课程思政视角下化学思维型课堂的建构*——以“乙醇”的教学为例

通过以真实问题为情境,以化学知识结构化与化学核心观念为基础,以问题的探究为路径,以乙醇教学为例,建构了课程思政视角下的化学思维型课堂即“两思课堂”的基本教学模型,探索了“两思课堂”的评价方法与内容。通过分析学生表现可知两思课堂能同步实现核心价值培育与化学学科核心素养培养,有效实现化学学科的育人价值。     

厘清科学探究教学的3个基本问题

针对目前探究教学实践中存在的模糊认识,提出需要厘清“关于科学探究教学的界定”“科学探究教学的价值内涵”“科学探究教学的层次性”3个基本问题,推动探究教学在化学课堂中深入开展。     

化学实验“三三三”翻转教学模式的探索与实践*

针对当前化学实验翻转课堂教学模式中存在的不足,依托“云班课”,重构了以学生为中心的化学实验“三三三”翻转教学新模式,即将实验教学划分为“三个课堂”:自学课堂、理论课堂和实验课堂等;理论课堂里包含“三个环节”:个人汇报、小组活动和测试点评等;学习效果评判有“三个评价”:自学评价、参与评价和动手评价等。以有机化学实验中“环己烯的合成”为例,采用该新的教学模式开展了教学活动,整个教学过程不仅体现了“以学定教、学生为中心”的教学理念,而且也能发挥出线下传统课堂的优势,实现了将“知识内化”的时间拉长,达到对学生线上自学“知识传授”掌握度的有力检验的目的,更有时间和空间进行课程思政元素的挖掘与融入,完成在知识传播中实现对学生的价值引领。     

新手熟手初中化学教师课堂教学行为特征的比较研究*——以“酸和碱”单元教学为例

通过对新手化学教师和熟手化学教师各4节“酸和碱”单元常态课堂中教师使用教学行为链、教学行为对在时间和频次等方面的特征进行对比分析发现,在教学行为链上,新、熟手化学教师都会在较高水平的教学行为链上花费更多的时间,熟手化学教师高水平教学行为链在频次上的占比要优于新手化学教师,在不同教学行为链时间安排上的合理性要更高一些;在教学行为对上,新、熟手化学教师都多以“问”和“讲”,学生多以“答”的方式来展开课堂活动,熟手化学教师在每一次“动”和“思”上所用时间要明显高于新手化学教师,学生参与课堂的水平上,熟手化学教师要优于新手化学教师。得出如下启示:与熟手化学教师相比,新手化学教师应有效地组织和安排课堂教学行为,注重对“酸和碱”学科内容本身及其教学的驾驭。无论是熟手还是新手化学教师均应进一步给予学生课堂参与的机会。     

生活境脉促体验 实验创新助探究—指向核心素养发展的“铁及其化合物的应用”教学实践

有机融合学生生活中的经验与体验和化学学习中的认知与思维,可优化课堂进程,提高学习效率,让化学知识建构的过程同时成为化学学科核心素养发展提升的过程。在“铁及其化合物的应用”的教学中,以“笔·墨”为情境生成真实问题,在互动、探究、体验中整合物质性质,建构思维模型,并应用模型解决问题,发展科学探究、证据推理、模型认知等化学学科核心素养。     

“实验化学”翻转课堂教学案例设计

针对实验化学课程的特点,探讨了实验化学“课前知识传递,课堂知识内化,课后反思提高”的翻转课堂教学设计。以“硫酸亚铁铵的制备”为实验案例,通过翻转课堂在学习目标、活动主体与教学流程上的教学设计,详细阐述了以学生为中心的教学实施,并全面评价了教学实践。     

基于“教学评一体化”的化学探究活动一般思路方法建构*——以“物质的分离与提纯”复习课为例

针对学生面对化学实验探究问题无从下手的情况,以物质的分离与提纯这一类探究实验为例,通过“教学评一体化”的教学模式引导学生建立解决“物质分离与提纯”探究实验的一般思路方法。     

促进“深度学习”的教学实践与思考——以“基于桃酥烘焙配方的实验探究”为例

以“基于桃酥烘培配方的实验探究”单元课的设计与实施为例,从情境素材的选取、课堂问题的设计、课堂任务的确定、学习活动的设计、持续性评价方案的设计等方面论述了促进“深度学习”教学的生成过程。     

