蒸气重整生物质油模型物苯酚制取氢气;利用XRD、N2吸附/脱附、H2-TPR、TEM以及TG等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,以介孔MgO为载体,采用浸渍法制备的介孔NiO/MgO固溶体,具有较高的比表面积(60.6m2/g)以及较大的孔径(10.1nm)。与水热共沉淀法制备的催化剂相比,浸渍法制备的NiO/MgO前驱体经还原后的所得到介孔Ni/MgO催化剂Ni颗粒较小(5.0-6.0nm),分布均匀,具有较高的分散度(19.44%)。较大的比表面积能有效地促进活性金属颗粒的分散,而介孔有利于反应物和产物在催化剂孔道中的扩散。因此,该Ni/MgO催化剂在水蒸气重整苯酚制氢反应中具有较高的催化活性、稳定性和优异的抗积炭能力。     

Theoretical investigation of small MgO, CaO and NaCl clusters

We study the size dependence of the electronic and structural properties of small MgO, CaO and NaCl clusters (up to 12 atoms), thanks to a selfconsistent tight binding approach in which we treat electrostatic and covalent effects on the same level. We discuss the conditions under which the ionic charges get reduced and the interatomic distances are contracted or dimerized.     

Ionization-induced nucleation above liquid beam of aqueous solution of phenol after IR laser irradiation

A continuous liquid flow of an aqueous solution of phenol (Ph) in a vacuum (a liquid beam) was irradiated with a pulsed IR laser at 3 μm, which was resonant to the OH-stretching vibration of the solvent water molecules. Phenol molecules ejected from the liquid beam were selectively ionized at about 0.5 mm above it by a pulsed UV laser (270–280 nm). The photoions thus produced were extracted in a pulsed electric field with a given residence time after the photoionization for mass analysis. It was shown that photoions, Ph⁺, were solvated into Ph⁺(H₂O)_n in a dense cloud of water vapor ejected from the liquid beam by IR irradiation.     

Application of the monophase Zr-Mg-Y oxide system as catalyst for gas-phase phenol methylation

The investigation presented attempts to apply the Zr-Mg-Y oxide system as a catalyst for phenol alkylation with methanol by a gas-phase reaction. The studies were carried out in a continuous process performed at atmospheric pressure. It was indicated that the catalyst obtained is active and ortho-selective in the methylation of phenol. At 370°C, in the presence of Zr-Mg-Y oxide catalyst under the experimental conditions studied, an interesting yield of ortho-cresol (over 46% with 66.5% selectivity) was attained. Zr-Mg-Y-O catalyst was prepared by low temperature method and it was characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning microscopy and nitrogen physisorption. In addition, in this reaction the catalytic specificity of Zr-Mg-O, ZrO₂, MgO and Y₂O₃ was examined.     

Single step synthesis of propionitrile over K/MgO from acetonitrile methylation with methanol

A series of potassium-doped MgO catalysts loaded with KOH up to 15 mol% was prepared and evaluated for a single step synthesis of propionitrile from acetonitrile methylation with methanol. As the amount of potassium dope increased, both the acetonitrile conversion and the selectivity toward propionitrile increased. Based on the activity data coupled with CO₂-TPD and NH₃-IR ones, it was concluded that potassium doping to MgO resulted in the enhancement of both basicity and bifunctionality — methylation and hydrogenation.     

氧化铝负载催化剂作用下以甲醇为烷基化试剂的苯酚气相转化制备苯甲醚(英文)

