镍铜合金立方体纳米晶的脉冲电沉积及电催化析氢性能

以泡沫镍(NF)为基体, 采用常规脉冲伏安法合成了独立分相的金属Ni, Cu为主晶相、 平均粒径为70 nm的规则立方体结构镍铜合金电催化剂(NiCu/NF). 在电催化析氢反应中, NiCu/NF表现出优良的催化活性和优异的催化稳定性, 在电流密度为10 mA/cm ²时, 在1.0 mol/L KOH溶液中需要的析氢过电位仅为86 mV, 催化24 h的电位波动仅为12 mV. 二级复合纳米立方体结构使NiCu/NF展现出15.5倍于空白NF的电化学活性面积(ECSA), 为电催化反应提供了大量催化活性位点, 也为电极表面的电荷传输、 物质传递提供了充足的通道; Cu的引入以及NiO/Ni异质结的形成改善了邻近Ni原子的活性, 使镍基材料本征析氢活性得以改善, 三者协同促进了NiCu/NF电催化活性的提升. NiCu/NF电极在析氢过程中遵循Volmer-Heyrovsky机理, 反应速率由电极表面吸附氢原子的电化学脱附过程决定.     

Ni-Co/RuO2复合电极的制备及其电催化析氢性能

采用快速凝固结合去合金化的方法制备纳米多孔Ni-Co合金,利用RuO_2对Ni-Co合金进行表面修饰,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对多孔材料进行物相分析和形貌表征,并通过线性扫描伏安法、多电位阶跃法、交流阻抗法和恒电流电解法测试多孔电极的电催化析氢性能。结果表明,Ni-Co/RuO_2复合电极材料在50 mA·cm~(-2)电流密度下析氢过电位为180 mV,析氢过程由Volmer-Heyrovsky步骤控制,交换电流密度为4.42 mA·cm~(-2),经10 h恒电流电解后电位仅增加20 mV,表现出良好的析氢稳定性。     

纳米非晶镍硼合金的合成及其碱性电催化析氢性能研究（英文）

可持续能源电解水制氢是实现零碳排放氢经济的有效途径。碱性环境下的电催化析氢反应(HER)是电解水技术主要的能量转换过程之一。开发高活性、低成本的非贵金属催化剂是碱性电解水析氢反应的关键所在。本研究以壳寡糖为保护剂,采用简单易行的化学还原法制备了纳米NiB非晶合金电催化剂并用于碱性析氢反应。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子体分析(ICP)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等多种表征方法研究了不同条件下获得的催化剂结构组成及特征物性参数。结果表明,壳寡糖的加入可以有效调控纳米粒子的平均粒径为4 nm左右,提升活性比表面积,增加活性位点,从而提高其电催化活性。所制备的NiB-COS在1.0 mol/L NaOH中表现出优异的HER性能,析氢反应起始过电位仅为15.1 mV,在电流密度为10 mA/cm²时HER过电位为49.4 mV,Tafel斜率为86.1 mV/dec,为制备高活性、低成本、简单易得的HER电催化剂提供了重要策略。     

一步法合成的FeOOH/黑磷纳米复合材料协同实现体系优异的析氧性能

通过水热法,在黑磷(BP)纳米片表面生长FeOOH纳米材料,制备出FeOOH/BP纳米复合材料。作为电化学析氧反应(OER)催化剂,该复合材料在20 mA·cm^-2时的过电位仅为191 mV,Tafel斜率为49.9 mV dec^-1;在循环1 000圈后,过电位仅仅增加了3 mV,且循环过程中元素价态不变,表现出优秀的稳定性。纳米FeOOH负载于BP表面,客观上能隔断氧气对BP的氧化,保护BP的载流子传导性能。同时,生长的FeOOH颗粒尺度小,结晶性弱,这有利于丰富其活性位点,增大活性面积。     

镍基金属有机框架衍生的双功能电催化剂用于析氢和析氧反应（英文）

开发高活性、低成本的析氢反应和析氧反应电催化剂对于能源的可持续发展至关重要。金属有机框架衍生的纳米材料已经成为一类非常有前景的非贵金属双功能电催化剂,但是目前对镍基金属有机框架衍生的双功能电催化剂的深入研究并不全面,其催化活性和稳定性还有待进一步提高。本文制备了一种棒状多孔碳负载镍纳米颗粒的新型电催化剂,并将其用作电催化析氢和析氧反应。实验研究结果表明该类电催化剂表现出优异的析氢和析氧反应活性和长期稳定性,在10 mA·cm~(-2)的电流密度下,析氢反应和析氧反应的过电位分别为120和350 mV。我们认为:材料可控的纳米结构和均匀分布的活性位点共同提升了复合材料的电催化性能。     