“素养为本”的化学课堂教学*——以“原子晶体”为例

基于“素养为本”视角,以“原子晶体”的教学为例,对教学主题内容、教学现状及学情进行分析;以发展学生化学学科核心素养为主旨确定教学目标;以“微粒-微粒间的相互作用-物质的聚集状态-物质性质”的认识思路为主线,以“模型认知,建构概念-证据推理,归纳性质-微观探析,探究结构-科学史实,揭示价值”的任务型教学流程,达到落实并发展学生化学学科核心素养的目的。     

雨课堂与腾讯课堂联用的“有机化学”线上教学设计与实践*

基于智慧教学工具“雨课堂”为主和“腾讯课堂”为辅的双平台联用组合,将“雨课堂”优秀的教学互动和全周期记录学习活动表现的功能与“腾讯课堂”网络直播高峰期画面卡顿少、师生可以语音互动的优点结合起来,充分发挥“以学生为中心”的教学理念,探讨了有机化学课程的线上教学设计,并在教学班级中进行了广泛实践。实践证明,“雨课堂”直播为主和“腾讯课堂”为辅的双平台联用教学模式能保证教学质量、激发学生的学习兴趣和提高学生的学习效果。     

Determination of the enthalpy of fusion of K<Subscript>3</Subscript>TaO<Subscript>2</Subscript>F<Subscript>4</Subscript> and KTaF<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Areas of fusion and crystallization peaks of K₃TaO₂F₄ and KTaF₆ were measured using the DSC mode of a high-temperature calorimeter (SETARAM 1800 K). On the basis of these quantities, considering the temperature dependence of the calorimeter sensitivity, values of the fusion enthalpy of K₃TaO₂F₄ at the fusion temperature of 1181 K of (43 ± 4) kJ mol⁻¹ and of KTaF₆ at the fusion temperature of 760 K of (8 ± 1) kJ mol⁻¹ were determined.     

2,4‐Di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazones of 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde, 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone

In 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C₁₃H₁₀N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (X), 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4‐{1‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (XI), and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4‐­{[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₆·C₄H₉NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non‐linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double‐bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.     

“蒸馏酒”还是“发酵酒”——对《科学史导论》中“spirits” 和“distillation”的再思考

科学史奠基者乔治·萨顿在《科学史导论》第二卷的第一部分对我国宋代酿酒著作《北山酒经》予以了简要描述,出现了“spirits”“distillation”等字样;而《北山酒经》被众多学者认为其描述对象是发酵酒(黄酒)。本文从东西方蒸馏技术和相关著作的文本分析对《科学史导论》中提及的蒸馏技术和蒸馏酒存在的可能性提出了质疑。     

Influence of composition on corroding process of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-K<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CaO-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glasses

The corroding process of six glasses of the Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-ZrO₂-SiO₂ system with ZrO₂content 0–2.13 mass % by water was observed during static tests at 121°C and pressure of 0.25 MPa in steam sterilizer. Significant increase of Na⁺ and K⁺ content in leachates was observed after the addition of ZrO₂ into glass. Further increase of the content of ZrO₂ in glasses slowed down the rate of Na⁺ and K⁺ leaching. The leaching process of SiO₂ as well as Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions was evaluated on the basis of comparison with model leaching processes. Variation of the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ in leachates with time was described by empirical equation. Observed changes in the initial leaching rates of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ can be ascribed to the content of ZrO₂ in glasses. The presence of ZrO₂ in glasses reduced the overall rate of glass dissolution.     

Projection of the liquidus surface of the Sb<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Gd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

Phase equilibria in the Sb₂Te₃-Gd₂Te₃-Bi₂Te₃ ternary system have been studied using differential thermal analysis, namely, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure examination, thermodynamic analysis, and microhardness and alloy density measurements. Phase diagrams of some polythermal joins and liquidus surface have been constructed. The regions of primary crystallization of phases and the coordinates of all invariant and univariant equilibria in the system under investigation have been established.     

