遥感反演时间序列叶面积指数的集合卡尔曼平滑算法

基于MODIS LAI产品数据集(MOD15A2)构建经验性的LAI动态模型,以LAI作为连接参数,将LAI动态模型与植被辐射传输模型MCRM2相耦合,提出了将耦合模型与时间序列MODIS反射率观测数据集(MOD09A1)同化进行LAI反演的方案.将集合卡尔曼平滑(EnKS)方法引入到LAI同化反演中,为更好地评价该算...     

基于SARIMA-BP神经网络组合方法的MODIS叶面积指数时间序列建模与预测

植被叶面积指数(LAI)时间序列的建模及预测是陆面过程模型和遥感数据同化方法的重要组成部分。MODIS数据产品MOD15A2是目前应用最为广泛的LAI数据源之一,然而MODIS LAI时间序列产品包含了一些低质量的数据,例如由于云层、气溶胶等的影响,该产品在时间和空间上缺乏连续性。MODIS LAI时间序列包含线性部分和外在干扰产生的非线性部分,单一的线性方法或非线性方法都不能对其精确建模和预测。首先利用Savitzky-Golay(SG)滤波和线性插值平滑受到干扰的LAI时间序列,然后采用季节自回归积分滑动平均(SARIMA)方法、BP神经网络方法及二者的组合方法(SARIMA-BP)对MODIS LAI时间序列进行建模及预测。在SARIMA-BP神经网络组合方法中,各自在线性与非线性建模的优势得以充分发挥,其中SARIMA方法用于建模及预测LAI时间序列中的线性部分,BP神经网络方法用于对非线性残差部分进行建模及预测。实验结果显示：SG滤波和线性插值后的LAI时间序列比原LAI时间序列更平滑;SARIMA-BP神经网络组合方法的决定系数为0.981,比SARIMA和BP神经网络的0.941和0.884更接近于1;SARIMA-BP神经网络组合方法的预测值同观测值之间的相关系数为0.991,高于SARIMA(0.971)和BP神经网络(0.942)的相关系数。由此得出结论：SARIMA-BP神经网络组合方法对MODIS LAI时间序列具有更好的适应性,其建模和预测准确性高于SARIMA方法或BP神经网络方法。     

基于对偶数理论的资料同化新方法

针对变分资料同化中目标泛函梯度计算精度不高且复杂等问题, 提出了一种基于对偶数理论的资料同化新方法, 主要优点是: 能避免复杂的伴随模式开发及其逆向积分, 只需在对偶数空间通过正向积分就能同时计算出目标泛函和梯度向量的值. 首先利用对偶数理论把梯度分析过程转换为对偶数空间中目标泛函计算过程, 简单、高效和高精度地获得梯度向量值; 其次结合典型的最优化方法, 给出了非线性物理系统资料同化问题的新求解算法; 最后对Lorenz 63混沌系统、包含开关的不可微物理模型和抛物型偏微分方程分别进行了资料同化数值实验, 结果表明: 新方法能有效和准确地估计出预报模式的初始条件或物理参数值.     

基于实测光谱的植被指数对水稻叶面积指数的响应特征分析

叶面积指数(LAI)是目前最常用的农业生态监测指标,可以为农作物的病虫害监测、作物长势监测、碳循环、生物量估算及作物估产提供依据。植被指数(VI)是卫星LAI产品生产的重要数据源,但不同VIs对植被LAI的响应特征具有一定的差异性。以江西省水稻为例,基于实测光谱提取了水稻实测VIs,结合实测LAI,讨论了归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和修正的土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)四种常见VIs对LAI的响应特征,并与MODIS LAI备用算法的计算结果进行了对比分析,研究了不同VIs用于LAI产品反演的可行性及存在的问题。通过对不同实测VIs-LAI模型精度的评估,分析其应用于LAI反演的适应性,结果显示EVI,SAVI和MSAVI比NDVI有更好的适应性,其中EVI效果最优。此外,通过对比MODIS LAI备用算法查找表,发现针对MODIS LAI备用算法中草地与谷物作物这一地表覆盖大类,在LAI>4时,NDVI出现饱和;而实测水稻作物的NDVI在LAI>2时开始出现饱和;且当NDVI相同时,查找表LAI远大于实测LAI,MODIS备用算法中使用的地表覆盖产品分类过粗可能是造成这一结果的主要原因。因此MODIS LAI备用算法在该区域水稻LAI监测中可能产生较大误差,有必要改用其他VIs优化该备用算法。通过对比分析四种VIs模型对LAI的预测误差,发现EVI,SAVI和MSAVI精度明显优于NDVI,基于EVI的模型平均预测误差仅为MODIS LAI备用算法的1/6,基于实测NDVI反演算法的1/2,因此设计基于EVI的LAI算法对LAI的反演精度有一定的提升空间。     

