不同2×2集束聚焦方式下高功率激光靶面光强分布特性

大口径高功率激光装置为提高激光靶面的光强强度, 通常采用2×2集束聚焦的模式进行打靶. 大口径楔形透镜是组成2×2集束聚焦系统的核心元件, 可分为二维离轴楔形透镜、一维离轴楔形透镜和非离轴楔形透镜3类. 为了获得理想靶面光强分布, 基于这3 类楔形透镜, 对比研究相应2×2集束聚焦系统下的靶面光强分布特性. 研究结果表明: 相比离轴楔形透镜, 采用基于非离轴楔形透镜的2×2集束聚焦系统时, 容易在激光靶面获得更窄的主瓣宽度、更强的峰值强度、更高的能量集中度. 研究结果对高功率激光靶场聚焦系统的配置选择有重要参考价值.     

具有实入瞳的远心离轴三反系统研究与设计

采用远心离轴三反成像系统的空间遥感仪器前有光束限制装置时,要求系统具有实入瞳与之匹配。为了满足这一需要,研究了孔径光阑位于主镜前与系统物方焦平面重合的离轴三反系统的设计问题,推导了主镜和三镜共面时离轴三反系统结构参数计算式及物方焦点与主镜间隔表达式,确定了实现系统物方焦点为实焦点的条件及其解法。据此,针对光谱范围为1.0～2.5μm、F数为4、有效焦距为360mm、视场为5°的设计要求,设计出整个波段全视场像质接近衍射极限的具有实入瞳的远心离轴三反系统,系统非球面最高次数为4次。设计结果表明,这种设计方法可用于实入瞳远心离轴三反成像系统的设计。     

离轴抛物镜准直特性的研究

由于反射式离轴抛物镜不产生色差并具有较大的有效孔径,已经广泛应用于辐射校准、宽波段的目标模拟和能量聚焦工作中。影响离轴抛物镜准直特性的主要因素有离轴量,有效孔径和焦面出射点的位置。采用矢量的方法,分析了离轴量等参量和准直性能之间的关系。给出了焦面出射点的位置从0~0.05f,相对孔径D/f从0~0.40,相对离轴量h/f从0.1~0.5变化时,离轴抛物镜准直仪的准直性能曲线。运用CODE V对矢量法的分析结果进行了验证,在条件一致的情形,两者结果吻合。这些结果有助于准直仪的设计。     

Far-field vector-diffraction of off-axis parabolic mirror under oblique incidence

Based on a full vector-diffraction theory, a detailed theoretical study is carried out, aiming at providing a clear insight into the effects of different focusing and off-axis parabola parameters on far-field vector-diffraction properties of an offaxis parabolic mirror in the presence of misalignments of the incoming beam. The physical origin of these effects is also explored. The results show that the far-field intensity profile is altered by the distortion-, coma-, and astigmatism-like aberrations, which are caused by oblique incidence rather than inherent aberrations for the off-axis configuration. The radius of 90% encircled energy also increases but does not change monotonically with incident beam size increasing, or rather,it first decreases and then increases. The focal shift strongly depends on the effective focal length and oblique incidence angle, but it is almost independent of the beam size, which affects the focusing spot patterns. The intensity distribution produces a higher astigmatic image with off-axis angle increasing. Coma-like aberration starts to become dominant with beam size increasing and results in larger curved propagation trajectory. The incident polarization also affects the intensity distribution. The variation in the Strehl ratio with oblique incidence angle strongly depends on the misalignment direction and beam size as well. In addition, we find that the difference in locus between the catacaustic and the diffraction focus in the meridian is small. But the locus of the sagittal foci is obviously different from the locus of the meridian foci and the catacaustic focus. Moreover, the peak intensity of the sagittal focus is maximum, and the ratio of the peak intensity to that in the meridian plane is approximately 1.5. Understanding these effects is valuable for assessing a practical focused intensity and describing the motion of charged particles under a strong electric field in ultraintense laser–matter interaction.     

