动载荷下金属板表面的微物质喷射

 用石英晶体传感器技术，测量了冲击波作用下铝合金（Ly-12）和纯铅样品自由表面的微物质喷射量。在冲击压力为32 GPa时，测得光洁度为3.2、0.4、0.1 μm的铝合金的微物质喷射量分别为1.53～3.28 g/m²，0.2～0.3 g/m²和0.053～0.096 g/m²，对光洁度为3.2 μm的纯铅样品，在压力为13 GPa和47 GPa时，微物质喷射量分别微26.4～42.4 g/m²和183～328 g/m²。在最高冲击压力约为20 GPa时，做了多次冲击下的微物质喷射量测量，发现比单次冲击加载下的喷射量有很大的减少。结果表明，微物质喷射量与自由表面的加工条件、局部熔化和加载方式等因素有关。     

Mechanisms of fracture of the free surface of shock-compressed metals

The mechanisms of the ejection of aluminum and copper microparticles from the free surfaces of these metals have been studied under conditions of the escape of a moderate-intensity shock wave from a sample. The free surfaces of samples contained 0.7–0.9 mm deep artificial wells and protrusions simulating (on a greater scale of 10: 1) the natural surface roughness retained upon mechanical processing. The pressure in a shock-wave pulse at the base of a protrusion was controlled within P = 5–20 GPa (i.e., below the melting region), and the variable duration of pressure pulses was 0.02, 0.2, and 1 μs. Analysis of the free surfaces of postloaded samples showed that, for certain loading and roughness parameters, the ejection of metal from vertices of protruding ridges or pyramids (as a result of the longitudinal fracture) was about ten times greater than the amount of metal ejected in the form of cumulative jets from wells. The amount of ejected metal and the size distribution of metal microparticles were quantitatively characterized using “soft collecting targets” and by measuring mass losses of samples upon fracture.     

Interpretation of the mass distribution of ejected (CsI)nCs+ ion clusters by the non-cascade sputtering model

Large (CsI)_nCs⁺ cluster ions ejected by keV ion bombardment of CsI surfaces have been observed by various researchers, notably those from the Naval Research Laboratory and the University of Manitoba. We use the non-cascade sputtering model to describe the mass distribution of these cluster ions. Reasonable agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations is obtained. The energy deposited by the bombarding ion giving rise to the ejection process is shown to vary with the stopping powers of the bombarding ion species. the model is also shown to be applicable to cluster ions ejected from other alkali halides.     

Droplets from the metal surfaces irradiated by a high-intensity pulsed ion beam

Droplet behavior from the surfaces of pure metals Ti and Al ablated by high-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) with an ion current density from 30 to 200 A/cm² has been investigated to explore the mechanism of mass transfer on HIPIB-irradiated materials. Droplet ejection on the ablated metal surface is studied by scanning electron microscope observation, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis and profilometer measurement. The presence of ejected droplets from the irradiated surfaces is detected on both the surfaces of irradiated metals and substrates locating adjacent to the ablated surfaces. Moreover, the number density of droplets observed on both the surfaces tends to increase with increasing the ion current density. This phenomenon correlates to the fact that higher ion-beam intensity led to a more intense ablation, i.e. a severer droplet ejection. In addition, surface roughness (R_a) for the respective metals is continuously increased with increasing the ion current density, indicating a more significant disturbance on the melted surfaces caused by the correspondingly severer droplet ejection. Combined with the previous finding of selective ablation on titanium, it is concluded that the droplet ejection is the efficient cause of cratering and disturbance on HIPIB-ablated surfaces.     

15N, 13C-On-line Measurements with an Elemental Analyser (Carlo Erba,NA 1500), a Modified Trapping Box and a Gas Isotope Mass Spectrometer (Finnigan,MAT 251)

Abstract

An on-line method for the determination of ¹⁵N and ¹³C with a gas isotope mass spectrometer (Finnigan, MAT 251) was developed to improve the sensitivity and to reduce measurements time and the cost of the sample analysis. For this purpose an elemental analyser (Carlo Erba, NA 1500) was coupled to the mass spectrometer using parts of the capillary system of a trapping box (Finnigan, type CN). For the determination of samples with natural concentrations of ¹⁵N and ¹³C the uncertainty of the delta value is less than 0.2 δ‰. The detection limit is in the order of 10 μg (total N or total C) and 7 samples can be analysed per hour.     