苯甲醚作为重要的化学品和医药中间体而广泛应用于香料、调味剂及有机合成.液相法是传统的苯甲醚制备工艺,例如在碱性环境下,通过酚钠与硫酸二甲酯反应,溴苯与甲醇反应,酚钠与氯代甲烷反应均可制得苯甲醚.然而,这些方法具有环境处理负担较重和所用原料毒性较强等不足而备受限制.因此,环境友好的绿色苯甲醚合成工艺的开发成为必然,苯酚的气相烷基化工艺由此提出.其中,以碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为烷基化试剂的苯酚气相转化苯甲醚制备方法最受关注.DMC是常用的绿色高效烷基化试剂,但其价格相对较高,在一定程度上增加了苯甲醚制备工艺的复杂性和产品成本.鉴于DMC可由甲醇经氧化羰基化制得,因此以甲醇为烷基化试剂的苯酚气相烷基化转化制备苯甲醚方法成为另一研究热点.然而,与DMC的烷基化性能相比,以甲醇为烷基化试剂的反应产物分布较为复杂,作为苯酚O-烷基化(在苯酚的羟基氧原子上发生的烷基化)产物的苯甲醚相对较难获得,而苯酚的C-烷基化(在苯酚的芳环上发生的烷基化)产物甲基酚产率更易提高.总体而言,与DMC烷基化方法相比,以甲醇为烷基化试剂的苯酚气相转化制备苯甲醚方法有待改善,相关反应机理也更欠明晰,因此具有重要的研究价值.本文研究了γ-Al_2O_3(AA)负载型催化剂上以甲醇为烷基化试剂的苯酚气相转化制备苯甲醚方法,考察了反应温度、气体空速、苯酚与甲醇配比以及催化剂中K负载量和焙烧温度等对反应性能的影响,并分析了该体系中的反应机理.研究表明,在AA上负载的8种化合物(NaCl,MgCl_2,Fe_2(SO_4)_3,Co(NO_3)_2,ZnCl_2,La(NO_3)_3,Ce(NO_3)_3和KH_2PO_4)的催化剂中,KH_2PO_4/AA的催化性能最佳,相应催化剂中K离子负载量为7.53 wt%,于700 oC焙烧8 h.苯酚与甲醇气相反应过程中,苯甲醚最大收率出现在400–450 oC,且随甲醇与苯酚的摩尔比升高而增加,但随空速的提高而降低.另外,在KH_2PO_4/AA催化剂的高K含量,以及低温、高空速、低甲醇含量的物料配比的条件下,对苯酚的O-烷基化过程有利.产物除主产物苯甲醚以外,还有少量甲基苯酚、甲基苯甲醚以及二甲基苯酚等副产物.在K含量为7.53 wt%的KH_2PO_4/AA催化剂作用下,苯甲醚收率最高时反应条件为400–450 oC,空速小于0.18 h儃1,甲醇与苯酚摩尔配比为5.本文所开发的催化剂制备方法简单,反应条件温和,产物收率较高,因此具有较好的应用前景.X射线衍射结果显示,经高温焙烧及固相反应后,KH_2PO_4/AA催化剂中产生了K_3Al_2(PO_4)_3新物相.推测该反应机理是酸性氧化铝促进甲醇脱羟基负离子以及K离子促进酚羟基脱氢质子,所形成的甲基正离子进一步与苯氧基负离子结合得到苯甲醚的"钾离子-酸"双功能催化作用过程     

IR spectroscopy investigation of molecular association in the acetone-trichlormethane mixture

A significant increase in the stretching band intensity of trichloromethane in IR spectra of its solutions in acetone with increasing acetone mole fraction indicates the formation of hydrogen bonds between their molecules. The integral absorption coefficient (α) of this vibration is calculated. Experimental values of α are approximated by a theoretical dependence using the nonlinear least-squares method; association parameters are obtained. The relative volume fractions of H-bonded and free trichloromethane molecules are calculated depending on the total trichloromethane volume fraction in solution. The structure of the H-bonded associate is determined by quantum chemical calculations.     

IR-spectroscopic investigation of the adsorption of co on Rh supported on basic carriers MgO and ZnO

CO reacts with Rh(III) supported on MgO and ZnO at elevated temperatures (>373 K) to form the gem-dicarbonyl species Rh(CO)₂ on the surface. After reduction with hydrogen at 743 and 473 K, respectively, the dominant adsorption forms are the linear and bridge bonded CO on larger Rh-crystallites. This is in contrast to Rh on other supports such as Al₂O₃, SiO₂, etc.

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CO Rh(III), MgO ZnO (>373 ), Rh(CO)₂ . 743 473 , , CO Rh. =qo Rh , Al₂O₃, SiO₂ ..