足球比赛的新赛制——三败赛

通过对目前采用的几种主要足球赛制的分析与比较 ,总结出目前各种赛制各自的弊端 ,在此基础上提出了一种新的赛制模型——三败赛 .通过运用概率论的知识 ,利用计算机仿真方法对三败赛赛制与原有赛制进行定量分析和比较 ,结果表明三败赛集中了分组赛、淘汰赛的优点 ,并可克服这些赛制的缺欠 ,是一种更为合理的赛制 .     

乒乓球赛制的概率分析

乒乓球比赛的每局原先是21分制现在是11分制,单打由5局3胜制改为7局4胜制。赛制的改变增加了比赛结果的偶然性。本文用概率方法对赛制的改变进行了定量分析,给出了新赛制和旧赛制下运动员取胜的概率。     

几类体育赛制的计数方法

体育比赛经常是人们生活中关注的焦点.不同的体育项目,以及同一项目在不同的时候往往采取不同的赛制.常见的赛制有循环赛、淘汰赛、对抗赛、擂台赛、挑战赛等.比赛中有许多计数问题要涉及,有些数据的统计对于比赛的组织者、参赛选手、教练员来说显得十分重要.下面举例说明几种赛制下的场次数量或可能结果的计算方法.     

体育赛制中的数学问题

体育赛制中的数学问题曾文艺，罗菊花（北京师大数学系１００８７５）（中国预防医科院）１体育赛制与“公平竞争”当今社会，体育运动已经是人们的一个热门话题．它的魅力已远远超越了“锻炼身体，增进健康”的层次，因为它既可展示人类在体能和智能方面所能达到的一个个...     

重复性赛制中的数学问题

1引言在体育比赛中,如果以一局定胜负,由于随机因素的影响,不能较好地展示双方实力,也不能展现胜者风范,故这种赛制难以使观众和参赛者信服.因此,为了体现公平竞争的精神,比赛就应该让参赛者有多次表现的机会,这一精神体现在赛制中,即重复性赛制.例如球类比赛中常常采用“三局两胜”或“五局三胜”制来决定胜负.那么,这种赛制公平吗?对在一局比赛中获胜概率不同的选手,“三局两胜”制与“五局三胜”制有何差异呢?一般地,“2n-1局n胜”制公平吗?不同的n,对于同一个选手有何差异呢?2“三局两胜”制和“五局三胜”制问题甲、乙两人参加比赛,设p…     

体育比赛中的概率问题

体育比赛虽然注重的是双方或多方的体能、技能的较量,但智慧的较量也不容忽视.知彼知己,百战不殆.这的确与数学有关,在赛制的选择,输赢的估计等方面都蕴含着非常丰富的概率知识.同时这也是高考考查的主要内容.举例说明,供参考.     

建模竞赛新高度,学生称赞收获多

正首先谈谈此次决赛题目及赛制。此次夏令营题目是关于多方密封投标的博弈问题。1)比赛题目及形式具有实践性、趣味性,在很大程度上调动了学生的积极性和参与性。比如:为了模拟密封投标问题,一个参赛队代表一个投标方,设置了两轮竞标博弈(每轮五局),通过随机抽取扑克     

"三局两胜、五局三胜"制公平吗?

在体育比赛中 ,一局定胜负 ,虽然比赛双方获胜的概率均为二分之一 ,但是由于实验的次数太少 ,偶然因素较多 ,不能较好地展示双方实力 ,故这种赛制难以使参赛者信服 ,不能展现胜者风范 .而比赛组织者普遍采用的“三局两胜”或“五局三胜”制决定胜负的方法 ,既令参赛选手满意 ,又被观众所接受 .那么 ,这种比赛制度公平吗 ?下面用概率的观点和知识加以阐述 :由于一场比赛前两位选手的水平或胜率是一个不可测的未知数 ,因此 ,赛事组织者理应撇开比赛中甲、乙双方的原有水平 ,而认为在一次比赛中甲、乙双方获胜的概率各为 p =12 ,即在一局比赛中…     

“三局两胜、五局三胜”制公平吗？

在体育比赛中 ,一局定胜负 ,虽然比赛双方获胜的概率均为二分之一 ,但是由于实验的次数太少 ,偶然因素较多 ,不能较好地展示双方实力 ,故这种赛制难以使参赛者信服 ,不能展现胜者风范 .而比赛组织者普遍采用的“三局两胜”或“五局三胜”制决定胜负的方法 ,既令参赛选手满意 ,又被观众所接受 .那么 ,这种比赛制度公平吗 ?下面用概率的观点和知识加以阐述 .由于一场比赛前两位选手的水平或胜率是一个不可测的未知数 ,因此 ,赛事组织者理应撇开比赛中甲、乙双方的原有水平 ,而认为在一次比赛中甲、乙双方获胜的概率各为 ｐ=12 ,即在一局比赛中…     

一个函数不等式的加强与延伸

从一个常见的不等式谈起,分析了多种证明方法,运用该不等式推导出了多个重要结论,对不等式进行了扩充和加强,解释了蕴含的意义,显示了该不等式的重要性和深刻性.     