The Effect of the Spin Angular Momentum on the Tight-Focusing Vortex Hollow Gaussian Beams

The propagation properties of a hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) carrying on-axis and off-axis vortices through a high numerical aperture lens are investigated. The intensity of the focused beam in the focal plane can be controlled by choosing the different topological charges, the beam order, and the semi-aperture angle. As intrinsic properties, vortex beams possess both spin and orbital angular momenta. The spin angular momenta (SAM) density can be treated as a vector in 3D since it exists in arbitrary orientation during the beam propagation. The vectors of SAM density orientation of the focused beam in 3D rotate around the central axis whose locations mainly rely on the vortices. The magnitude of the SAM density near the focus plane abruptly varies by altering the focal length of the lens. Under tightly focusing condition, two new pairs of vortices generate alternately on x and y axes in the vectorial electric fields, while the topological charges increase by one.     

数字显微全息中二次项相位误差的补偿

针对预放大式数字离轴显微全息技术中二次项相位误差,提出一种基于单幅全息再现的补偿方法.该方法是在显微物镜后焦平面处实现该相位误差的数学补偿,相位误差补偿过程具有调整参量单一化的优点.同时,利用显微物镜的后焦平面上物点特征实现了最佳再现距离的自动判断.该文以相位光栅为实验样本,对该方法进行了实验例证,实验结果验证了本文所提出二次项相位误差的补位误差的补偿方法的正确性和有效性.     

Dynamic Optical Vortex Trajectory Guided by the Symmetric Pearcey Gaussian Vortex Beam in the Uniformly Moving Parabolic Potential

This paper analytically and numerically proposes the propagation dynamics of the symmetric Pearcey Gaussian vortex beam (SPGVB) in the uniformly moving parabolic potential. The optical vortex located in the initial plane produces a vortex channel in the presence of the uniformly moving parabolic potential, called the vortex trajectory. The vortex trajectory can be manipulated dynamically by configuring different combinations of the parameters, and the optical intensity and the focal position can also be affected. Moreover, the spatial dynamic vortex trajectory is derived analytically, and the 2D on-axis and off-axis vortex scenarios are also presented. Our work expands the methods of the vortex trajectory manipulation and may broaden more practical potential applications in the particle manipulation.     

基于微透镜阵列的积分视场成像光谱仪前置成像系统分析与设计

作为对天文光谱进行观测的仪器，成像光谱仪有着十分重要的作用。由于传统的狭缝型成像光谱仪的狭缝限制，对面源天体的观测需多次扫面，才能获得完整的面源三维数据立方体(x, y; λ)，这样将会浪费大量的观测时间。为了实现目标物体三维数据立方体的快速扫描，提出了一种基于微透镜阵列的无狭缝、静态化、快速高效的可见光到近红外波段积分视场成像光谱仪结构，并对其基本工作原理进行分析。为了扩展微透镜阵列积分视场成像光谱仪在医学、农业、物探等其他领域的应用潜能，该研究的光谱波段选择可见光到近红外波段。根据视场积分的工作原理，分析和设计了像方远心结构的离轴三反前置成像系统。系统采用视场离轴方式，波段范围400～900 nm，相对口径F/5，主镜、次镜和三镜皆为二次非球面，二次非球面系数分别为：-7.05，-0.92和-1.61。为减小系统体积，在离轴三反系统的焦平面附近放置反射镜。系统在奈奎斯特空间频率60 lp·mm-1处，调制传递函数大于0.75，成像质量接近衍射极限，满足系统要求。     

Φ0300激光扩束器光学系统设计

从三级像差理论出发，分析伽里略（Galilean）和开卜勒（Keplerian）两种类型扩束器的轴外像差没有得到很好校正的原因.通过合理的光路分析，设计出一种轴上和轴外像差都得到很好校正、大口径大相对孔径、视场可增大的、光学性能优于伽里略和开卜勒扩束器的新型扩束器.并给出了物镜通光口径为300 mm、物镜焦距为800 mm、视场为4 mrad、放大倍率为30倍、主工作波长为0.6328 μm的非球面扩束器光学系统结构参量，且进行了像质评价.调整此扩束器目镜组中各镜片的间隔以及物镜和目镜的间隔可以使该扩束器在三个波长使用.     

