The variability of times to detect growth from individual Clostridium botulinum type E endospores is differentially affected by high pressure treatments

High pressure thermal (HPT) processing is a candidate technology for the production of safe and stable food. However, little is known about the effect of HPT or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments at ambient temperature on the variability of times to detect growth from individual spores. We investigated this effect by treating Clostridium botulinum type E spores with HHP (200–600?MPa, 20°C) and HPT (600?MPa, 80°C and 800?MPa, 60°C). Our results indicate that the mean detection times increase and the frequency distribution shifts toward longer times when HHP treatment intensity is increased. HPT treatments result in a highly scattered distribution. In contrast, pressure levels ≤300?MPa decrease detection times and heterogeneity of their distribution, which could lead to an increase in the potential risk originating from C. botulinum type E spores. Data provided here could help to refine risk assessment regarding this important food intoxicator.     

表面液晶-垂直腔面发射激光器阵列的热特性

液晶与垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSELs)阵列结合可实现波长可调谐、偏振精确控制等,同时液晶的引入也会改变垂直腔面发射半导体激光器阵列的热特性,本文设计了表面液晶-垂直腔面发射激光器阵列结构,并开展了阵列的热特性实验研究.对比分析了向列相液晶层对VCSEL阵列热特性的影响,实验结果表明,1×1,2×2,3×3三种表面液晶-VCSEL阵列的阈值电流温度变化率最高可降低23.6%,热阻降低26.75%;同时,激光器阵列各发光单元之间的温度均匀性显著提高,出光孔与周围温差小于0.5℃.综上所述,VCSEL阵列中液晶层的引入不仅大大加速激光器阵列单元热量扩散,而且降低了有源区结温,提高了VCSELs激光器阵列热特性,为实现高光束质量的单偏振波长可控VCSEL激光器阵列打下了良好的理论和实验基础.     

高压热处理对铝青铜热物理性能的影响

在5 GPa压力下对铝青铜进行750℃、保温15 min的高压热处理,对高压热处理前后铝青铜的电导率以及25～600℃温度范围内的热扩散系数、热容和热导率进行测试,结合显微组织的观察结果,探讨了高压热处理对铝青铜热物理性能的影响。研究表明:高压热处理能增大铝青铜的热扩散系数,减小热容;对热导率而言,温度低于400℃时高压热处理能增大铝青铜的热导率,而温度高于400℃时高压热处理能减小铝青铜的热导率。分析认为,产生变化的主要原因是高压热处理使铝青铜的微观组织发生了变化。     

Effects of high pressure on unsaturated fatty acids

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of high pressure processing on the molecular structure of some unsaturated fatty acids. Samples of elaidic acid, linoleic acid, ZE and EE conjugated linoleic acid are treated at 293 or 333?K at pressures up to 700?MPa. It is observed that the adiabatic heat generated from compression is able to bring the sample temperature above 373?K after 700?MPa. These relatively extreme conditions are of great interest for food sterilization, but they may induce undesirable change in fatty acid quality characteristics. To check for structural changes, Raman spectra of the samples are analysed after treatments. The comparison with Raman spectra of samples kept at atmospheric pressure shows that pressure induces some conformational changes at the hydrocarbon skeleton in solid samples, while the liquid ones remain unchanged. No cis/trans isomerization occurs, but gauche conformers are likely to be present.     

迎风凹腔与逆向喷流组合热防护系统冷却效果研究

对迎风凹腔与逆向喷流组合热防护系统的冷却效果进行了分析, 研究了相同总压不同流速的逆向喷流对组合结构的流场、气动受力及壁面传热的影响. 通过与相关的实验结果对比, 验证了数值方法的可靠性. 研究发现:该结构能够有效地对飞行器鼻锥表面进行冷却, 引入很小总压的逆向喷流(逆喷总压比 PR=0.1), 组合结构的冷却效果就可以远远优于单一的迎风凹腔; 相同逆向喷流总压下, 逆喷速度越高, 逆喷流量越大, 外壁面的冷却效果越好; 随逆喷流速提高, 气动阻力也进一步减小. 本文研究的组合结构非常适用于远程、 需长时间飞行的高超声速飞行器的热防护.     

