面向VR/AR应用的全息高分子材料

虚拟现实(VR)/增强现实(AR)是新兴的人-机交互显示技术,其光学元件的集成化、轻量化与定制化是先进VR/AR技术的必然要求,全息高分子材料是关键.本文介绍了VR/AR近眼显示系统及重要参数,回顾了全息高分子材料在VR/AR显示中的重要应用,讨论了全息高分子材料的性能与VR/AR显示效果的关系,重点介绍了全息高分子材料的折射率调制度、光散射损失和体积收缩率的调控策略,最后指出了现有全息高分子材料在先进VR/AR应用中的不足,并展望了未来发展方向.     

密理博“POD革命VIP用户体验会暨鸡尾酒会”在京召开

为了让用户能更好地感受“POD”所带来的与众不同的用水体验和纯水器的管理控制理念，同时感谢广大用户对Millipore长期以来的支持，Millipore公司2009年5月14日在北京文津国际大酒店举办了MilliporeVIP用户现场体验会。该会议将以“鸡尾酒会”的形式举行，为参会者提供了近距离体验最新的纯水产品设计及理念。邀请的嘉宾来自各大院校、实验室、科研院所等一线用户及各大媒体。     

非师范生缘何选择化学教育类研究生专业——基于多个案的质性研究

为了研究非师范生选择跨考化学教育类研究生的动因，采用了质性研究的扎根理论。通过对相关跨考学生深度访谈资料的分析，构建了非师范生跨考动因的理论模型。研究认为，在外部环境(宣传报道、他者影响、就业竞争)和个体环境(实验体验、实习体验、教学体验)的作用下，一方面产生了职业阻退促使非师范生离开原来专业，另一方面职业认同、自我认知、从业需求促使非师范生选择化学教育类专业，进而产生了非师范生的跨考行为。利用理论模型进行个案分析，将跨考学生分为“内力”驱动型、“外力”驱动型和双驱动型3大类。针对不同类型的跨考学生，进一步探讨相关群体的培养问题。     

化学实验失败体验:教育现象学的视角

近10年来，教育现象学在我国迅猛发展，得到愈来愈多的关注，教育现象学已逐渐形成一套较为成熟与可操作的研究方法与步骤。运用教育现象学研究方法对学生实验失败体验进行研究，得出根本主题：化学实验失败（包括实验意外）体验丰富，其增强或消减受多种因素（老师指导、同伴合作与竞争、自身、时间长短）的单一与相互影响。并从空间性、实体性、时间性、相关性等维度对根本主题的意义进行了论述。并与国际相关研究进行了比较，最后指出了该方法的适用范围和应用前景。     

融合课程思政与创新能力培养的化学师范生教育研究方法选修课建设

由化学专业教师开设的教育研究方法选修课注重思创融合。首先吸纳前沿议题、突出动态生成的求新导向;其次强化师生互动和项目化学习体验的过程导向;此外,以课程资源建设和课后自媒体传播来推动思创融合的育人导向。最后提供了“内容分析法”的教学设计案例,彰显教学过程中实践思创融合的具体操作。     

床旁超声测量下腔静脉呼吸变异指数对脓毒症休克机械通气患者容量反应性的评估

本研究分析了床旁超声(POCUS)测量下腔静脉呼吸变异指数(RVI)在脓毒症休克(SS)机械通气患者容量反应性(VR)评估中的应用价值。对70例行机械通气的SS患者进行补液试验,以补液试验后的心脏指数(CI)增加≥15%为容量有反应(研究组)39例,15%为容量无反应(对照组)31例。所有患者均行床旁超声监测,测量补液前后吸气末下腔静脉最大直径(D_(max))、呼气末下腔静脉最小直径(D_(min)),并计算RVI。补液后,研究组RVI明显降低(P0.05)。研究组RVI与CI显著相关(P0.05)。RVI预测SS机械通气患者VR的AUC、敏感度、特异性均高于D_(max)、D_(min)(P0.05)。RVI与VR显著相关,POCUS测量RVI可作为一种预测SS机械通气患者VR的无创检测手段。     

虚拟现实技术在高等化学教育中的应用和探索

对于化学结构的理解是高等化学教育中的重要组成部分。在传统的教育方式下,受限于可视化手段,学习和理解复杂的化学结构非常困难,因此学生在学习化学时会感觉晦涩难懂。在本项工作中,我们通过把虚拟现实(VR)技术和分子动力学方法结合到一起,开发了交互式分子结构可视化工具Manta。Manta工具可以生动形象地展示微观纳米结构,同时允许学生与分子结构进行直接交互,修改和创建新的化学结构。借助高精度实时计算技术与沉浸式VR技术,Manta带领学生走进真实的分子世界,充分调动学习者的自主能动性,可以作为传统教学的重要补充以促进高等化学教育的发展。     

基于课程标准的教学——以常见阴、阳离子的检验为例

以常见的阴、阳离子的检验为例，研究了如何实施基于标准的教学。校本教材的开发为标准、教材、教学、评价的一致性提供保障；以学生应知的和能做的驱动课堂活动；根据达成标准应有怎样的质量表现，试卷编制先于教学设计。课堂上，“教”“学”双方都明确学习目标，教师提供多种策略来满足学生多样的学习需要，如提供工具，搭建脚手架，并以“微”研究性学习的方式展开教学，给学生提供了充分的进步空间。     

指向学习体验的物质及其转化复习的教学实践——以“钠及其化合物”为例

学习体验是学生对学习内容、过程、方法、意义的自我感受和评估,对学生学习志趣、学习素养提升有积极正向作用。以钠及其化合物复习为例,将各类别物质间转化关系的构建、物质制备原理和条件的优选作为学习体验对象,依据学习体验的内在发展历程设计学习任务及活动,引导学生亲身体验学科认知方式、学科思维方法、学科应用价值,评价体验结果,激励学生自主学习发生。     

头发元素分析的科学意义及医学应用价值

对近100年来头发元素分析发展历史作了简要回顾，并从头发元素水平代表身体元素总体水平、头发元素含量可以准确测定，以及头发元素分析可用于医学诊断等三个方面论述了头发元素分析的生物学基础及临床意义，重点介绍了中国科学工作者在实验研究和临床实践中的探索和发现。科学实践证明，头发元素分析不仅为揭开古代头发神话提供了解释基础，也为头发的现代应用提供了可靠工具和科学依据。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。