Charge-transfer reactions in clusters excited with synchrotron radiation

Charge-transfer reactions are observed in a photoluminescence study of NF₃\rm NF_3-doped free krypton clusters. They show up in emissions from Kr⁺F^-\rm Kr^{+}F^{-}free excimers ejected from the clusters, and from excited Kr₂⁺F^-\rm Kr_2^{+}F^{-}and Kr₂⁺(NF₃)_m^-{\rm Kr}_2^{+}({\rm NF}_3)_m^{-} (m 3(m\geq 1) solvated in the clusters. The results show that reaction dynamics in clusters differs considerably from that in the gas and solid phases.     

Dynamics of fractoluminescence and electromagnetic and acoustic emission upon an impact against the marble surface

The blow of a steel striker against the marble surface induces strain waves and electromagnetic emission. Simultaneously, microcracks appear in the marble single crystal with excited free CO ₂ ^? radicals at the microcrack banks. Relaxation of electronic excitation leads to the emergence of fractoluminescence bursts. The burst intensity is proportional to the area of the microcrack surfaces. Measurements show that the linear size of the microcracks varies from ～2 to ～47 μm.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of water in microchannel heat sink

The flow boiling heat transfer of water in a microchannel heat sink with variable initial vapor quality at the inlet is investigated. The stainless steel microchannel heat sink contains ten 640 × 2050 μm channels with a length of 120 mm; the wall roughness is 10 μm. The data on the local heat-transfer coefficient distribution in heat sink length are obtained in the range of mass fluxes from 30 to 90 kg/m²s, heat fluxes from 40 to 170 kW/m², and vapor qualities from 0 to 1. The heat transfer instability associated with dry spots resulting from insufficient wetting of channel walls introduces substantial contribution to the heat transfer mechanism and leads to decreasing heat transfer in heat sink length downward the flow. The developed method for calculating the flow boiling heat transfer of water in a microchannel heat sink allows more accurate prediction of heat transfer drop than available methods.     

Positron investigations of free-volume elements in polymer gas-separation membranes

This work is a part of an investigation aimed at converting the positron method into a tool for quantitative investigations of microdefects in polymers. The number (10¹⁹ cm⁻³) and effective radii (0.2–2.8 nm) of elementary free volumes in polymer gas-separation membranes polytrimethyl silylpropine (PTMSP) and porous polyphenylene oxide (PPO 200 and 70 m²/g) are estimated on the basis of positron data. The calculations are facilitated by using the mutually complementary programs PATFIT and CONTIN as well as by the possibility of estimating the diffusion coefficients of positronium in PPO samples having different specific surface areas. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 164–167 (January 1998)     

一种新型光学多通池系统应用于烟雾箱内挥发性有机化合物探测

介绍了Chernin型多通池的原理、设计及应用,该系统稳定性好,调节简单,光程在3—330 m的范围内可调.通过对NO₂的痕量探测,验证了该系统的稳定性及可靠性,在37 m的吸收光程内,NO₂的探测极限达19.1 μg/m³.同时,利用该系统对烟雾箱内的邻、间、对-二甲苯,甲苯进行了痕量探测,在36 m的吸收光程内,探测极限分别达到42.6,15.1,9.9和19.7 μg/m³,该系统可以满足烟雾箱内挥发性有机化合物     

Surface tension,step free energy,and facets in the equilibrium crystal

Some aspects of the microscopic theory of interfaces in classical lattice systems are developed. The problem of the appearance of facets in the (Wulff) equilibrium crystal shape is discussed, together with its relation to the discontinuities of the derivatives of the surface tension (n) (with respect to the components of the surface normaln) and the role of the step free energy ^step(m) (associated with a step orthogonal tom on a rigid interface). Among the results are, in the case of the Ising model at low enough temperatures, the existence of ^step(m) in the thermodynamic limit, the expression of this quantity by means of a convergent cluster expansion, and the fact that 2^step(m) is equal to the value of the jump of the derivative / (when varies) at the point =0 [withn=(m ₁ sin ,m ₂ sin , cos )]. Finally, using this fact, it is shown that the facet shape is determined by the function ^step(m).     