一步法合成的FeOOH/黑磷纳米复合材料协同实现体系优异的析氧性能

通过水热法，在黑磷(BP)纳米片表面生长FeOOH纳米材料，制备出FeOOH/BP纳米复合材料。作为电化学析氧反应(OER)催化剂，该复合材料在20 mA·cm^-2时的过电位仅为191 mV，Tafel斜率为49.9 mV dec^-1；在循环1 000圈后，过电位仅仅增加了3 mV，且循环过程中元素价态不变，表现出优秀的稳定性。纳米FeOOH负载于BP表面，客观上能隔断氧气对BP的氧化，保护BP的载流子传导性能。同时，生长的FeOOH颗粒尺度小，结晶性弱，这有利于丰富其活性位点，增大活性面积。     

NiFe水滑石纳米片阵列负载Ru用于提升碱性电催化析氢和析氧性能

通过离子交换的方式将Ru负载到NiFe水滑石(LDH)纳米阵列表面得到(Ru/NiFe LDH),Ru的引入显著提升了NiFe LDH的活性比表面积,暴露了更多的活性位点,同时调控了其电子结构,大大提升了其本征催化活性。在碱性条件下,催化析氢反应时仅需50 mV的过电位即可达到10 mA·cm^-2的电流密度,Tafel斜率为52.3 mV·dec^-1。而相同条件下原始NiFe LDH达到10mA·cm^-2的电流密度则需要226 mV的过电位,Tafel斜率为157.5 mV·dec^-1。同时制备的Ru/NiFe LDH也展现出了良好的析氧催化活性,在50 mA·cm^-2的电流密度下,过电位仅为231 mV,而NiFe LDH则需237 mV。Ru/NiFe LDH在长时间的电催化条件下依然能保持良好的工作稳定性。     

一步法合成的FeOOH/黑磷纳米复合材料协同实现体系优异的析氧性能

通过水热法,在黑磷(BP)纳米片表面生长FeOOH纳米材料,制备出FeOOH/BP纳米复合材料。作为电化学析氧反应(OER)催化剂,该复合材料在20 mA·cm^-2时的过电位仅为191 mV,Tafel斜率为49.9 mV·dec^-1;在循环1 000圈后,过电位仅仅增加了3 mV,且循环过程中元素价态不变,表现出优秀的稳定性。纳米FeOOH负载于BP表面,客观上能隔断氧气对BP的氧化,保护BP的载流子传导性能。同时,生长的FeOOH颗粒尺度小,结晶性弱,这有利于丰富其活性位点,增大活性面积。     

可控表面磷原子修饰提升超细W2C纳米颗粒电解水析氢反应性能

研究高活性和稳定性的非贵金属基析氢催化剂对解决当前能源危机和环境污染问题具有重要意义.碳化钨具有与贵金属Pt类似的d带电子结构,因而成为一类新兴的非贵金属析氢催化剂,受到广泛关注.磷掺杂是提高催化剂析氢活性的有效方法之一,然而目前最常见的构筑磷掺杂方法是使用多金属氧酸盐(POMs,如H3PW12O40),其固定的W/P原子比导致W2C中的掺杂浓度难以调控,并且磷掺杂主要是进入碳载体而不是碳化物本身,从而导致无法明确杂原子对其电催化析氢活性的贡献.本文采用植酸(PA)为磷源设计合成了可控磷掺杂W2C纳米颗粒,并探讨了催化剂组分、杂原子掺杂位置与析氢性能之间的关系.深入研究了磷掺杂碳化钨(WCP)的化学结构和析氢活性.与原始的W2C催化剂相比,WCP具有更高的本征活性、更快的电子转移速率和更多的活性位数量,并且在酸性和碱性条件下均表现出较好的析氢性能.特别是过电位为-200 mV时,WCP催化剂的本征活性在酸性和碱性条件下分别为0.07和0.56 H2 s-1,高出纯W2C(0.01和0.05 H2 S-1)数倍.同时,在电流密度为-10 mA cm-2时,优化后的WCP催化剂在酸性和碱性条件下的析氢过电位分别降低了96和88 mV.XPS及EDS元素分析结果表明,随磷源添加量增加,磷掺杂从碳化钨表面逐渐向内部扩散,进一步说明磷取代位置与析氢活性之间的构效关系,高浓度的表面磷取代可以加速质子捕获过程,从而显著提高其析氢活性,而过量的内部磷取代会破坏W2C结构,降低电子转移速率,从而导致析氢性能下降.利用密度泛函理论计算深入研究了WCP具有较好析氢性能的原因,与内部磷取代相比,表面磷取代会使碳化钨表现出更合适的氢吸附自由能,并且更加有效地降低了氢释放势垒,从而优化了析氢反应动力学.综上,本文为元素掺杂工艺提供了新的思路,同时研究了表面异质原子对析氢活性的关键作用,为该类催化材料的构效关系研究提供了新思路.     

