金属胶束催化: 二氧环胺Ni(Ⅱ)配合物催化羧酸酯水解

 合成了单核二氧大环四胺镍(Ⅱ)配合物,对该配合物在不同胶束体系中催化对硝基苯基α-吡啶甲酸酯(PNPP)的水解进行了动力学研究,用三元复合物动力学模型处理得到了相关的动力学和热力学参数. 结果表明,该配合物对PNPP水解反应有显著的催化作用,配合物在两性离子表面活性剂正月桂酸肌氨酸钠(LSS)和非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯(23)十二烷基醚(Brij35)胶束溶液中对PNPP水解的催化活性高于在阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)胶束溶液中的催化活性; 配合物的空间构型对反应速率有较大影响,具有四面体结构的配合物更有利于PNPP的水解.     

草酰胺桥联双核铜配合物金属胶束催化BNPP水解的动力学和机理研究

合成了草酰胺桥联双核铜配合物(RCu2(H2O)2(ClO4)2)(A)和(R′Cu2(H2O)2(ClO4)2)(B)。研究了A、B与表面活性剂LSS和CTAB形成的金属胶束催化二(对硝基苯酚)磷酸二酯(BNPP)水解机理,建立了动力学模型。结果表明在25℃、pH=7的条件下,该类金属胶束对BNPP水解有催化作用,BNPP催化水解速率比其自水解速率提高1×106倍,这是由于双核铜配合物中两个铜离子的协同作用、表面活性剂胶束的浓聚效应和pH效应所致。因此含双水的草酰胺桥联双核铜配合物金属胶束是一较好的磷酸二酯水解酶的模拟模型。     

咪唑衍生物的过渡金属配合物催化对硝基苯酚吡啶甲酸酯水解动力学研究

25 0±0 01℃时,研究了带有咪唑基团的配体与二价过渡金属离子生成的配合物在三种不同的表面活性剂(CTAB,Brij35和LSS)中催化对硝基苯酚吡啶甲酸酯(PNPP)水解的动力学。运用金属胶束催化的三元复合物动力学模型对所得的实验结果进行定量处理,得到了相关的动力学和热力学参数。结果表明:pH7 00时,在任何一种配合物与不同的表面活性剂生成的金属胶束溶液中,PNPP的水解速率都有较大的增加,尤其是铜(Ⅱ)配合物与两性离子表面活性剂(LSS)以及非离子表面活性剂生成的金属胶束对PNPP的水解反应表现出较高的催化活性,而在阳离子表面活性剂中,配合物催化PNPP水解反应的效率却并不高,这可能归因于阳离子表面活性剂带正电的极性头与金属离子之间的静电相斥作用;在所研究的三种配合物中,尽管Cu(Ⅱ)配合物具有最低的pKa值,但是在弱碱性条件下,Zn(Ⅱ)配合物却表现出更高的催化活性,这可能与催化剂在胶束溶液中的离子化状态以及不同配合物中活性物种的不同亲核能力有关。     

双环八氮杂大环双核铜配合物催化羧酸酯水解研究

合成了一类新的双环二氧大环四胺双核铜配合物，其组成经元素分析、热重/差热分析、摩尔比法及等物质的量连续变化法所确证。在水溶液中，详细研究了其催化2-吡啶甲酸对硝基苯酚酯(PNPP)水解的动力学和机理，并与相应的单核铜配合物进行了对比。结果表明，此双核铜配合物能有效地催化PNPP的水解；两个金属中心之间具有明显的协同作用，较好的模拟了某些天然水解金属酶的“双功能催化机理”。     

草酰胺桥联双核铜配合物金属胶束催化PNPA水解反应动力学

研究了草酰胺桥联双核铜配合物和不同表面活性剂胶束组成的金属胶束催化PNPA水解的动力学特征。结果表明：金属胶束催化PNPA水解为双分子反应；不同配体结构的配合物的催化活性不同；三种不同类型表面活性剂胶束对催化PNPA水解的影响也不同。     

冠醚化Schiff 碱配合物金属胶束催化BNPP水解动力学

研究了两种新的冠醚化Schiff 碱过渡金属配合物与表面活性剂Brij35(聚氧乙烯(23)十二烷基醚)形成的金属胶束对BNPP（对硝基苯酚磷酸二酯）的催化水解反应. 探讨了催化反应机理, 建立了一种金属胶束催化BNPP水解的动力学数学模型; 计算了模拟酶催化反应的相关参数和表观活化能. 结果表明, 此类金属胶束作为模拟水解金属酶对BNPP水解反应表现出良好的催化活性.     