Variational assimilation in combination with the regularization method for sea level pressure retrieval from QuikSCAT scatterometer data I: Theoretical frame construction

A new method of constructing a sea level pressure field from satellite microwave scatterometer measurements is presented. It is based on variational assimilation in combination with a regularization method using geostrophic vorticity to construct a sea level pressure field from scatterometer data that are given in this paper, which offers a new idea for the application of scatterometer measurements. Firstly, the geostrophic vorticity from the scatterometer data is computed to construct the observation field, and the vorticity field in an area and the sea level pressure on the borders are assimilated. Secondly, the gradient of sea level pressure (semi-norm) is used as the stable functional to educe the adjoint system, the adjoint boundary condition and the gradient of the cost functional in which a weight parameter is introduced for the harmony of the system and the Tikhonov regularization techniques in inverse problem are used to overcome the ill-posedness of the assimilation. Finally, the iteration method of the sea level pressure field is developed.     

New data assimilation system DNDAS for high-dimensional models

The tangent linear(TL) models and adjoint(AD) models have brought great difficulties for the development of variational data assimilation system. It might be impossible to develop them perfectly without great efforts, either by hand, or by automatic differentiation tools. In order to break these limitations, a new data assimilation system, dual-number data assimilation system(DNDAS), is designed based on the dual-number automatic differentiation principles. We investigate the performance of DNDAS with two different optimization schemes and subsequently give a discussion on whether DNDAS is appropriate for high-dimensional forecast models. The new data assimilation system can avoid the complicated reverse integration of the adjoint model, and it only needs the forward integration in the dual-number space to obtain the cost function and its gradient vector concurrently. To verify the correctness and effectiveness of DNDAS, we implemented DNDAS on a simple ordinary differential model and the Lorenz-63 model with different optimization methods. We then concentrate on the adaptability of DNDAS to the Lorenz-96 model with high-dimensional state variables. The results indicate that whether the system is simple or nonlinear, DNDAS can accurately reconstruct the initial condition for the forecast model and has a strong anti-noise characteristic. Given adequate computing resource, the quasi-Newton optimization method performs better than the conjugate gradient method in DNDAS.     

Sampling the posterior: An approach to non-Gaussian data assimilation

The viewpoint taken in this paper is that data assimilation is fundamentally a statistical problem and that this problem should be cast in a Bayesian framework. In the absence of model error, the correct solution to the data assimilation problem is to find the posterior distribution implied by this Bayesian setting. Methods for dealing with data assimilation should then be judged by their ability to probe this distribution. In this paper we propose a range of techniques for probing the posterior distribution, based around the Langevin equation; and we compare these new techniques with existing methods.

When the underlying dynamics is deterministic, the posterior distribution is on the space of initial conditions leading to a sampling problem over this space. When the underlying dynamics is stochastic the posterior distribution is on the space of continuous time paths. By writing down a density, and conditioning on observations, it is possible to define a range of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods which sample from the desired posterior distribution, and thereby solve the data assimilation problem. The basic building-blocks for the MCMC methods that we concentrate on in this paper are Langevin equations which are ergodic and whose invariant measures give the desired distribution; in the case of path space sampling these are stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs).

Two examples are given to show how data assimilation can be formulated in a Bayesian fashion. The first is weather prediction, and the second is Lagrangian data assimilation for oceanic velocity fields. Furthermore the relationship between the Bayesian approach outlined here and the commonly used Kalman filter based techniques, prevalent in practice, is discussed. Two simple pedagogical examples are studied to illustrate the application of Bayesian sampling to data assimilation concretely. Finally a range of open mathematical and computational issues, arising from the Bayesian approach, are outlined.     

