Optical technique for classification, recognition and identification of obscured objects

The capability to classify, recognize and to identify objects from spatially low resolution images has high significance in security related applications especially in a case that recognition of camouflaged object is required.In this paper we present a novel approach in which the scenery containing obscured objects which we wish to classify, recognize or identify is illuminated by spatially coherent beam (e.g. laser) and therefore secondary speckles pattern is reflected from the objects. By special image processing algorithm developed for this research and which is basically based upon temporal tracking of the random speckle pattern one may extract the temporal signature of the object. And right after, to use it for its classification (e.g. its separation from the other objects in the scenery), its recognition and identification even in a case that the imager provides poor spatial resolution that by itself does not allow doing the specified detection related operations.     

Phase-shifting interferometry with four interferograms using linear polarization modulation and a Ronchi grating displaced by only a small unknown amount

A method to reduce the number of captures needed in phase-shifting interferometry is proposed on the basis of grating interferometry and modulation of linear polarization. The case of four interferograms is considered. A common-path interferometer is used with two windows in the object plane and a Ronchi grating as the pupil, thus forming several replicated images of each window over the image plane. The replicated images, under proper matching conditions, superpose in such a way so that they produce interference patterns. Orders 0 and +1 and −1 and 0 form useful patterns to extract the optical phase differences associated to the windows. A phase of π is introduced between these orders using linear polarizing filters placed in the windows and also in the replicated windows, so two π-shifted patterns can be captured in one shot. An unknown translation is then applied to the grating in order to produce another shift in the each pattern. A second and final shot captures these last patterns. The actual grating displacement and the phase shift can be determined according to the method proposed by Kreis before applying proper phase-shifting techniques to finally calculate the phase difference distribution between windows. Related simulations and experimental results are given.     

A two-dimensional fast Fourier transform method for measuring the inclination angle of parallel fringe patterns

In this paper we describe a technique based on two-dimensional fast Fourier fringe pattern analysis for the automated evaluation of the inclination angle of parallel fringe patterns. Analysis of noise-free theoretical parallel fringe patterns is presented and numerical results of the angle evaluation error using this algorithm are discussed. We also demonstrate an application of the method to the measurement of the inclination angle of experimental parallel fringe patterns.     

由傅里叶功率谱恢复物函数的研究

相位恢复工作中,针对物函数是实函数的情形,Fienup算法取得了较大的成功.本文给出一新算法,其收敛程度比Fienup算法更优.以天文学中双星情形为例,比较了两种不同算法的结果.     

Neural network applied to reconstruction of complex objects based on fringe projection

The neural network has been introduced into the reconstruction of the complex object based on fringe projection. In this method, the neural network with powerful property of approximation is used to get the continuous approximate function of a discrete fringe pattern captured by an image frame grabber. The depth-related phase of the measured object modulated into the fringe pattern can be demodulated by dealing with the approximate function. Compared with the Fourier transform profilometry (FTP), in the network method, one deformed fringe pattern is needed to reconstruct the tested object, and a high spatial resolution is maintained for no filtering process. Therefore, this method performs better than FTP in the measurement of the complex object. Moreover, the network method is capable of demodulating more depth-related phase even in the case that the local shadow exists in the fringe pattern. Computer simulations and experiments validate the feasibility of this method.     

Moiré fringes as two-dimensional autocorrelation of transmission function of linear gratings and its application for modulation transfer function measurement

In this work, we show that the transmission moiré pattern is two-dimensional autocorrelation of transmission function (2D-ACTF) of two superimposed linear gratings that make a small angle with each other. In this approach, the properties of moiré fringes vs. the relative displacement of the gratings are formulated. By measuring 2D-ACTF of two similar gratings, we evaluate the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the gratings’ generating system. This work is the generalized form of our previous works. The implied MTF measurement method is easier and faster than our previous methods.     

相位恢复算法用于分区复用多图像加密的研究

衍射投影效应明显降低了基于双相位编码的多图像加密系统的性能.提出分区复用技术来解决这一问题.待加密的多个图像被放置于各个输出平面的不同区域,于是相邻两个输出平面的秘密图像区域将错落开来,因而有效抑制了衍射投影所产生的噪声.在此基础上,重点研究了用于该系统的相位恢复算法.在完整的顺序迭代之后,对解密质量最差的图像进行逐一补偿,从而寻找到了更加符合多幅秘密图像客观特点的子循环次序.根据这一次序,用完整迭代后附加调节性迭代的方法或者完全更换迭代次序的方法,都能够在保留基本算法快速收敛优势的前提下,使多幅解密图像质量以及系统地复用容量得以整体提高.     