双核配合物作为人工酶的新进展

本文综述了近年来双核配合物作为人工酶的研究进展，讨论了这类配合物的催化水解机理及影响因素。     

新型金属胶束模拟酶对羧酸酯与磷酸酯的催化水解

报道了三种新的含醇羟基、胺基或咪唑基长链配体与铜锌离子构成的金属胶束对几种羧酸酯与磷酸酯底物催化水解动力学。结果表明,设计的金属胶束N-十四烷基-2-(N-2'-羟乙基氨基甲基)咪唑锌铜(2a,2b)在共胶束CTAB(溴化十六烷基三甲铵)存在下,对强配位羧酸酯对硝基苯酚-2-吡啶甲酸酯具有很强的催化水解能力,对磷酸酯对硫磷具有很高的反应性,2a,2b的醇羟基参与了对弱配位底物羧酸酯及磷酸酯的进攻,对不同电荷性质的羧酸酯底物具有较强的静电选择性。     

一种双核铁配合物金属胶束作为模似过氧化物酶催化苯酚氧化的动力学研究

本文合成和表征了配合物Fe2EDTB。配合物Fe2EDTB与非离子表面活性剂B rij35组成的金属胶束作为模拟过氧化物酶催化H2O2氧化苯酚反应表现出了良好的催化活性。根据本文所提出的Fe2EDTB配合物催化H2O2氧化苯酚反应的机理可以较好地解释过氧化氢/催化剂物质的量比、反应体系的温度、反应体系的酸度对反应的影响。     

以对硝基磷酸苯酯为底物电化学分析法检测碱性磷酸酯酶

研究了对硝基磷酸苯酯（ＰＮＰＰ）为底物伏安法测定碱性磷酸酯酶（ＡＬＰ）的方法。ＰＮＰＰ在ＡＬＰ的催化作用下水解生成对硝基苯酚（ＰＮＰ）。ＰＮＰ在玻碳电极上＋１．０２Ｖ（ｖｓＡｇ／ＡｇＣｌ）左右产生氧化峰,借助此氧化电流可以测定ＡＬＰ,并进而可用于以ＡＬＰ为标记物的酶免疫分析。用微分脉冲伏安法对酶催化反应条件和酶催化反应产物的测定条件进行了详细的研究,测定ＡＬＰ的线性范围是４．０×１０２～１．０×１０６ｍＵ／Ｌ;检测限为２．８ ×１０２ｍＵ／Ｌ。     

Hydrolysis of BNPP Catalyzed by Metallomicelles Made of Pr(III) Complexes

A macrocyclic ligand was synthesized and characterized. The kinetics of hydrolysis of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) in the catalytic system containing macrocyclic ligand and praseodymium(III) was investigated. The analysis of specific absorption spectrums of the hydrolytic reaction systems indicated that key intermediates made up of BNPP and praseodymium(III) complexes are formed in the reaction process of BNPP catalytic hydrolysis. In this, the mechanism of BNPP catalytic hydrolysis proposed is based on the analytic result of specific absorption spectrum, and the corresponding kinetic constants are calculated. The results showed that the praseodymium(III) complexes as hydrolase mimics exhibit good catalytic activity and similar catalytic character to natural enzyme.     

聚醚桥连二异羟肟酸双核配合物催化PNPP水解的反应动力学

 合成了4种聚醚桥连二异羟肟酸双核配合物,并将其用于催化α-吡啶甲酸对硝基苯酯(PNPP)水解反应,研究了聚醚桥连二异羟肟酸双核配合物催化PNPP水解反应的动力学和机理,提出了配合物催化PNPP水解的动力学模型. 结果表明, 在25 ℃条件下,随着缓冲溶液pH值的增大, 聚醚桥连二异羟肟酸双核配合物催化PNPP水解速率逐渐提高,表现出很高的催化活性. 根据阿累尼乌斯公式和不同温度下的表观一级常数,求出了水解反应的表观活化能.     

Study of the Intramolecular Reaction of an Activated Phosphate Ester in the Micelle System Containing Macrocyclic Complex

The intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of an activated phosphate diester, bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) as the nucleic acids substitute, was investigated. A macro-cyclic ligand and the corresponding Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes were synthesized and characterized. The metallomicelles made up of macrocyclic divalent metal complex and micelle, as mimic hydrolytic metalloenzyme, was used in BNPP catalytic hydrolysis. The metallomicelles displayed higher catalytic activity although they do not attain the catalytic efficiency of enzymes. The analysis of specific absorption spectra showed that the course of the BNPP catalytic reaction was different from that of the BNPP spontaneous hydrolysis, and was an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. Based on the analytic result of the specific absorption spectrum, an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution mechanism of BNPP catalytic hydrolysis was proposed and a correlative kinetic mathematical model was established, and the corresponding thermodynamic and kinetic constant was calculated. The result of this study proved validity of the mechanism and mathematical model proposed in the article.     

Oxidation Reaction of Phenol with H2O2 Catalyzed by Metallomicelles Made of Co(II) and Cu(II) Complexes of Imidazole Groups and Micelle as Mimic Peroxidase

The imidazole derivatives (N,N‐bis(2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐imidazole‐4‐ylmethyl) amino‐propane (biap)) and its complexes containing cobalt or copper ion were synthesized in this study. The oxidation reaction of phenol with oxidant H₂O₂ catalyzed by the metallomicelle made of the complexes of imidazole groups and micelle (CTAB, Brij35, LSS) as the mimetic peroxidase was studied. The results show that the reaction rate for the catalytic oxidation of phenol increases by a factor of approximately 1×10⁵ in the metallomicelle over that in the simple micelles or the pure buffer solution at pH=6.9 and 25°C. The catalytic effects changed with H₂O₂, temperature, pH, and surfactant kind in the catalytic reactive process are discussed. A kinetic mathematic model of the phenol oxidation catalyzed by the metallomicelle is proposed.     