基于LST_LAI特征空间的农田干旱监测研究

农田干旱具有范围广且对农业生产影响巨大的特点,对农田干旱的遥感实时动态监测是目前公认的难题。利用MODIS的地表温度(LST)产品和叶面积指数(LAI)产品,构建LST-LAI光谱特征空间,提出温度—叶面积干旱指数(temperature LAI drought index,TLDI)监测农田水分含量,并利用宁夏实测的0～10 cm平均土壤含水量验证该指数的精度,结果表明：它们之间具有良好的相关性,R2的变化范围为0.43～0.86。与TVDI相比,TLDI弥补了作物封垄后TVDI因归一化植被指数(NDVI)饱和对农田水分监测精度降低的缺陷。此外,利用MODIS数据产品LST和LAI进行农田干旱监测,避免了使用MODIS原始数据的繁杂处理过程,初步为MODIS数据产品在农田干旱监测业务化运行探索出一条技术流程。     

冬小麦不同生育时期叶面积指数反演方法

针对当前作物叶面积指数遥感反演过程中,在不同生育时期采用相同的植被指数进行反演存在叶面积指数反演精度较低的问题。以冬小麦为研究对象,选取了对冬小麦覆盖度响应程度不同的六种宽带和四种窄带共10种植被指数,分析比较了在冬小麦整个生育期选用当前广泛使用的归一化植被指数(NDVI)反演冬小麦的LAI和在冬小麦不同生长阶段选用不同的植被指数反演冬小麦LAI的结果差异。在冬小麦整个生育期内使用NDVI反演小麦LAI得到的LAI反演值和真实值之间的R2=0.558 5,RMSE=0.320 9。改进的比值植被指数(mSR)适合于反演冬小麦生长前期(拔节期之前)的LAI,得到的LAI反演值和真实值之间的相关系数r=0.728 7,均方根误差RMSE=0.297 1;比值植被指数(SR)适于反演冬小麦生长中期(拔节到抽穗前),得到的LAI反演值和真实值之间的R2=0.654 6,RMSE=0.306 1;NDVI适于反演冬小麦生长后期(抽穗到成熟期)的LAI,得到的LAI反演值和真实值之间的R2=0.679 4,均方根误差RMSE=0.316 4。 研究表明：在冬小麦的不同生育时期,根据地表作物覆盖度的变化和反射率的变化,选择不同的植被指数建立冬小麦LAI的反演模型获得的反演精度均高于在冬小麦整个生育期使用NDVI获得的反演结果。说明在冬小麦的不同生育时期选择不同的植被指数构建LAI的分段反演模型可以改善冬小麦LAI的反演精度。     

Solution of the inverse radiative load problem in a two-dimensional system

An inverse radiation analysis is presented for estimating the temperature and the heat load distributions of the heating surface from the temperature and the heat flux measurements of the heated object. The Monte Carlo method is employed to solve the direct radiation problem. The inverse radiation problem is solved using the conjugate gradient and singular value decomposition methods. The measured data are simulated by adding random errors to the exact solution of the direct problem. The effects of the measurement errors on the accuracy of the inverse analysis are investigated. The study shows that the heat load distribution of the heating surface can be estimated accurately for the exact and noisy data. And the conjugate gradient method is better than the singular value decomposition method since the former can obtain more accurate results if the measurement errors are the same.     