半导体激光器远轴光束的准直特性研究

对半导体激光器光束准直场的研究具有重要的意义,半导体激光器的远轴模型能精确描述其发出的光束。根据瑞利索末菲衍射公式,利用稳相法得出了半导体激光器远轴光束经过透镜准直后的场分布解析表达式。根据该表达式可以得出如下结论:准直后光束在两个方向上的光斑大小与透镜焦距成正比,且与传输距离无关,沿轴光强与波导尺寸参量和准直透镜焦距有关,且与透镜焦距成平方反比关系,在传输距离较短的情况下,准直光场相位分布近似为球面,传输距离较长时,光场相位近似为平面.这些结论在工程应用中具有重要的价值。     

Diffraction patterns of off-axis gaussian beams in the presence of third-order spherical aberration in the optical system

The intensity distribution of diffraction patterns for off-axis gaussian beams at the image plane of an optical system with third-order spherical aberration is calculated by using the concept of the beam aberration function previously introduced by the present authors. The results show how the peak intensity of the diffraction patterns diminishes and how the transversel focal shift occurs as a function of the incident position of the beams at the pupil plane and their beam size.     

Active focus locking in an optically sectioning microscope utilizing a deformable membrane mirror

A significant challenge for in vivo imaging is to remove movement artifacts. These movements (typically due to either respiration and cardiac-related movement or surface chemical response) are normally limited to the axial direction, and hence features move in and out of the focal plane. This presents a real problem for high-resolution optically sectioned imaging techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy. To overcome this we have developed an actively locked focus-tracking system based around a deformable membrane mirror. This has a significant advantage over more conventional focus-tracking techniques where the microscope objective is dithered, since the active element is not in direct, or indirect, contact with the sample. To examine the operational limits and to demonstrate possible applications for this form of focus locking, sample oscillation and movement are simulated for two different biological applications. We were able to track focus over a 400 microm range (limited by the range of the piezomounted objective) with a rms precision on the focal depth of 0.31 microm +/- 0.05 microm.     

离轴非旋转对称叠加方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜

针对传统点聚焦菲涅尔透镜聚光分布均匀性差以及聚焦光斑形状与太阳能电池片不匹配的缺点,采用离轴非旋转对称叠加方法进行了方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜设计,透镜采用方形非旋转对称结构,设计过程中通过在透镜中心截取一方形小孔来降低聚焦光斑中心辐照度峰值,改善接收面聚光分布,以提高聚光均匀性.采用光线追迹法模拟并分析了小孔边长、离轴偏移量、离轴聚焦距等参量对聚光性能的影响,结果表明:采用该方法设计的透镜聚焦光斑形状为方形,聚光均匀度高达90%.     

极紫外投影光刻掩模阴影效应分析

极紫外（EUV）投影光刻掩模在斜入射光照明条件下,掩模成像图形位置和成像图形特征尺寸（CD）都将随入射光方向变化,即存在掩模阴影效应。基于一个EUV掩模衍射简化模型实现了掩模阴影效应的理论分析和补偿,得到了掩模（物方）最佳焦面位置和掩模图形尺寸校正量的计算公式。掩模（物方）焦面位置位于多层膜等效面上减小了图形位置偏移;基于理论公式对掩模图形尺寸进行校正,以目标CD为22 nm的线条图形为例,入射光方向变化时成像图形尺寸偏差小于0.3 nm,但当目标CD继续减小时理论公式误差增大,需进一步考虑掩模斜入射时整个成像光瞳内的能量损失和补偿。     