IR absorption in p-type pb0.97Sn0.03Se

IR absorption in p-type melt grown Pb_0.97Sn_0.03Se crystals is reported. The results for the room temperature absorption coefficient (α) in the wavelength region 2–15 μm are analysed. The indirect absorption edge is found to be at 0.26 eV for this ternary alloy. In the longwavelength region α is found to be proportional to λ², in agreement with the classical free carrier absorption expression. The conductivity effective mass of holes is found to be 0.067 m₀ at 300°K.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R21 in microchannel heat sink

Boiling heat transfer in a refrigerant R 21 flow in a microchannel heat sink is studied. A stainless steel heat sink with a length of 120 mm contains ten microchannels with a size of 640×2050 μm at cross-section with a wall roughness of 10 μm. The local heat-transfer coefficient distribution along the heat sink length is obtained. The ranges of parameters are: mass flow from 68 to 172 kg/m²s, heat fluxes from 16 to 152 kW/m², and vapor quality from 0 to 1. The maximum values of the heat transfer coefficient are observed at the inlet of microchannels. The heat transfer coefficients decrease substantially along the length of channels under high heat flux conditions and, on the contrary, change insignificantly under low heat flux condition. A comparison with the well-known models of flow boiling heat transfer is performed and the range of applicability is defined.     

The Continuous Determination of Lead in Air

Metallic pollutants are of major concern in present pollution studies. The high level of lead concentrations in automotive emissions has attracted the attention of the federal government and to the manufacture of internal combustion engines. Our cities suffer from rising levels of lead in their atmosphere. Ambient air in Los Angeles contains three micrograms of lead per cubic meter. In heavy traffic concentrations have been reported ranging from 14 to 44 micrograms per cubic meter. Concentrations of 1 to 3 μg/m³ have been reported in the outlying and commercial districts respectively, in Cincinnati and Philadelphia (1). Paris has reported 3.3 to 9.8 μg/m³ on her streets (2). Osaka, Japan reported 4.5 μg/m³ in residential levels, 9.9 μg/m³ in factory districts, 10.0 μg/m³ in main traffic arteries and 36.0 μg/m³ in dense traffic (3).     

An electrostatic correction for improved crystal density predictions of energetic ionic compounds

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in predicting the crystal densities of both molecular and ionic energetic compounds using the computed volumes V_m of the isolated gas phase molecules or ions. The surfaces enclosing the volumes are taken to be the 0.001 au (electrons/bohr³) contours of the molecules’ and ions’ electronic densities. For molecular solids, it is known that the ratio M/V_m (M = molecular mass) gives densities that are overall reasonably good, although they can be markedly improved by introduction of an electrostatic interaction correction term. For ionic solids, the subject of this paper, the ratio M/V_m (M = formula unit mass) is not nearly as effective; V_m tends to be significantly larger than the effective volumes of the ions in the crystal, leading to underestimated densities, with an average absolute error of 0.089 g/cm³. The correction term that improves molecular crystal densities is not applicable in the case of ionic solids; however we show, for a database of 25 compounds plus five test cases, that an average absolute error of 0.033 g/cm³ can be achieved by combining M/V_m with terms involving the average positive and negative potentials and areas on the cationic and anionic surfaces. The root-mean-square error is 0.040 g/cm³.     