Crystal structure of the synthetic analog of radtkeite Hg<Subscript>3</Subscript>S<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>1.00</Subscript>I<Subscript>1.00</Subscript>

The results of structural studies of the synthetic analog of the radtkeite mineral Hg₃S₂Cl_1.00I_1.00 are analyzed. The crystal structure of the compound has been refined; the unit cell parameters are a _m = 16.827(4) , b _m = 9.117(1) , c _m = 13.165(5) , = 130.17(2)°, V = 1543.3(8) ³, space group C2/m, Z = 8, R = 0.0527. A possible transition a ₀ = a _m; b ₀ = a _m + 2c _m; c ₀ = –b _m to the pseudo-orthorhombic F cell previously determined for radtkeite, where one of the angles ( ₀ ) is slightly different from 90° (89.55°), has been found. Each sulfur atom in the structure is bonded to three mercury atoms, forming SHg₃ umbrellas with distances 2.240(6) –2.474(8) and angles HgSHg 94.7(2)°–102.9(2)°. The SHg₃ fragments are linked through Hg vertices to form corrugated [Hg₁₂S₈] layers. The halogen atoms lie inside and between the [Hg₁₂S₈] layers; the distances are Hg-Cl and Hg-I 2.783(7) , 2.961(7) , and 3.083(4) –3.311(3) , respectively.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by N. V. Pervukhina, S. V. Borisov, S. A. Magarill, D. Yu. Naumov, V. I. Vasiliev, and B. G. NenashevTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 755–758, July–August, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Ionic conduction of a high-temperature modification of Lu<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>

A nanoceramic product of the composition Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is synthesized by a coprecipitation method with a subsequent sublimation drying and an annealing at 650–1650°C. The conduction of Lu₂Ti₂O₇ synthesized at 1650°C is ionic (10^–3 S cm^–1 at 800°C). Thus, a new material with a high ionic conduction has been discovered. The ordering in Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is studied by methods of RFA, RSA, IK spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The existence of a low-temperature phase transition fluorite-pyrochlore at 800°C and a high-temperature conversion order-disorder at 1650°C are established.Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 298–303.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shlyakhtina, Ukshe, Shcherbakova.     

Thermoanalytical study of the synthesis of Na<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Bi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ferroelectric

The study presents results of examination on Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (NBT) ferroelectric synthesis through intermediate binary compound Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT). The first stage of the study related to obtaining BIT from oxide precursors, i.e. Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂. The second stage included obtaining NBT from Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, Na₂CO₃ and TiO₂. Two polymorphic modifications of TiO₂ (anatase, rutile) and diversified initial homogenization of raw material batches were applied during examination.     

Physicochemical foundations of synthesis of new ferromagnets from chalcopyrites A<Superscript>II</Superscript>B<Superscript>IV</Superscript>C<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>V</Superscript></Stack>

The results of studying phase equilibria of ternary A^IIB^IVC^V systems have been reported. Physicochemical foundations have been developed for the synthesis of new ferromagnets with Curie temperatures above room temperature structurally compatible with basic semiconducting materials. Methods of synthesis and physicochemical properties of manganese-doped A^IIB^IVC₂^V ferromagnets have been described. The results of theoretical simulation of magnetic properties have been considered and basic approaches to the explanation of the emergence of ferromagnetism in A^IIB^IVC₂^V doped with 3d metals have been surveyed. The most promising ways to produce and study dilute magnetic semiconductors as spintronics materials have been presented.     

Calculations of thermodynamic stability of CpCoC<Subscript>2</Subscript>B<Subscript>9</Subscript>H<Subscript>11</Subscript> cobaltacarborane isomers

Quantum-chemical calculations of the geometry and energies of nine possible isomers of 12-vertex cobaltacarborane CpCoC₂B₉H₁₁ (1) were carried out by the DFT method (PBEPBE/DGDZVP/DGA1). Thermodynamic stability of the isomers increases with increasing distance between the carbon atoms in the cage and is virtually independent of the position of the CpCo vertex. The relative stabilities of the 1,2,3-(17.57 kcal mol⁻¹), 1,2,4-(3.72 kcal mol⁻¹), and 1,2,9-isomers of 1 (0 kcal mol⁻¹) are similar to the corresponding values for the ortho (17.61 kcal mol⁻¹), meta (3.21 kcal mol⁻¹), and para isomers (0 kcal mol⁻¹) of carborane C₂B₁₀H₁₂. The results of the present study confirm a close similarity of the CpCo and BH fragments in metallacarborane chemistry. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1557–1559, July, 2005.