对地观测高分辨率TDICCD相机调焦控制系统设计

本文详细介绍了一种基于卫星平台的对地观测高分辨率空间TDICCD相机调焦控制系统的设计与实现。针对相机轨道标称值为644.6 km的太阳同步轨道,为实现对地全色成像2 m分辨率和多光谱成像8 m分辨率,推扫成像不小于100 km的地面覆盖宽度要求,采用8片TDICCD高精度交错拼接技术获得高分辨率相机焦平面,以实现对地推扫成像高分辨率和宽覆盖的要求。首先,介绍高分辨率TDICCD相机的离轴光学系统设计;然后,介绍相机调焦系统组成和TDICCD长焦平面拼接技术;最后,对相机调焦系统进行调焦精度测试,根据测试数据分析出相机调焦精度并与理论设计值进行比较分析,调焦,精度测试结果为±7.2 μm(3σ),满足高分辨率TDICCD相机在轨成像需要的高精度调焦要求。     

Study of spatial resolution of circular and off-axis zone plates

The effect of limiting the zone plate aperture on its resolution was studied. Analytical formulas for calculating the field in the image plane were derived. The field distribution in the focal plane of circular and off-axis zone plates was numerically simulated.     

基于液体的电控光学成像系统

提出一种基于液体的电控光学成像器件,其结构是一个容纳有三层液体的圆柱容器,上下两层是导电液体,中间一层是油性液体.圆柱容器的内壁依次涂覆了透明导电层和绝缘介质层.在透明导电层与上下导电液体间施加两个不同的外部电压,分别用来控制容器中两个液体界面的形状.两个外加电压的适当匹配使该光学成像器件在焦距变化的同时保证像面位置不动.文章以器件对无穷远处成像为例,基于高斯光学理论对器件做了详细的计算,给出了两个外加电压的匹配关系以及系统的焦距表达式,并对系统做了相关的模拟分析,分析的结果表明本文所设计的光学成像器件的变倍比可达1:1.5,体现该器件是一种可靠的变焦光学成像器件.     

Spectral shifts of partially coherent radial array beams passing through ABCD optical systems

The expressions for the spectral intensity of partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) radial array beams for both the correlated and uncorrelated superpositions passing through ABCD optical systems have been derived by using the extended Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral. The effects of the normalized radius R, the number of beamlets N, the spatial coherent parameter of array beamlets β and the optical system parameters on the on-axis and off-axis relative spectral shifts for the two types of superposition have been discussed in detail. The results show that for the correlated superposition, the on-axis spectral intensity in free space and the off-axis spectral intensity on the geometrical focal plane depends on the source spectral density S⁰(ω), the spatial coherent parameter of array beamlets β, the generalized Fresnel number of the system F, the normalized radius R and the number of beamlets N, whereas the spectral intensity for the uncorrelated superposition is independent of the number of beamlets N. Furthermore, as for on the actual focal plane, the off-axis spectral intensity for the two types of superposition is closely related to N.     

光纤传像束的物镜设计

分析3种像方远心系统的结构和用途。在传像光纤物镜的设计过程中,分别采用传统单组像方远心系统和“负-正”型式的像方远心光学系统结构,通过比较发现“负-正”型式的像方远心系统的结构能很好地解决镜头轴外像差校正和像面照度均匀性的问题,并且镜头结构紧凑。使用ZEMAX光学软件进行优化,给出工作波长(0.38～0.78)μm,焦距1.92mm,视场角60°,相对孔径为1∶4的镜头设计实例。设计结果表明:此镜头在46lp/mm处的MTF大于0.8,像质优良。     

电控聚合物分散液晶变焦全息透镜制作

介绍了相位型全息聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)材料全息透镜,在电场作用下液晶微滴折射率逐渐与聚合物折射率匹配,实现透镜电控变焦。研究了微米尺寸和纳米尺寸液晶微滴聚合物分散液晶材料配方特性和微观结构。采用优化纳米尺寸材料配方制作5~6μm聚合物分散液晶盒,采用离轴式平面波和球面波干涉全息写入光路,成功制作电控变焦聚合物分散液晶全息透镜样品。该透镜样品焦距为20 mm,能够正一级衍射放大成像。实现“0”,“1”变焦的驱动电压阈值为60 V。并进一步提出了基于聚合物分散液晶电控变焦元件集成叠加技术实现电控变焦光学成像系统的技术思路。