GF-6 WFV光谱植被指数模型的叶面积指数反演

农业是国家经济发展的基础支柱,同时也是社会发展的基础产业。我国农业遥感技术的进步和发展,大量遥感卫星发射升空,如高分1号、 2号和6号等,为我国农情监测、作物长势、农业产业结构调整提供了重要技术支撑。农业遥感成为农业科技创新和精准农业的重要手段。叶面积指数(LAI)是一种可用来衡量植被冠层生理与生化的关键指标,不仅可以用来评估植被冠层表面的最初能量交换情况,提供相应的结构定量数据,还能反映植被冠层的光谱能量信息。同时,在陆地气候变化情况下,叶面积指数是陆地生态系统和土地利用过程生产力模型的关键输入。此外,研究发现植被冠层受人为活动和气候变化的直接或间接影响时,叶面积指数也是陆地生态系统应对气候变化十分重要的衡量标准。因此,针对GF-6 WFV遥感影像叶面积指数反演研究较少和传统光谱植被指数模型机理性、稳定性较弱的问题。基于GF-6 WFV遥感影像以栾城县为试验区,通过光谱植被指数与实测叶面积指数构造5种传统光谱植被指数模型和15种红边参与的光谱植被指数模型反演乳熟期叶面积指数,采用R²和RMSE进行模型评价,同时利用未参与建模的实测叶面积指数和MODIS LAI产...     

冬小麦叶面积指数遥感反演方法比较研究

叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)是反映作物生长状况和进行产量预测预报的主要指标之一,对诊断作物生长状况具有重要意义。遥感技术为大面积、快速监测植被LAI提供了有效途径。利用高光谱遥感影像,结合田间同步实验数据,探讨不同方法对冬小麦叶面积指数遥感反演的能力。介绍了支持向量机、离散小波变换、连续小波变换和主成分分析四种LAI反演方法。分别利用上述四种方法构建冬小麦LAI反演模型,并对不同算法反演的LAI模型进行了真实性检验。结果显示,支持向量机非线性回归模型精度最高,对冬小麦LAI估算能力最强,反演值与实测值拟合的决定系数为0.823 4、均方根误差为0.419 5。离散小波变换法和主成分分析法都是基于特征提取和数据降维,其多元变量回归分析对LAI估算能力相近,决定系数分别为0.697 1和0.692 4,均方根误差分别为0.605 8和0.554 1。连续小波变换法回归模型精度最低,不适宜直接用其小波系数来反演LAI。结果表明,非线性支持向量机模型最适宜用于研究区域的冬小麦LAI反演。     

植被结构特征对MODIS光谱干旱指数的影响

基于MODIS光谱反射信息的干旱指数在农业生产实践中有广泛的应用。利用PROSAIL模型和山东2010年的观测数据,研究了植被叶面积指数和生理生长周期等结构特征对MODIS光谱干旱指数的影响。结果表明,MODIS近红外与短波红外三个波段的反射率随植被叶片含水量变化明显,由他们构建的五种MODIS光谱干旱指数能够监测植被叶片水分含量。然而,各干旱指数均受叶面积指数(LAI)的影响,在LAI较低时影响较为严重,随着LAI的增大,这一影响逐渐减弱;植被生理生长周期也会影响干旱指数的大小。因此,在使用MODIS光谱干旱指数进行区域干旱监测时,必须考虑植被结构特征,谨慎分析监测结果。研究结论将为干旱遥感监测提供理论基础。     

狙击步枪瞄准线偏差测量与电击发控制研究

为了测量智能瞄具狙击步枪系统瞄准线偏差,控制击发时机并提高射击精度,提出了滤波加权融合方法与线性预测击发判据。运用卡尔曼预测滤波对脱靶量滞后进行补偿,得出瞄准线偏差; 将陀螺数据滤波后积分得出另一瞄准线偏差; 根据加权融合算法,得到加权融合后瞄准线偏差。建立了基于陀螺信号、融合信号和电动击发装置特性的线性预测击发判据; 搭建了dSPACE实验测试系统,进行了瞄准线偏差测量实验和模拟对比射击实验,结果表明:滤波加权融合后的信号基本可表示瞄准线实际偏差;在滤波加权融合方法与线性预测击发判据条件下模拟射击时,弹着点分布在0.05 mrad圆内的概率为85.7%,高于简单控制击发模式下53.33%的概率。     

On optimal solution error covariances in variational data assimilation problems

The problem of variational data assimilation for a nonlinear evolution model is formulated as an optimal control problem to find unknown parameters such as distributed model coefficients or boundary conditions. The equation for the optimal solution error is derived through the errors of the input data (background and observation errors), and the optimal solution error covariance operator through the input data error covariance operators, respectively. The quasi-Newton BFGS algorithm is adapted to construct the covariance matrix of the optimal solution error using the inverse Hessian of an auxiliary data assimilation problem based on the tangent linear model constraints. Preconditioning is applied to reduce the number of iterations required by the BFGS algorithm to build a quasi-Newton approximation of the inverse Hessian. Numerical examples are presented for the one-dimensional convection–diffusion model.     