二维弥散介质温度场的快速重建

提出了一种利用电荷耦合器件摄像机获取的辐射信息进行二维弥散介质温度场快速重建的新模型. 与现有的温度场重建模型相比,该模型是以逆向Monte Carlo方法为基础,重建速度更快、效率更高,能更好地描述散射介质. 采用了一个精确的二维温度场作为重建对象,结果表明,即使在存在测量误差的情况下,利用此模型重建出的温度场仍能重现原有精确温度场的特征. 关键词： 温度场重建 逆向Monte Carlo 电荷耦合器件摄像机 反问题     

二进制信号的混沌压缩测量与重构

二进制信号的压缩感知问题对应超奈奎斯特信号系统中未编码的二进制符号的检测问题, 具有重要的研究意义. 已有的二进制信号压缩测量采用高斯随机矩阵, 信号重构采用经典的l₁最小化方法. 本文利用混沌映射构造基于Cat序列的循环测量矩阵, 并提出一种针对二进制信号的全新的重构算法——平滑函数逼近法. 文章构造的混沌循环测量矩阵兼具确定性和随机性的优点, 能够抵御低信令效率和低信噪比的影响, 取得更好的压缩测量效果. 文章提出的平滑函数逼近法利用非凸函数代替原问题不连续的目标函数, 将组合优化问题转化为具有等式约束的优化问题进行求解. 利用稀疏贝叶斯学习算法进一步修正误差, 得到更准确的重构信号. 在信道含有加性高斯白噪声的条件下对二进制信号进行了压缩测量与重构的数值仿真, 仿真结果表明:基于Cat 序列的循环测量矩阵的压缩测量效果明显优于传统的高斯随机矩阵; 平滑函数逼近法对二进制信号的重构性能明显优于经典的l₁最小化方法.     

Sectional image reconstruction and three-dimensional microscopy of small particles by angular spectrum method

In this letter, we demonstrate sectional image reconstruction and three-dimensional microscopy of small particles. We demonstrate sectional image reconstruction and holographic methods to obtain 2D and 3D images of small particles. A single hologram is sufficient to obtain a section containing only the focused parts of the reconstructed image. One can obtain images of different plane sections of a specimen in addition to its 3D display. The reconstruction of a digital hologram is based on the plane-wave expansion of the diffracted wave fields using Fourier optics (this method is also known as the angular spectrum method). With this method, the object-to-hologram distance can be quite small because the minimum-distance requirement does not apply. Furthermore, numerical reconstruction of transparent objects by this method may be interesting for micro-structure measurement.     

光衍射数值模拟中不同抽样方法的适用性分析

基于标量衍射理论和快速傅里叶变换,分析了光衍射的数值模拟时可以采用的不同抽样方法及其适用性。理论分析表明,按照抽样对象的不同,存在三种适用范围不同的算法:传递函数抽样法、点扩展函数抽样法和加权函数抽样法。其适用范围分别为衍射距离小于、大于和等于特征距离的情况。在Matlab软件环境下给出了三种算法的模拟计算实例,并与相应的实验结果进行了比较,证明了理论分析的正确性。最后还给出了一种无需改变抽样点数和抽样间隔就可计算任意距离衍射过程的自适应抽样算法及其在数字全息再现中的应用实例。     

Aberrations in fractional-Talbot images of periodic binary gratings

We discuss the ray-optical aberrations which appear in the fractional-Talbot image of a periodic binary grating with coherent illumination. First we examine the complex amplitude of an aberration-free imaging field at a fractional-Talbot plane. We then trace the path of a diffracted ray of specific order which contributes to the fractional-Talbot imaging. Next we formulate the focus-shift and third-order aberrations which arise from a focusing error and a fourth-order approximation of the path length, respectively. We then evaluate the amplitude and phase of an aberrated imaging field that are represented in terms of aberration functions. When the grating period decreases to approach the optical wavelength, the aberrations of lower-order rays are shown to be more influential on the fractional-Talbot imaging field than those of higher-order rays. The theory of aberration discussed here could be very useful in evaluating the fractional-Talbot image of a periodic binary grating.     