Enhancement in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on nano-second laser processed copper surfaces

ABSTRACT

The present paper reports the experimental investigation of pool boiling heat transfer on multiscale functionalized copper surfaces. Multiscale functionalized surfaces are fabricated by employing the nano-second laser surface process (NLSP) technique. The heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of functionalized surfaces are estimated experimentally by using water and acetone as pool liquid. Tests are performed at atmospheric pressure, and saturated pool boiling condition with heat flux varyies between 0 and 330 kW/m². The maximum HTCs for functionalized surface and reference polished surface were found to be 41,500 W/m²K and 23,000 W/m²K, respectively, with water and 22,000 W/m²K and 14,000 W/m²K, respectively, with acetone.     

Violation of Kleinman's symmetry condition in paratellurite

The nonlinear optical properties of TeO2, in which second harmonic generation is forbidden by the Kleinman symmetry condition have been investigated. The second harmonic generation coefficient dTeO214 = (1.9 ± 0.2) dα-SiO211 = 0.69 ± 0.08) × 10−12 m/V and the Miller δ-coefficient δTeO214 = (0.105 ± 0.013) × 10-2 m2/C. The second harmonic generation coefficient is phase-matchable for a type I process for 1.064 μm and 1.318 μm fundamentals.     

Finite size scaling and low mass glueballs

We propose finite lattice effects as a probe of the glueball mass spectrum, and give an analysis of the recent SU(2) Monte Carlo data of Brower, Nauenberg and Schalk in terms of a gas of free glueballs. For L⁴ lattices with L = 4, 5, 6 fits are made to ξ(m = 1/aξ) which indicate a rather large effective number of degrees of freedom (i.e. statistical degeneracy where a spin J counts as 2J + 1) from 5 to 15 states. As the degeneracy is increased, the central glueball mass increases from $\text{m = (1.3±0.2)}\text{κ}$ at degeneracy 5 to about $\text{m = (1.9±0.2)}\text{κ}$ at degeneracy 15, relative to the SU(2) string tension $\text{κ}$.     

Electron multiplicity in slow collisions of Ar ions with C

Electron capture by Ar⁸⁺ in collisions with C₆₀ fullerene has been investigated using coincident measurements of the number n of ejected electrons, the mass and charge of multicharged Cr+ ₆₀ recoil ions and their fragments Ci+ m and the final charge state of outgoing projectiles Ar(8-s)+ (). The number of captured electrons r is the sum of the numbers of stabilized and emitted electrons: r = n + s. The ratio n / s decreases by a factor three with s increasing from 1 to 7 showing that the multiply excited states populated by capture of a large number of electrons are rather stable against auto-ionisation. Each kinetic energy spectrum of Ar⁺ and Ar²⁺ projectiles is composed of two peaks which we attribute to collisions “inside” and “outside” the C₆₀ cage. The measured energy shift of the projectile keV is consistent with the corresponding energy loss keV in a carbon foil with an equivalent thickness. Inside collisions are characterized by a strong dissociation of recoil ions into light monocharged fragments and by a high multiplicity of ejected electrons. Received: 25 March 1998 / Received in final form and Accepted: 9 June 1998     

Amplifying Characteristics of Er3+/Yb3+ Co-Doped Parallel-Cascaded Double Microring Resonators

Abstract

In terms of the coupled mode theory, formulas of the transfer function and the output power gain are presented for an Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ co-doped parallel-cascaded double microring resonator. Around the pump wavelength of 0.98 μm and the central signal wavelength of 1.55 μm, analysis is performed for the dependence of the output power gain on the pump power, signal power, dopant concentration, amplitude coupling ratio, and ring spacing. The results show that the output power gain of this device is much larger than that of the Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ co-doped waveguide amplifier with identical waveguide lengths. In the case of the amplitude coupling ratio κ = 0.064, ring spacing L₂ = 10π R, pump power P_p0 = 8 mW, signal power P_s0 = 37.2 μW, Er³⁺ ion concentration N_Er = 1 × 26 m^?3, and Yb³⁺ ion concentration N_Yb = 3 × 27 m^?3, the device can produce higher signal power gain from 11.9 dB even up to 70 dB.