共价键理论发展史及其教育价值

共价键理论是化学学科的核心内容,基于认识视角梳理共价键的发展史,将共价键理论的形成和发展分为4个阶段,现象阶段：初识物质结合方式;表征阶段：探索微粒结合过程;本质阶段：揭示共价键形成实质;发展阶段：解释物质结构与性质。共价键历史的发展阶段与教材的编排一脉相承,结合学生的认知发展,有以下教育价值：(1)凸显学科思想方法;(2)持续发展学生认识进阶;(3)促进学生素养形成。     

高中化学“从组成和变化视角认识身边的物质”项目式学习——家用氯化钙除湿剂

以“家用氯化钙除湿剂”为例，开展项目式学习，在完成项目任务、展示项目成果的过程中，帮助学生从组成和变化视角认识身边的物质。融合溶解与结晶、盐类水解平衡、弱电解质的电离平衡、离子检验和化学计算等学科知识，学习基于热失重曲线定性和定量分析物质组成的方法，建立身边物质组成和变化的学科认识方式，发展变化观、微粒观、平衡观，提升科学探究等学科核心素养。     

大概念统领下的初中化学单元教学设计与实践——物质的组成与结构

在教学单元知识结构及承载的素养发展功能、教学现状、学情分析的基础上，制定“物质的组成与结构”单元目标及课时目标，设计每课时的教学流程，并以导引式大概念建构课“物质成分的探究”为例进行单元教学实践，培养学生基于宏观、微观、宏微结合的视角认识物质成分的意识，发展学生的核心素养，并进行实践反思。     

基于认识视角与认识思路的化学课堂教学*——物质的分类及转化

以解决“保存NaOH溶液的试剂瓶为什么不用玻璃塞”这一真实问题为情境,设计3个教学板块:运用分类方法认识物质、对物质进行分类、合成物质,从物质组成和物质变化的认识视角,对物质进行分类,建构分类观。依据物质分类研究同一类别物质的性质及应用,在完成知识结构化的同时,重在凝练基于物质分类及转化的认识视角和认识思路,寻找并体验陌生情境下解决复杂化学问题的突破口和思维框架,发展学生的化学学科核心素养。     

基于认知模型进阶的“元素周期律”教学——选择元素制备储氢材料

以科学研究热点“储氢材料”为载体进行选择性必修阶段“元素周期律”的教学。应用必修阶段已有的“元素及物质的系统认知模型”,通过选择元素制备金属氢化物、解析氨硼烷2个教学环节,在真实问题解决过程中基于认知需求认识电离能、电负性,了解双氢键,并将新认知与已有认知模型进行融合,实现认知模型进阶和系统思维能力发展,培养社会责任感。     

彰显核心概念的认识功能,促进知识向能力和素养转化——鲁科版高中化学必修新教材第一册第二章的编写思路和使用建议

明确了“物质分类”“氧化还原反应”“电离与离子反应”等概念对物质性质的认识功能,阐述了鲁科版教材通过构建认识模型,基于认识发展布局学习素材,依据学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新构建进阶的评价体系等方式促进核心知识向能力、素养转化的编写思路,并提出了使用建议。     

核心素养为本的单元教学设计与实施——以“探究水的组成”为例

以“探究水的组成”教学为例，通过课标、教材及学习者分析，从认识角度、探究水平、认识水平等3个维度整体规划“身边的化学物质”主题单元目标学习进阶，明确“探究水的组成”课时目标，通过温故建模、据模探究、探究推理等3个阶段的教学实施，建立具体物质的研究思路模型，运用模型研究陌生物质（氢气），初步形成定量研究物质组成的能力。     

基于学科理解的“物质成分”大概念教学*

以“物质成分”大概念教学为例,基于学科理解,以探究物质成分的相关化学史为线索设计教学,引导学生在追溯“物质成分”相关概念、理论的发展过程中,逐渐建构物质成分的宏观、微观、宏微结合视角。并在解决探究物质成分的真实问题的过程中,培养学生基于证据进行推理的科学论证能力,通过认识视角的发展,体会科学理论是在不断发展和进阶的,初步建立科学发展观。     

化学键理论发展的四个阶段

化学键理论是化学理论的重要基础。认识化学键理论的产生、形成和发展的过程,是人们追踪化学历史发展的重要线索,也是进一步理解和掌握化学键理论,以及整个化学理论的重要途径。人们对于化学键的认识,主要是经历了借喻期、力学期、电学期和电子理论期等四个发展阶段。借喻阶段(16世纪以前)人类早在古代就对物质之间的结合问题进行过探讨。     

编者按

21世纪以来,纳米技术得到了迅速发展,并成为引领世界科学技术发展的前沿领域之一。物质在纳米尺度下表现出的奇异现象和规律改变了相关理论的现有框架,使人们对物质世界的认识进入到崭新的阶段,孕育着新的技术革命,给材料、信息、绿色制造、生物和医学等领域带来极大的发展空间。纳米科技已成为许多国家提升核心竞争力的战略选择,也是我国有望实现跨越式发     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.