可控表面磷原子修饰提升超细W2C纳米颗粒电解水析氢反应性能

研究高活性和稳定性的非贵金属基析氢催化剂对解决当前能源危机和环境污染问题具有重要意义.碳化钨具有与贵金属Pt类似的d带电子结构,因而成为一类新兴的非贵金属析氢催化剂,受到广泛关注.磷掺杂是提高催化剂析氢活性的有效方法之一,然而目前最常见的构筑磷掺杂方法是使用多金属氧酸盐(POMs,如H3PW12O40),其固定的W/P原子比导致W2C中的掺杂浓度难以调控,并且磷掺杂主要是进入碳载体而不是碳化物本身,从而导致无法明确杂原子对其电催化析氢活性的贡献.本文采用植酸(PA)为磷源设计合成了可控磷掺杂W2C纳米颗粒,并探讨了催化剂组分、杂原子掺杂位置与析氢性能之间的关系.深入研究了磷掺杂碳化钨(WCP)的化学结构和析氢活性.与原始的W2C催化剂相比,WCP具有更高的本征活性、更快的电子转移速率和更多的活性位数量,并且在酸性和碱性条件下均表现出较好的析氢性能.特别是过电位为-200 mV时,WCP催化剂的本征活性在酸性和碱性条件下分别为0.07和0.56 H2 s-1,高出纯W2C(0.01和0.05 H2 S-1)数倍.同时,在电流密度为-10 mA cm-2时,优化后的WCP催化剂在酸性和碱性条件下的析氢过电位分别降低了96和88 mV.XPS及EDS元素分析结果表明,随磷源添加量增加,磷掺杂从碳化钨表面逐渐向内部扩散,进一步说明磷取代位置与析氢活性之间的构效关系,高浓度的表面磷取代可以加速质子捕获过程,从而显著提高其析氢活性,而过量的内部磷取代会破坏W2C结构,降低电子转移速率,从而导致析氢性能下降.利用密度泛函理论计算深入研究了WCP具有较好析氢性能的原因,与内部磷取代相比,表面磷取代会使碳化钨表现出更合适的氢吸附自由能,并且更加有效地降低了氢释放势垒,从而优化了析氢反应动力学.综上,本文为元素掺杂工艺提供了新的思路,同时研究了表面异质原子对析氢活性的关键作用,为该类催化材料的构效关系研究提供了新思路.     

CoS2 Nanoparticles Embedded in Covalent Organic Polymers as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction with Ultralow Overpotential

Cobalt disulfide (CoS₂) has been explored as attractive electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, bulk CoS₂ sheets have limited catalytic activity due to low exposure of active sites. Herein, through an in-situ vulcanization approach, CoS₂ nanoparticles are embedded into bipyridine-containing covalent organic polymer (BP-COP). The as-prepared nanocomposite CoS₂@BP-COP exhibits high catalytic activity toward OER with an ultra-low overpotential of 270 mV (vs. RHE) at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², a small Tafel slope of 36 mV dec⁻¹, and an excellent durability for 24 h without decay. The surface of CoS₂ is partially converted into CoOOH to form CoS₂/CoOOH as active sites under OER conditions. CoS₂@BP-COP displays superior OER catalytic activity to CoS₂ nanosheets and commercially available RuO₂ under the same conditions. The outstanding OER performance activity of CoS₂@BP-COP could be attributed to the uniform and small particle sizes of CoS₂/CoOOH distributed in BP-COP.     