迎风凹腔与逆向喷流组合热防护系统冷却效果研究

对迎风凹腔与逆向喷流组合热防护系统的冷却效果进行了分析, 研究了相同总压不同流速的逆向喷流对组合结构的流场、气动受力及壁面传热的影响. 通过与相关的实验结果对比, 验证了数值方法的可靠性. 研究发现:该结构能够有效地对飞行器鼻锥表面进行冷却, 引入很小总压的逆向喷流(逆喷总压比 PR=0.1), 组合结构的冷却效果就可以远远优于单一的迎风凹腔; 相同逆向喷流总压下, 逆喷速度越高, 逆喷流量越大, 外壁面的冷却效果越好; 随逆喷流速提高, 气动阻力也进一步减小. 本文研究的组合结构非常适用于     

High pressure inactivation of Clostridium botulinum type E endospores in model emulsion systems

Clostridium botulinum type E is a cold-tolerant, neurotoxigenic, endospore-forming organism, primarily associated with aquatic environments. High pressure thermal (HPT) processing presents a promising tool to enhance food safety and stability. The effect of fat on HPT inactivation of C. botulinum type E spores was investigated using an emulsion model system. The distribution of spores in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions and their HPT (300–750?MPa, 45–75?°C, 10?min) inactivation was determined as a function of emulsion fat content (30–70% (v/v) soybean oil in buffer). Approximately 26% and 74% of the spores were located at the oil–buffer interface and the continuous phase, respectively. Spore inactivation in emulsion systems decreased with increasing oil contents, which suggests that the fat content of food plays an important role in the protection of C. botulinum type E endospores against HPT treatments. These results can be helpful for future safety considerations.     

A new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids

In a quiescent suspension, nanoparticles move randomly and thereby carry relatively large volumes of surrounding liquid with them. This micro-scale interaction may occur between hot and cold regions, resulting in a lower local temperature gradient for a given heat flux compared with the pure liquid case. Thus, as a result of Brownian motion, the effective thermal conductivity, k_eff, which is composed of the particles conventional static part and the Brownian motion part, increases to result in a lower temperature gradient for a given heat flux. To capture these transport phenomena, a new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids has been developed, which takes the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction and temperature dependence as well as properties of base liquid and particle phase into consideration by considering surrounding liquid traveling with randomly moving nanoparticles.The strong dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on temperature and material properties of both particle and carrier fluid was attributed to the long impact range of the interparticle potential, which influences the particle motion. In the new model, the impact of Brownian motion is more effective at higher temperatures, as also observed experimentally. Specifically, the new model was tested with simple thermal conduction cases, and demonstrated that for a given heat flux, the temperature gradient changes significantly due to a variable thermal conductivity which mainly depends on particle volume fraction, particle size, particle material and temperature. To improve the accuracy and versatility of the k_effmodel, more experimental data sets are needed.     

Effect of thermal treatment under high pressure on the quality of a meat sauce

Abstract

It is known that pressure alone is not able to make shelf-stable any food stored in room conditions. Acid products are normally spoiled by enzymes, and low acid products are spoiled even by spore-forming micro-organisms. To overcome the problem the role of heat in the process has been re-evaluated and the possibility of destroying at the same time spores and enzymes has been found. This work compares the effect of sterilisation by High Pressure Processing (HPP) with one of the conventional retort processing techniques. Two batches of meat sauce were kept in room conditions over a year and their quality was evaluated periodically during the shelf life simulation. The physico-chemical characteristics of the retorted ones showed a progressive appearance of the typical thermal damage. The High Pressure Sterilised samples on the contrary showed limited damage, related to the unavoidable pre-heating. Their quality markers were constant over the shelf life evaluated period.     

Decreasing electrical resistivity of gold along the melting boundary up to 5 GPa

ABSTRACT

The electrical resistivity of gold was experimentally measured at high pressures from 2 to 5?GPa and temperatures ～300?K above melting. The resistivity decreased as a function of pressure and increased as a function of temperature as expected. The temperature dependence of resistivity in the solid and liquid phases are comparable to 1?atm results. The observed melting temperatures at each pressure agree well with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The essential result of this study is that resistivity decreases along the pressure-dependent melting boundary, conflicting with a prediction of invariant behavior as reported in the literature. This result is discussed in terms of the interaction between s and d-bands as both pressure and temperature increase along the melting boundary. The thermal conductivity of gold was calculated from the measured electrical resistivity using the Wiedemann-Franz law. The temperature-induced effect on the thermal conductivity at high temperatures is as expected in both the solid and liquid phase while the pressure-effect shows some variability.     