Associative Versus Dissociative Mechanisms of Phosphate Monoester Hydrolysis: On the Interpretation of Activation Entropies

Phosphate monoester and anhydride hydrolysis is ubiquitous in biology, being involved in, amongst other things, signal transduction, energy production, and the regulation of protein function. Therefore, this reaction has understandably been the focus of intensive research. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which phosphate monoester hydrolysis proceeds remains controversial. Traditionally, it has been assumed and frequently implied that a near‐zero activation entropy is indicative of a dissociative pathway. Herein, we examine free‐energy surfaces for the hydrolysis of the methyl phosphate dianion and the methyl pyrophosphate trianion in aqueous solution. In both cases, the reaction can proceed through either compact or expansive concerted (A_ND_N) transition states, with fairly similar barriers. We have evaluated the activation entropies for each transition state and demonstrate that both associative and dissociative transition states have near‐zero entropies of activation that are in good agreement with experimental values. Therefore, we believe that the activation entropy alone is not a useful diagnostic tool, as it depends not only on bond orders at the transition state, but also on other issues that include (but are not limited to) steric factors determining the configurational volumes available to reactants during the reaction, solvation and desolvation effects that may be associated with charge redistribution upon approaching the transition state and entropy changes associated with intramolecular degrees of freedom as the transition state is approached.     

Phosphate Monoester Hydrolysis by Trinuclear Alkaline Phosphatase; DFT Study of Transition States and Reaction Mechanism

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a trinuclear metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a broad range of phosphate monoesters to form inorganic phosphate and alcohol (or phenol). In this paper, by using density functional theory with a model based on a crystal structure, the AP‐catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters is investigated by calculating two substrates, that is, methyl and p‐nitrophenyl phosphates, which represent alkyl and aryl phosphates, respectively. The calculations confirm that the AP reaction employs a “ping‐pong” mechanism involving two chemical displacement steps, that is, the displacement of the substrate leaving group by a Ser102 alkoxide and the hydrolysis of the phosphoseryl intermediate by a Zn2‐bound hydroxide. Both displacement steps proceed via a concerted associative pathway no matter which substrate is used. Other mechanistic aspects are also studied. Comparison of our calculations with linear free energy relationships experiments shows good agreement.     

Role of Mononuclear Rare Earth Metal Complexes in Promoting the Hydrolysis of 2-Hydroxypropyl p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate

Two long-chain multidentate ligands： 2,9-di-（n-2＇,5＇,8＇-triazanonyl）-1,10-phenanthroline （L^1） and 2,9-di- （n-4＇,7＇,10＇-triazaundecyl）-1,10-phenanthroline （L^2） were synthesized. The hydrolytic kinetics of 2-hydroxypropyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate （HPNP） catalyzed by the complexes of L^1 or L^2 with La（Ⅲ） or Gd（Ⅲ） have been studied in aqueous solution at （298.2±0.1） K, I=0.10 mol·dm^-3 KNO3 in pH 7.5-9.1, respectively, finding that the catalytic effect of GdL^1 was the best among the four complexes for hydrolysis of HPNP. Its kLnLH-1, kLnLand pKa are 0.047 mol^-1·L·s^-1, 0.000074 mol^-1·L·s^-1 and 8.90, respectively. This paper expounded the studied result with the structure of the ligands and the properties of the metal ions, and deduced the catalysis mechanism.     

Catalytic Hydrolysis of Phosphate Diester with Metal Complexes of Macrocyclic Tetraamine in Comicellar Solution

Four novel pyridine or benzene ring‐containing pendant macrocyclic dioxotetraamines 2,6‐dixo‐l,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane ligands have been synthesized. Their metal complexes have been investigated as catalysts for the hydrolysis of bis(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) in aqueous comicellar solution. The results indicate mat the hydrophobic interaction between substrate and metal complex, the nature of transition metal ion, and the micellar microenvironment are important factors for the hydrolysis of BNPP. Large rate enhancement (up to over two‐three orders of magnitude) employing 5 has been observed.     

一种活性磷酸酯的分子内亲核取代反应动力学研究

合成和表征了大环过渡金属配合物NiL(L:高氯酸-5,7,7,12,14,14-六甲基-1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷)。配合物NiL与表面活性剂组成的金属胶束作为模拟水解金属酶用于催化BNPP水解。提出了BNPP催化水解的机理;建立了用于计算动力学常数的动力学模型;计算了相关的动力学和热力学常数。结果表明,这种金属胶束表现出较高的催化活性;BNPP催化水解反应是分子内亲核取代反应;所提出的机理和建立的动力学模型是合理的。