The preparation of ionic liquid based iron phosphate/CNTs composite via microwave radiation for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction

Water electrolysis is a promising method for hydrogen production, so the preparation of low-cost and efficient electrocatalysts with a quick and simple procedure is crucial. Herein, iron phosphate (Fe₇(PO₄)₆) was prepared via microwave radiation using ionic liquid (IL) as iron and phosphorus dual-source. This method is simple and rapid, and the product can be directly used as electrocatalysts without further treatment. The experimental results show that the IL can influence the morphology and electrocatalytic performance. Moreover, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is favorable for formation of iron phosphate nanoparticles to improve the catalytic activities. As hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, this iron phosphate/CNTs exhibits an onset overpotential of 120 mV, Tafel slope of 32.9 mV dec^-1, and current densities of 10 mA cm⁻² at overpotential of 185 mV. Then, it obtains a good activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a low onset potential of 1.48 V, Tafel slope of 73.3 mV dec^-1, and it only needs an overpotential of 300 mV to drive the 10 mA cm⁻². This bifunctional catalyst also shows good durability for HER and OER. This microwave-assisted method provides an outstanding strategy to prepare iron phosphate in a simple and fast process with good catalytic performance for water splitting.     

Hierarchical Tubular Architecture Constructed by Vertically Aligned CoS2-MoS2 Nanosheets for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis

Developing efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for establishing a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system, but it is still a challenging issue. Herein, hierarchical tubular-structured CoS₂-MoS₂/C as efficient electrocatalysts are fabricated through a unique metal–organic framework (MOF) mediated self-sacrificial templating. Core–shell structured MoO₃@ZIF-67 nanorods are used both as a precursor and a sacrificial template to form the one-dimensional tubular heterostructure where vertically aligned two-dimensional CoS₂-MoS₂ nanosheets are formed on the MOF-derived carbon tube. Trace amounts of noble metals (Pd, Rh, and Ru) are successfully introduced to enhance the electrocatalytic property of the CoS₂-MoS₂/C nanocomposites. The as-synthesized hierarchical tubular heterostructures exhibit excellent HER catalytic performance owing to the merits of the hierarchical hollow architecture with abundantly exposed edges and the uniformly dispersed active sites. Impressively, the optimal Pd-CoS₂-MoS₂/C-600 catalyst delivers a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 144 mV and a small Tafel slope of 59.9 mV/dec in 0.5 m H₂SO₄. Overall, this MOF-mediated strategy can be extended to the rational design and synthesis of other hollow heterogeneous catalysts for scalable hydrogen generation.     

CoS2/N-Doped Hollow Spheres as an Anode Material for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

In this work, we first synthesized polyacrylic acid (PAA) spheres and then used PAA as a template to load Co(OH)₂ particles onto its surface. The product of CoS₂ nanoparticles dispersed in N-doped hollow spheres (N-HCS) was prepared through sulfurization treatment (CoS₂/S@N-HCS). During the sulfuration process, sulfur penetrates into the PAA, embedding into the graphite layer along with the carbonization process. It was found that during the charging and discharging process, the sulfur in the carbon layer will gradually dissolve out, thereby forming new ion diffusion channels in the carbon spheres and exposing more CoS₂ active sites. The CoS₂/S@N-HCS composite exhibits a specific capacity of 729.6 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹. The sodium-storage mechanism and reaction kinetics of the materials were further measured by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ex-situ X-ray diffraction, capacitance performance evaluation, and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The excellent cycling performance and rate capability demonstrated that the CoS₂/S@N-HCS is a potential and prospective anode material for sodium-ion batteries.     

Two‐Dimensional Co@N‐Carbon Nanocomposites Facilely Derived from Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysis

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOF‐derived nanomaterials have recently attracted great interest as highly efficient, non‐noble‐metal catalysts. In particular, two‐dimensional MOF nanosheet materials possess the advantages of both 2D layered nanomaterials and MOFs and are considered to be promising nanomaterials. Herein, we report a facile and scalable in situ hydrothermal synthesis of Co–hypoxanthine (HPA) MOF nanosheets, which were then directly carbonized to prepare uniform Co@N‐Carbon nanosheets for efficient bifunctional electrocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen‐evolution reactions (OERs). The Co embedded in N‐doped carbon shows excellent and stable catalytic performance for bifunctional electrocatalytic OERs and HERs. For OERs, the overpotential of Co@N‐Carbon at 10 mA cm^?2 was 400 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). The current density of Co@N‐Carbon reached 100 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 560 mV, which showed much better performance than RuO₂; the largest current density of RuO₂ that could be reached was only 44 mA cm^?2. The Tafel slope of Co@N‐Carbon was 61 mV dec^?1, which is comparable to that of commercial RuO₂ (58 mV dec^?1). The excellent electrocatalytic properties can be attributed to the nanosheet structure and well‐dispersed carbon‐encapsulated Co, CoN nanoparticles, and N‐dopant sites, which provided high conductivity and a large number of accessible active sites. The results highlight the great potential of utilizing MOF nanosheet materials as promising templates for the preparation of 2D Co@N‐Carbon materials for electrocatalysis and will pave the way to the development of more efficient 2D nanomaterials for various catalytic applications.     