用扩展的Enskog理论预测正构烷烃的导热率

1引言在现代工业特别是化学工业和石油工业中，广泛涉及到物质传热过程。因此，作为表征物质热传导强弱的导热率是科研与生产必不可少的重要物性数据之一。作为物质导热率研究的一个方面，液体导热率的研究一直受到人们的关注。现在已有许多液体导热率关联方程发表，但这些方程往往适用范围较窄，是纯经验或半经验的，其理论性不强。只有Enskog公式＊中各参数的物理意义明确，所以此公式的实际应用有待进一步研究。本文用热压代替znsx。g公式中的体系压力，其中热压用un状态方程回来计算，找出正构烷烃分子硬球直径的变化规律，对正构烷烃…     

Decrease in optical density as a results of germination of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores under high hydrostatic pressure

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a spore-forming bacterium, causing spoilage of juices. The spores of these bacteria have the ability to survive in the typical conditions used for thermal pasteurization. Therefore, the use of other techniques such as high hydrostatic pressure is considered for their inactivation. The effect of hydrostatic pressure of 200–500 MPa, at temperatures 4–50 °C for 15 min, on the dynamics of germination of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice and pH 4 buffer was studied. To estimate the share of germinated spores, the method of determining the optical density at a wavelength of 660 nm (OD₆₆₀) was used. Parameters of hydrostatic pressure treatment used in this work affected the dynamics of germination of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice, and the temperature had the greatest effect. The results indicate that nutrients present in apple juice can promote the germination of A. acidoterrestris spores.     

Fluorescence-based methods for the detection of pressure-induced spore germination and inactivation

The application of high pressure (HP) provides an opportunity for the non-thermal preservation of high-quality foods, whereas highly resistant bacterial endospores play an important role. It is known that the germination of spores can be initiated by the application of HP. Moreover, the resistance properties of spores are highly dependent on their physiological states, which are passed through during the germination. To distinguish between different physiological states and to detect the amount of germinated spores after HP treatments, two fluorescence-based methods were applied. A flow cytometric method using a double staining with SYTO 16 as an indicator for germination and propidium iodide as an indicator for membrane damage was used to detect different physiological states of the spores. During the first step of germination, the spore-specific dipicolinic acid (DPA) is released [P. Setlow, Spore germination, Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6 (2003), pp. 550–556]. DPA reacts with added terbium to form a distinctive fluorescent complex. After measuring the fluorescence intensity at 270 nm excitation wavelength in a fluorescence spectrophotometer, the amount of germinated spores can be determined. Spores of Bacillus subtilis were treated at pressures from 150 to 600 MPa and temperatures from 37 °C to 60 °C in 0.05 M ACES buffer solution (pH 7) for dwell times of up to 2 h. During the HP treatments, inactivation up to 2log ₁₀ cycles and thermal sensitive populations up to 4log ₁₀ cycles could be detected by plate counts. With an increasing number of thermal sensitive spores, an increased proportion of spores in germinated states was detected by flow cytometry. Also the released amount of DPA increased during the dwell times. Moreover, a clear pressure-temperature-time-dependency was shown by screening different conditions. The fluorescence-based measurement of the released DPA can provide the opportunity of an online monitoring of the germination of spores under HP inside the HP vessel. Implementation can be done using diamond anvil cells, units with inspection glasses or by inserting an optical fiber into the HP vessel. The analytical methods used can help to understand the complex mechanism of germination and inactivation of bacterial spores. Due to its universal, process-independent character, the application of these methods is feasible for established and emerging technologies.     

Decreasing electrical resistivity of silver along the melting boundary up to 5 GPa

The electrical resistivity of Ag was experimentally measured at high pressures up to 5?GPa and at temperatures up to ～300?K above melting. The resistivity decreased as a function of pressure and increased as a function of temperature as expected and is in very good agreement with 1 atm data. Observed melting temperatures at high pressures also agree well with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The main finding of this study is that resistivity of Ag decreases along the pressure- and temperature-dependent melting boundary, in conflict with prediction of resistivity invariance. This result is discussed in terms of the dominant contribution of the increasing energy separation between the Fermi level and 4d-band as a function of pressure. Calculated from the resistivity using the Wiedemann–Franz law, the electronic thermal conductivity increased as a function of pressure and decreased as a function of temperature as expected. The decrease in the high pressure thermal conductivity in the liquid phase as a function of temperature contrasts with the behavior of the 1 atm data.     

液体比热容测量散热修正新方法研究

针对目前实验测量液体比热容时存在的操作步骤复杂、计算工作量大、结果不精确等一些问题,介绍了一种利用实验曲线积分对液体比热容进行计算及散热修正的新方法.采用此方法,可以在测量描绘升温曲线的基础上精确地对测量液体的比热容进行散热修正与计算.实验结果表明,此方法不但省去传统方法中自然降温的过程,简化实验步骤,而且提高计算结果...     

