中英化学教材“化学反应速率”内容比较研究

“化学反应速率”综合体现了微粒观、实验观及科学本质观等化学基本观念,是提高学生科学素养的重要载体。从内容选取、内容编排与内容呈现3个方面对英国索尔特高级化学课程教材与国内化学教材中“化学反应速率”相关内容的编写进行比较,并简要阐述几点对化学教材编写和化学教学的启示。     

新旧人教版教材选修模块“电化学”内容的比较分析

通过对新旧人教版教材选修模块“电化学”内容比较分析,新版本教材在情境素材选取上更加关注社会热点、科学前沿的化学问题,在教学内容编排上更加注重知识的衔接,在教材栏目设置上更加注重认识思路和方法的提炼与概括,在实验内容安排上更加凸显化学实验的育人功能。新版本教材对实际教学提出了更高的要求。建议教师在实际教学中重视认识思路和认识方法的提炼和外显、优化情境素材的选取、发挥化学实验的化学学科核心素养培养功能。     

日本初中理科教科书中“粒子的存在”内容组织与呈现特征

从“主要观念”“核心内容”“重要问题”“情境活动”等4个方面自上而下对日本的《新科学》教科书中“粒子的存在”相关内容的组织与呈现进行分析，发现其具有注重内容结构化和学生认识进阶性，以科学探究活动引领，“粒子模型”显性化等特征。     

基于学生认识发展的教学改进*——以“电离平衡的影响因素”为例

在化学平衡教学后,通过测试和评价学生在“化学平衡”核心主题内容中的认识发展情况,确定下一阶段教学的关键点和发展点,选取电离平衡影响因素为教学载体,设计和实施促进学生认识发展的教学,通过学生测查数据说明基于学生认识发展情况进行教学改进是提高教学效率的有效手段。     

中加九年级化学(科学)教科书教学属性比较研究——以“原子结构”为例

选取加拿大安大略省纳尔逊教育版九年级科学教科书(学术)与人教版九年级化学教科书共同内容“原子结构”作为研究对象,以文本分析的方法,从目标引导、过程引导、评价引导等3个维度对2本教科书教学属性进行比较。发现在教学属性的设计上,安大略版教科书更趋于素养取向,而人教版则趋向于知识取向。并基于此对化学教科书教学属性进行了思考。     

关于“置信度”选取问题的讨论

通过实例计算讨论了置信度选取应注意的问题，即置信度的选取要符合小概率原理和满足生产实际需要，同时首先要考虑控制犯“拒真”错误的概率，其次再设法使犯“存伪”错误的概率达到最小。     

核心素养视角下人教版新旧教材中“硫及其化合物”的对比分析*

选取人教版新旧必修化学教材中的“硫及其化合物”单元作为研究对象,基于新课标中化学学科核心素养的培养视角,明确了新课标对“硫及其化合物”的素养定位后,对新旧教材中该单元的引言、正文、栏目和插图进行对比分析。对比分析结果显示,新教材“硫及其化合物”的内容侧重“证据推理与模型认知”素养的培养,其次是“宏观辨识与微观探析”“科学态度与社会责任”素养,而在素养水平上则侧重水平1和2维度的培养,符合新课标对该主题单元的学业要求和素养定位。     

新加坡Chemistry Matters教材中实验内容的分析及启示

以新加坡初中化学Chemistry Matters教材为研究对象，对教材中涉及的实验案例、实验类型及数量进行了统计。结合新加坡新版科学教学大纲及PISA测试，从教材实验的内容选取、设计意图、呈现方式等方面进行分析，并对教材实验部分蕴含的核心素养进行一定程度地挖掘。研究得出：Chemistry Matters教材中实验的设置具有"内容选取彰显与时俱进，设计意图注重学以致用，呈现方式突出图表结合，活动过程强化问题引导"等特点。     

“证据推理”能力的科学课程标准文本分析*

“证据推理”能力强调利用科学相关的证据进行推理。研究选取了27个国家或地区的科学学科课程标准或纲要指引文件,利用NVivo 11软件进行编码处理和文本分析,探寻其中证据推理的相关描述和能力要求。词频分析之后,选取美国的部分地区和中国大陆及中国香港和澳门的课标文件为案例加以具体分析,指出国内课标文件中证据推理相关表达的特征。据此,在理解和描述证据推理能力时,应强调“基于证据进行推理”的系统化过程;以强调证据支持的必要性而突出思维方法的过程性,从而为科学学科中有关证据推理的教学评提供参考。     

校本课程开发:从“化学传奇”到“化学阅读”

校本课程“化学传奇”主要是引导学生阅读化学史文章。校本课程从“化学传奇”升级到“化学阅读”,化学阅读的内容拓展了,阅读形式升级了:由文章阅读升级为视频观看和整本书阅读,阅读的时间由校本课程的课内阅读延伸到课外阅读,阅读时段由校本课程季扩展为高中全学段。学生的阅读活动,也由教师规定阅读内容升级到学生在推荐书目内自主选择性阅读和个性化阅读。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.