氮掺杂碳纤维负载镍钴硒化物的制备及其电催化析氢性能

以静电纺丝制备的纤维为前驱体,通过煅烧、硒化处理等工艺合成了负载双金属硒化物纳米粒子的氮掺杂碳纤维(NCF)材料((Ni,Co)Se2/NCF),并对其进行了一系列相关的表征,研究了其在酸性和碱性条件下的析氢性能.(Ni,Co)Se2纳米粒子被锚定于NCF中,有效地阻止了纳米粒子的聚集,提供了更多的催化活性位点.电催化...     

Glucose-derived carbon sphere supported CoP as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

Glucose-derived carbon sphere supported cobalt phosphide nanoparticles(Co P/C) were synthesized via a concise two-step method. The electrochemical measurement results indicate that the Co P/C prepared at 900 ℃ presents excellent electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). The overpotential at a current density of 10 m A cm~(-2) is 108 and 163 mV in 0.5 M H_2SO_4 and 1 M KOH, respectively, and maintains its electrocatalytic durability for at least 10 h. This work supplies a new field to challenge the construction of electrocatalysts for HER through using cost-effective carbon supported transition metal phosphides.     

Platinum Oxide Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution: Influence of Platinum Valence State

Electrochemical hydrogen generation is a rising prospect for future renewable energy storage and conversion. Platinum remains a leading choice of catalyst, but because of its high cost and low natural abundance, it is critical to optimize its use. In the present study, platinum oxide nanoparticles of approximately 2 nm in diameter are deposited on carbon nitride (C3N4) nanosheets by thermal refluxing of C3N4 and PtCl₂ or PtCl₄ in water. These nanoparticles exhibit apparent electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acid. Interestingly, the HER activity increases with increasing Pt⁴⁺ concentration in the nanoparticles, and the optimized catalyst even outperforms commercial Pt/C, exhibiting an overpotential of only −7.7 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm⁻² and a Tafel slope of −26.3 mV dec⁻¹. The results from this study suggest that the future design of platinum oxide catalysts should strive to maximize the Pt⁴⁺ sites and minimize the formation of the less active Pt²⁺ species.     

Voltammetric determination of atenolol at C(60)-modified glassy carbon electrodes

C₆₀-modified glassy carbon electrode has been found to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity towards atenolol oxidation for its voltammetric determination at physiological pH. Lowering of overpotential associated with atenolol oxidation indicates electrocatalytic nature of electrode. Determination of atenolol was carried out at pH 7.2 at modified electrode and a well-defined oxidation peak has been observed ∼1040 mV versus Ag/AgCl electrode for atenolol oxidation. Calibration plot having good co-linearity with a correlation coefficient 0.997 was obtained in the concentration range of 0.25-1.5 mM atenolol and the sensitivity of the method has been found to be 8.58 μA mM⁻¹. The detection limit is found to be 0.16 mM. The method developed is applicable for atenolol determination in pharmaceutical preparations and urine samples. The modified electrode showed a good surface coverage (∼85%) with C₆₀.     

Molybdenum‐tungsten Oxide Nanowires Rich in Oxygen Vacancies as An Advanced Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution

Electrolysis of water is a promising way to produce hydrogen fuel in large scale. The commercialization of this technology requires highly efficient non‐noble metal electrocatalysts to decease the energy input for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, a novel nanowire structured molybdenum‐tungsten bimetallic oxide (CTAB‐D‐W₄MoO₃) is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method followed with post annealing treatment. The obtained metal oxides feature with enhanced conductivity, rich oxygen vacancies and customized electronic structure. As such, the composite electrocatalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for HER in an acidic environment, achieving a large current density of 100 mA cm^?2 at overpotential of only 286 mV and a small Tafel slope of 71.2 mV dec^?1. The excellent electrocatalytic HER performance of CTAB‐D‐W₄MoO₃ is attributed to the unique nanowire structure, rich catalytic active sites and promoted electron transfer rate.