重金属盐溶解-沉淀反应的吉布斯自由能变的定量估算

对重金属盐溶解-沉淀反应的吉布斯自由能变(ΔG)进行了定量估算;在不加缓冲剂和pH调节剂的纯水体系中,观测了重金属离子Pb2+、Ni 2+及Zn2+的沉淀-溶解反应,计算了反应的表观平衡常数Kf及表观溶度积常数K′sp;与此同时,对相关计算结果进行了实验验证.结果表明,重金属盐溶解-沉淀反应的ΔG只与反应物的初始浓度和平衡浓度有关,通过测定反应物的平衡浓度即可求得反应的ΔG;重金属离子Pb2+、Ni 2+及Zn2+的沉淀-溶解反应表观平衡常数Kf及表观溶度积常数K′sp皆随重金属盐的起始表观浓度Q0的增大而发生规律性变化:Kf先增大后减小,K′sp趋于最大恒定值,并接近于Ksp;而三种体系的ΔG均为负值,ΔG的绝对值先随Q0的增大而增大,然后趋于相对恒定.实验结果表明,不能用Kf而只能用Ksp描述重金属盐的沉淀-溶解平衡,ΔG绝对值与真正参与反应的反应物的量呈正相关;ΔG<0说明纯水中重金属盐的溶解反应是自发进行的.类似地,通过计算溶解-沉淀反应的ΔG,可以判断沉淀法处理重金属污染废水在热力学上的可行性.     

钙镁硅酸盐溶度积常数的测定

借助高频等离子体发射光谱分别测定了一定温度下钙镁硅酸盐(CaO.mSiO2、MgO.mSiO2,其中m为模数)饱和溶液中Ca2 、Mg2 的平衡浓度,从而计算该温度下钙镁硅酸盐的溶度积常数,并研究了温度及水玻璃模数对钙镁硅酸盐溶度积常数的影响。结果表明,在同一温度下钙硅酸盐溶度积常数比镁硅酸盐溶度积常数小,在30℃下,水玻璃模数m为3.29时,钙硅酸盐的溶度积常数为1.14×10-8,而镁硅酸盐的溶度积常数为2.29×10-5;随着温度升高钙镁硅酸盐溶度积常数减小,当温度升高至90℃时,钙硅酸盐的溶度积常数减小至0.92×10-8,而镁硅酸盐的溶度积常数减小至1.68×10-5;在同一温度下随着水玻璃模数的增加,与其对应钙镁硅酸盐溶度积常数减小,由于模数的增加使沉淀中硅酸根离子直径变大,与钙镁离子反应生成钙镁硅酸盐晶体更易于沉淀,且更不易溶解,从而使钙镁硅酸盐的溶度积常数减小。     

氯化铅溶度积的测定与计算

用离子交换法和配位滴定法分别进行了氯化铅溶度积的测定，其结果除与氯化铅饱和溶液的浓度有关外，还与溶液中的自配位反应和离子强度有关。根据物料平衡和数值计算提出了一种氯化铅溶度积的准确计算方法，并对溶度积测定与计算的其它方法进行了讨论。     

信息与服务

本文首次介绍了用人工智能新型高级Prolog语言写成的智能数据库。若输入某一个阳(阴)离子,本程序不但能依据软硬酸碱理论自动打印出可与其发生沉淀反应的所有阴(阳)离子,生成物的颜色,溶度积常数值,而且还能自动给出生成物受热分解或生成络合物     

手持技术数字化实验促进模型建构的化学教学——沉淀溶解平衡

创设了4组数字化实验情境,将较为抽象的沉淀溶解平衡转化为简单的曲线表征。学生主动解决与曲线相关联、层层递进的问题,解决问题的同时认识了难溶电解质的“可溶”,建构了沉淀溶解平衡模型,通过定量计算理解了溶度积的概念,并利用Q与K_sp的关系判断平衡的移动。其中利用浊度传感器测浊度的数字化实验解决了向碳酸钙饱和溶液中加碳酸钠溶液无法用肉眼观察到溶液变浑浊现象的难题。     

“醋酸银溶度积的测定”实验条件的摸索

大一无机化学实验中测定溶度积的方法有好几种,笔者认为“醋酸银溶度积的测定”方法简要,准确性较高,而且不需要使用分光光度计。笔者通过摸索,对实验中硝酸银和醋酸钠的加入量作了改进,使产生醋酸银沉淀的时间缩短,所得的Ksp与文献值接近。     

同一类型难溶电解质的溶度积越大,溶解度也越大吗?

在国内的无机化学教科书,普遍都是用简单公式S=（（Ksp）/（mmnn））1/（m+n）计算难溶电解质的溶解度。并据此认为:“在相同温度下,对同类型的难溶电解质（或强电解质）,溶度积Ksp越大,溶解度也越大,溶度积Ksp越小,溶解度也越小”。片面地、无条件地断言溶度积的大小与溶解度的大小有着必然的对应关系。以致于使不少人将该结论视为普遍正确的一般规律加以广泛运用。     

氟-铝络合滴定计算分析法测定乙醇-水溶液介质中的铝

导出了氟离子标准溶液滴定铝离子的络合滴定计算分析的数学模型。以氟离子选择性电极作指示电极,利用氟离子与铝离子在乙醇-水溶液中产生沉淀,仅形成3种络合物的现象,先计算出3个条件累积稳定常数,再计算出铝离子的分析浓度。通过氢氧化铝的条件溶度积常数,求出溶液控制的pH值约为4．7。讨论了滴定数据的位置对测定结果的影响。     

虚拟实验在大学基础化学实验教学中的探索与应用

针对复杂酸碱体系的滴定问题和氯化铅溶度积常数测定两个典型基础化学实验进行了虚拟实验设计与建设。借助于软件平台创建的虚拟实验交互系统涵盖了大量的基本理论、实验仪器与设备等信息,提供了各种反应条件下的组合实验、实验数据的计算结果与检验等,满足了学生不同层次的学习要求。     

催化动力学法测定Cu（IO3）2的溶度积

难溶化合物的溶度积测定是无机化学实验和普通化学实验的基本内容之一,国内大多数教材均安排和设计了该内容的实验.其中,碘酸铜是用于测定得较多的一种难溶物.实验中,基于沉淀饱和溶液中的铜离子与氨水生成颜色更深的铜氨配离子,用比色法来测其浓度,进而求知碘酸铜的溶度积.但是,上述方法由于近似成份较多、学生对标准色阶的颜色     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.