Creep of polymer concrete in the nonlinear region

Two polyester-based polymer concretes with various volume content of diabase as an extender and aggregate are tested in creep under compression at different stress levels. The phenomenological and structural approaches are both used to analyze the experimental data. Common features of changes in the instantaneous and creep compliances are clarified, and a phenomenological creep model which accounts for the changes in the instantaneous compliance and in the retardation spectrum depending on the stress level is developed. It is shown that the model can be used to describe the experimental results of stress relaxation and creep under repeated loading. Modeling of the composite structure and subsequent solution of the optimization problem confirm the possibility of the existence of an interphase layer more compliant than the binder. A direct correlation between the interphase volume content and the instantaneous compliance of the composite is revealed. It is found that the distinction in nonlinearity of the viscoelastic behavior of the two polymer concretes under investigation can be due to the difference in their porosity. Submitted to the 11th International Conference on Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000.) Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 147–164, 2000.     

Gaussian Versus Optimal Integration of Analytic Functions

We consider error estimates for optimal and Gaussian quadrature formulas if the integrand is analytic and bounded in a certain complex region. First, a simple technique for the derivation of lower bounds for the optimal error constants is presented. This method is applied to Szeg?-type weight functions and ellipses as regions of analyticity. In this situation, the error constants for the Gaussian formulas are close to the obtained lower bounds, which proves the quality of the Gaussian formulas and also of the lower bounds. In the sequel, different regions of analyticity are investigated. It turns out that almost exclusively for ellipses, the Gaussian formulas are near-optimal. For classes of simply connected regions of analyticity, which are additionally symmetric to the real axis, the asymptotic of the worst ratio between the error constants of the Gaussian formulas and the optimal error constants is calculated. As a by-product, we prove explicit lower bounds for the Christoffel-function for the constant weight function and arguments outside the interval of integration. September 7, 1995. Date revised: October 25, 1996.     

Variation of the structure and permeability of tensioned fiber layers during impregnation with a thermoplastic polymer melt

The influence of displacements of tensioned fibers on the impregnation of fibrous layers with a polymer melt and on the final composite structure is studied. Using computer simulation, it is shown that, during impregnation, the structure of tensioned fibrous layers changes considerably depending on the initial arrangement and tensioning of fibers. The consolidated regions formed under the melt front move inside the impregnated layer with the advancing melt front. Displacement of the tensioned fibers as well as the formation of “washouts” favors the impregnation of internal layers, but cause significant inhomogeneity of the polymer structure. The surface (on the side of the melt flow) regions are more saturated with the polymer than the internal ones. A difference in the melt percolation mechanisms at various impregnation regimes is revealed. The effective permeability coefficients of a tensioned fiber layer are not constant but depend on the conditions and regimes of impregnation. Submitted to the 11th Conference on the Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000). Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 259–270, March–April, 2000.     

Asymptotics of the distribution of the integral of the positive part of the Brownian bridge for large arguments

The double Laplace transform of the distribution function of the integral of the positive part of the Brownian bridge was determined by M. Perman and J.A. Wellner, as well as the moments of this distribution. The purpose of the present paper is to determine the asymptotics of this distribution for large values of the argument, and the corresponding asymptotics of the moments.     

基于偏序集的PROMETHEE方法优化研究

尽管PROMETHEE是当前最受欢迎的多准则决策方法之一,但在实践应用过程中,模型的应用范围与质量依然受制于指标权重问题。一些常用的赋权方法,不仅没有解决不确定权重问题,反而增加了决策风险。在偏序集相关定理的基础上,给出权重的定性信息即权重次序,由流出矩阵、流入矩阵和净流矩阵等定义,得到了PROMETHEE的偏序集表达形式。当流入和流出之和为常数时,证明了模型存在对偶性质。根据对偶性质,简化了PROMETHEE方法的分析步骤,删减模型冗余信息。应用偏序集表示的PROMETHEE,突破了模型没有具体权重便无法应用的思维定势,解决了模型赋权困难,增强了模型的鲁棒性,拓展了模型处理数据类型的范围。     

The nonlinear and scaled growth of the ottoman and Roman empires

In this work, mathematical models for the growth of the Ottoman and Roman Empires are found. The time interval considered for both cases covers the time from the birth of the empire to the end of the fast expansion period. These empires are assumed to be nonlinearly growing and self-multiplying systems. This approach utilizes the concepts of chaos theory, and scaling. The area governed by the empire is taken as the measure of its growth. It was found that the expansion of each empire on lands, seas, and on both (i.e., lands+seas) can be expressed by power laws. In the Ottoman Empire, the nonlinear growth power of total area is approximately equal to the golden ratio, and the nonlinear growth power of the expansion on lands is approximately equal to the square root of 2. In the case of the Romans, some numbers associated with the golden ratio, or the square root of 2, appear as the power of the nonlinear growth term. The appearance of both the golden ratio and the square root of 2 show that both empires had intention on achieving stability during their growth.     