基于热点效应的不同株型小麦LAI反演

针对小麦株型对LAI反演精度的制约,利用地面实测的多角度数据,提出采用热点指数反演高精度的不同株型小麦LAI。通过分析京411紧凑型和中优9507披散型两种株型小麦在红光(670 nm)和近红外波段(800和860 nm)的二向反射光谱特征,借鉴热暗点指数HDS和归一化热暗点信息指数NDHD,构建了改进的归一化热暗点指数MNDHD和热暗点比值指数HDRI两个新热点指数。将HDS,NDHD,MNDHD和HDRI与NDVI,SR和EVI相乘得到的热点组合指数用于不同株型小麦LAI的反演。分析得出对紧凑型小麦京411,由860 nm近红外波段的NDVI与MNDHD和HDRI的组合指数反演的LAI精度分别为0.943 1和0.909 2;对披散型小麦中优9507,由800 nm近红外波段的SR与HDRI和MNDHD的组合指数获得的LAI反演精度分别为0.964 8和0.895 6。表明基于冠层的热点效应反演不同株型小麦LAI的方法可行,多角度遥感数据在作物结构参数提取方面比常规观测数据更具优势。     

三维障碍物形状反演问题的一种简单算法

研究了从声散射场的远场分布的信息,再现三维物体形状的反问题.基于将在有限个测量方向上的远场数据作加权合成的思想,提出了求解这类反问题的一种简单快速算法.在这个算法中,既不需预先知道散射体的边界类型,也不需预先知道散射体个数的信息.对有限孔径远场数据的数值算例表明了这一方法是实用和有效的.     

Sequential data assimilation with multiple models

Data assimilation is an essential tool for predicting the behavior of real physical systems given approximate simulation models and limited observations. For many complex systems, there may exist several models, each with different properties and predictive capabilities. It is desirable to incorporate multiple models into the assimilation procedure in order to obtain a more accurate prediction of the physics than any model alone can provide. In this paper, we propose a framework for conducting sequential data assimilation with multiple models and sources of data. The assimilated solution is a linear combination of all model predictions and data. One notable feature is that the combination takes the most general form with matrix weights. By doing so the method can readily utilize different weights in different sections of the solution state vectors, allow the models and data to have different dimensions, and deal with the case of a singular state covariance. We prove that the proposed assimilation method, termed direct assimilation, minimizes a variational functional, a generalized version of the one used in the classical Kalman filter. We also propose an efficient iterative assimilation method that assimilates two models at a time until all models and data are assimilated. The mathematical equivalence of the iterative method and the direct method is established. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.     

Determining the temperature of an opaque object by its thermal radiation spectrum: forms of initial data presentation and methods

Spectral distributions of intensities, relative emissivity, and inverse radiance temperatures of an opaque, free-radiating object in a condensed state are used as the initial data. The methods of determining the thermodynamic (true) temperature corresponding to these distributions, when object emissivity is previously unknown, are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and corresponding form of an initial data presentation are discussed. It is shown that the spectral distribution of inverse radiance temperatures gives the greatest information about the true temperature and emissivity of the measured object. The estimates of the temperature range to which the true temperature belongs are given based on the known experimental data for tungsten. The methods for additional verification of reliability of the obtained results are presented.     

Inverse Filter of Chaos with Applications on Parameter Estimation

Linear filter may hide simple nonlinearity of chaotic dynamics, which would decrease the accuracy of parameter estimation, and reduce the effect of signal processing. Based on theoretical and experimental analysis, this paper provides a method to recover the dynamics. An example of radar data proves that the dynamics hidden in observed data can be found by inverse filter of chaos. It is also pointed out that inverse filter of chaos can be applied to mine inner regulation of some time series and estimate parameters of nonlinear models in data processing for radar. And the method is significant to clutter modeling.