可变光阑光学衍射加密系统

为了克服双随机相位编码系统的局限性,提出基于光学衍射成像原理的图像加密方法.该方法在光学衍射加密系统中加入可变光阑,形成透光面积不同的振幅板,对明文进行加密,得出多个密文.解密时,通过相位恢复算法,从多幅衍射强度图像中恢复原始明文.仿真表明,由于只需要记录光波的衍射强度,在密文记录过程无需使用干涉装置,通过可变光阑可以方便地调节振幅板的透光面积,无需改变光学结构或者移动光学器件,因此,大大降低了加密过程实施的难度.     

Tail wavelets in merger of binary compact objects

We present a model for tail wavelets, a phenomenon known as "echo" in the literature. The tail wavelet may appear in signal reconnaissances in the merger of binary compact objects, including black holes and neutron stars. We show that the dark matter surrounding the compact objects lead to a speculated tail wavelet following the main gravitational wave(GW). We demonstrate that the radiation pressure of the main wave is fully capable of pushing away the surrounding matter to some altitude, and splashing down of the matter excites the tail wavelet after ringing down of the main wave. We illustrate this concept in a simplified model, where numerical estimations are conducted on the specific distribution of dark matter outside the black hole horizon and the threshold values in accordance with observations. We study the full back reaction of the surrounding dark matter to the metric and find that the effect on to the tail wavelets is insignificant. We reveal the fine difference between the tail wavelets of a dressed and a bare black hole. We demonstrate that the tail wavelet can appear as a natural phenomenon in the frame of general relativity, without invoking modified gravities or quantum effects.     

分数傅立叶变换的进展与展望

在综合国内外有关文献的基础上，评述分数傅立叶变换在信息光学中的新进展。概述分数傅立叶变换的发展过程，并对其研究现状进行了简略总结，同时对其未来的发展作出展望。     

Speckle-free imaging of two-dimensional microscopic objects by holography

Schemes for recording and reconstruction of relief-phase reflection holograms providing virtually aberration-free imaging of the structure of two-dimensional objects were developed and substantiated. Samples of relief-phase reflection holograms forming a speckle-free image of a photolithographic test pattern with a characteristic size of 0.8 μm at a wavelength of 0.488 μm with a numerical aperture of 0.6 were obtained on a layer of recording medium (chalcogenide deposited on a plane glass substrate). On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that it is practically possible to attain the diffraction limit of hologram resolution and that further studies aimed at the implementation of methods of optical holography into photolithography and, predominantly, into short-wavelength ultraviolet lithography, are undoubtedly promising.     

Phase diagram of two-dimensional binary Yukawa mixtures

We have used Ramakrishnan–Yussouff (RY) density functional theory (DFT) to explore the topology of the phase diagram of two-component charge stabilised colloidal suspensions confined to a two-dimensional plane. The particles of the system interact via purely repulsive soft core Yukawa potential. Pair correlation functions (PCFs) used as input informations in DFT were calculated by solving both the hypernetted chain (HNC) and Percus–Yevick (PY) integral equation theories. To test the relative performance of the HNC and PY theories in the context of phase transitions, we have also studied the corresponding one-component systems. We found that RY DFT with HNC PCFs does not stabilise solid in both the one- and two-component cases, whereas the PY theory does. By considering the freezing into the substitutionally disordered triangular solid, we found that the temperature-composition phase diagrams of the binary mixture are narrow spindles whose thickness depends on the symmetry of the mixture components and the value of the screening constant of the Yukawa potential. Although the phase diagram obtained by RY DFT with structural inputs calculated by the PY theory is found to be shifted to higher temperature region in the temperature-composition plane, however, it captures qualitatively all the essential features of the phase diagram. Our results are in principle verifiable through computer simulations and experiments.     

Design and properties of binary axilens

A novel optical element, axilens, proposed by Davidson et al., for achieving extended focal length is introduced. We propose a method to design the binary axilens which has high diffraction efficiency. Using computer numerical simulation, we designed 4 axilenses each has different parameters. In this paper we present our results and make comparison with that in ref. [1]. The properties of binary axilens such as the focal depth, the lateral resolution and the intensity distribution along axis is discussed.