煤油热沉与热裂解反应特性的试验研究

本文设计了一种煤油热裂解反应特性与热沉测量试验系统,利用该试验系统和原始标定法的热损测量方法,测量出了在亚临界和超临界压力下煤油热裂解反应的热沉大小,并进行了热裂解反应主要分解产物成分含量的测定与分析。结果表明：壁温随热流密度增加而增加;在相同燃油温度条件下,压力增大,热沉降低;裂解反应气体的浓度变化主要受到燃油温度和...     

Thermal Performance of a Capillary Pumped Loop for Automotive Cooling

The design and test results for a capillary pumped loop (CPL) for thermal management of up to 210 W at the source and heat transfer over a distance of 1 m are discussed. The design configuration of the CPL evaporator consists of an internally grooved aluminum evaporator, 31.70-mm outer diameter and 500-mm long, fitted with a porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wick, 8- to 15-μm pore radius, and 38% porous volume. Heat was transferred using a stainless steel tube of 4.5-mm internal diameter for vapor and liquid lines. High-grade acetone (99.99% pure) was used as the heat transfer fluid inside the loop. In the tests, thermal characteristics of the CPL were specifically studied with respect to the temperature control capability using an active thermal device on the reservoir and to the start-up process through pressure priming of the capillary evaporator. The loop was able to start-up successfully at both low and high heat loads, although proper priming of the wick structure before start-up was necessary to attain low evaporator temperatures during steady-state operation. While maintaining constant reservoir temperature through active means, the loop was able to control evaporator temperature within 55 ± 3°C, even with changing input heat from 30 to 210 W. Total thermal resistance from the evaporator surface to the surroundings was 0.19° to 1.15° C/W with the minimum value achieved at the maximum heat load of 210 W. This study is intended to illustrate the thermal potential of the CPL as an effective temperature control device in automotive applications.     

金属橡胶热物理性能理论与试验研究

针对金属橡胶材料在高温环境下的热稳定性能和热传导性能, 基于金属橡胶的内部基本组分以及特殊的编织制作工艺, 构建了两种典型排列微元体结构, 并以此描述微元体在三种接触状态下的热膨胀特性, 提出了金属橡胶热膨胀Schapery分析模型, 从理论上解释了金属橡胶热膨胀的产生机理.根据金属橡胶基本组成单元的传热模式, 研究了金属橡胶的传热过程.利用热电比拟法和有限元法, 分析微元体的导热性能, 结合微元体的分布形式, 提出了金属橡胶的导热分析模型.试验测试了不同相对密度金属橡胶的热膨胀和热传导性能, 验证了金属橡胶热膨胀和导热特性分析理论模型的适用性.所得到的金属橡胶的热膨胀和热传导性能理论模型和试验结果, 为金属橡胶材料在高温环境下的热物理特性分析提供了理论基础和计算分析依据. 关键词： 金属橡胶 热膨胀 热传导 金属丝螺旋卷     

Preparation of Main-Chain Thermotropic Polyesters With Two Types of Mesogens Connected Alternatively by Aliphatic Spacers

A homologous series of main-chain thermotropic polyesters (PBTn, n = 2, 4, 6) containing biphenyl and triad aromatic ester mesogenic units interconnected by n-methylene spacers in the main chain were prepared from terephthaloyl bis(4-oxybenzoyl chloride) (TOBC) and 4,4′-bis(ω-hydroxyalkyloxy)biphenyls (n-BP, n = 2, 4, 6) by solution polycondensation. The chemical structures of the monomers and PBTn were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The solubility, supermolecular structures, thermal and liquid crystalline properties of PBTn were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and they were found to be closely dependent on the length of the methylene spacers. The increasing methylene units led to improved solubility, broader liquid crystalline range, reduced mesophase-isotropic transition point, higher thermal stability, and decreasing crystallinity. The decomposition temperatures (5% mass loss) of the polymers were above 380°C in nitrogen atmosphere and only PBT4 and PBT6 exhibited smectic mesophases as well as high viscosity in the mesophase.     

Effects of pressure on protein structure

Abstract

The main targets for the pressure induced changes in proteins are those regions primarily stabilised by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, since hydrogen bonds are almost pressure insensitive. Thus pressure treated proteins may well have very different structures to their native or heat treated counterparts and as a consequence different functionalities. This concept is used to discuss how pressure can modify the foaming, emulsifying and gelling properties of some food proteins and can also be used to modify the activity of some enzymes of importance in dictating food quality.