Analysis of the Stress State of the Surface Layer of a Polymeric Mass upon Filling of Bulky Compression Molds

The stress state of the surface layer of a polymeric mass during filling of bulky compression molds is analyzed. It is shown that, at particular rheological characteristics of the mass, temperature, and filling rates, cracking of the surface layer occurs, which leads to defects in the finished products. A physical analysis of this process makes it possible to conclude that the cracks arise due to the normal stresses operating in the front region of the moving polymeric mass. It is found that, under certain flow conditions, areas with a pressure lower than the atmospheric one appear on the surface of the polymer. If the tensile stresses arising in these local regions are higher than the tensile strength of the mass, the continuity of the composition is broken in the direction determined by the greatest rate of the normal deformation. To confirm the reliability of the crack-formation mechanism proposed, the distribution of the pressure and normal stresses over the free surface is calculated based on a numerical method. These calculations show that, by comparing the stress level achieved in the front region with the tensile-strength characteristics of the polymeric composition, it is possible to predict, with a sufficient accuracy, the possibility of crack formation in the surface layer of such a mass under given flow conditions and thus to solve the question on flawless manufacturing of products.     

Mario Pieri’s address at the University of Catania

The contributions made by the Italian mathematician Mario Pieri (1860-1913) are well known in the field of geometry. Pieri was a member of the School of Peano at the University of Turin. There he became engaged both by the problems of logic and by the philosophical aspects of Peano’s epistemology. This article was motivated by Pieri’s address given at the University of Catania, at the inauguration of the 1906-1907 academic year. My aim is to identify Pieri’s philosophical premises as found in his works and to present them in the general framework of the historical development of the Peano School.     

Generalized derivatives and nonsmooth optimization, a finite dimensional tour

During the early 1960’s there was a growing realization that a large number of optimization problems which appeared in applications involved minimization of non-differentiable functions. One of the important areas where such problems appeared was optimal control. The subject of nonsmooth analysis arose out of the need to develop a theory to deal with the minimization of nonsmooth functions. The first impetus in this direction came with the publication of Rockafellar’s seminal work titledConvex Analysis which was published by the Princeton University Press in 1970. It would be impossible to overstate the impact of this book on the development of the theory and methods of optimization. It is also important to note that a large part of convex analysis was already developed by Werner Fenchel nearly twenty years earlier and was circulated through his mimeographed lecture notes titledConvex Cones, Sets and Functions, Princeton University, 1951. In this article we trace the dramatic development of nonsmooth analysis and its applications to optimization in finite dimensions. Beginning with the fundamentals of convex optimization we quickly move over to the path breaking work of Clarke which extends the domain of nonsmooth analysis from convex to locally Lipschitz functions. Clarke was the second doctoral student of R.T. Rockafellar. We discuss the notions of Clarke directional derivative and the Clarke generalized gradient and also the relevant calculus rules and applications to optimization. While discussing locally Lipschitz optimization we also try to blend in the computational aspects of the theory wherever possible. This is followed by a discussion of the geometry of sets with nonsmooth boundaries. The approach to develop the notion of the normal cone to an arbitrary set is sequential in nature. This approach does not rely on the standard techniques of convex analysis. The move away from convexity was pioneered by Mordukhovich and later culminated in the monographVariational Analysis by Rockafellar and Wets. The approach of Mordukhovich relied on a nonconvex separation principle called theextremal principle while that of Rockafellar and Wets relied on various convergence notions developed to suit the needs of optimization. We then move on to a parallel development in nonsmooth optimization due to Demyanov and Rubinov called Quasidifferentiable optimization. They study the class of directionally differentiable functions whose directional derivatives can be represented as a difference of two sublinear functions. On other hand the directional derivative of a convex function and also the Clarke directional derivatives are sublinear functions of the directions. Thus it was thought that the most useful generalizations of directional derivatives must be a sublinear function of the directions. Thus Demyanov and Rubinov made a major conceptual change in nonsmooth optimization. In this section we define the notion of a quasidifferential which is a pair of convex compact sets. We study some calculus rules and their applications to optimality conditions. We also study the interesting notion of Demyanov difference between two sets and their applications to optimization. In the last section of this paper we study some second-order tools used in nonsmooth analysis and try to see their relevance in optimization. In fact it is important to note that unlike the classical case, the second-order theory of nonsmoothness is quite complicated in the sense that there are many approaches to it. However we have chosen to describe those approaches which can be developed from the first order nonsmooth tools discussed here. We shall present three different approaches, highlight the second order calculus rules and their applications to optimization.     

Formulations and valid inequalities for the node capacitated graph partitioning problem

We investigate the problem of partitioning the nodes of a graph under capacity restriction on the sum of the node weights in each subset of the partition. The objective is to minimize the sum of the costs of the edges between the subsets of the partition. This problem has a variety of applications, for instance in the design of electronic circuits and devices. We present alternative integer programming formulations for this problem and discuss the links between these formulations. Having chosen to work in the space of edges of the multicut, we investigate the convex hull of incidence vectors of feasible multicuts. In particular, several classes of inequalities are introduced, and their strength and robustness are analyzed as various problem parameters change.