Electrical resistivity of fluid methane multiply shock compressed to 147 GPa

Shock wave experiments were carried out to measure the electrical resistivity of fluid methane. The pressure range of 89–147?GPa and the temperature range from 1800 to 2600?K were achieved with a two-stage light-gas gun. We obtained a minimum electrical resistivity value of 4.5?×?10^?2?Ω?cm at pressure and temperature of 147?GPa and 2600?K, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of hydrogen under similar conditions. The data are interpreted in terms of a continuous transition from insulator to semiconductor state. One possibility reason is chemical decomposition of methane in the shock compression process. Along density and temperature increase with Hugoniot pressure, dissociation of fluid methane increases continuously to form a H₂-rich fluid.     

碳水混合物冲击压缩特性的理论研究

 采用固-液双相混合模型和分子流体的微扰变分统计理论,分别计算了石墨-水体系（ρ₀=1.233 g/cm³）和金刚石-水体系（ρ₀=1.238 g/cm³）的冲击压缩特性。结果表明：（1）在不发生石墨→金刚石相变和化学反应的低压区域（p<20 GPa）,这两种混合体系的冲击压缩曲线的差别并不明显;（2）在发生石墨→金刚石相变的高压区域（p>20 GPa）,这两种混合体系的冲击压缩曲线显著不同,且石墨-水体系更易压缩;（3）在45～60 GPa强冲击压力范围内,冲击波诱发的化学反应也不会显著影响这两种体系冲击压缩曲线的走势。上述结论与文献（高压物理学报,1999,13(2):87-92）发表的实验结果相矛盾。进一步分析了引起理论与实验结果不一致的可能原因,并对文献中的实验结果及其理论分析结论提出质疑。     

Transition to a virtually incompressible oxide phase at a shock pressure of 120 GPa (1.2 Mbar): Gd3Ga5O12

Cubic, single-crystal, transparent Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) has a density of 7.10 g/cm(3), a Hugoniot elastic limit of 30 GPa, and undergoes a continuous phase transition from 65 GPa to a quasi-incompressible (QI) phase at 120 GPa. Only diamond has a larger Hugoniot elastic limit. The QI phase of is more incompressible than diamond from 170 to 260 GPa. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate the QI phase has a band gap of 3.1 eV. Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) can be used to obtain substantially higher pressures and lower temperatures in metallic fluid hydrogen than was achieved previously by shock reverberation between Al(2)O(3) disks.     

First principles calculations of shock compressed fluid helium

The properties of hot dense helium at megabar pressures are studied with two first principles computer simulation techniques: path integral Monte Carlo simulation and density functional molecular dynamics. The simulations predict that the compressibility of helium is substantially increased by electronic excitations that are present in the hot fluid at thermodynamic equilibrium. A maximum compression ratio of 5.24(4)-fold the initial density was predicted for 360 GPa and 150,000 K. This result distinguishes helium from deuterium, for which simulations predicted a maximum compression ratio of 4.3(1). Hugoniot curves for statically precompressed samples are also discussed.     

200 GPa压力范围内铝和铜的等熵压缩线计算

 将冲击Hugoniot线作为Grüneisen物态方程的参考线,以冲击的初始状态为参考状态,推导得到线性和二次曲线表示的冲击绝热线所对应的等熵压缩线方程,计算了200 GPa压力范围内铝和铜两种材料的等熵压缩线,并且计算了以Hugoniot关系为基础的Appy经验物态方程导出的等熵压缩线。计算结果表明,以Appy经验物态方程导出的等熵压缩线与以线性冲击绝热线导出的等熵压缩线接近,在200 GPa压力范围内两者相差不到1.5%。将计算得到的铝的等熵压缩线与美国Sandia实验室ICE实验Z864数据进行了比较,由线性Hugoniot得到的等熵压缩线与实验数据相差不到1%,由Appy经验物态方程得到的等熵线与实验数据几乎重合,说明在200 GPa压力范围内,以Appy物态方程和以线性Hugoniot为参考来计算的等熵压缩线有较高的精度。     

在200 GPa冲击压强下铁是否会发生固-固相变？

 根据Grüneisen物态方程、Hugoniot内能守恒方程和最新发表的铁的热物理参数，计算了ε-(hcp)铁和液态铁的理论Hugoniot曲线。计算的Hugoniot曲线与最新修正的铁的实验数据[J Appl Phys, 2000, 88: 5496]在总体上符合很好，并且可以细分为两个部分：在约低于200 GPa的压强区，用ε-铁模型的计算结果与实验结果符合很好；在约高于260 GPa的压强区，用液态铁模型的计算结果与实验数据也符合得比较好；对介于200~260 GPa之间的压强区，则归属于由ε-铁向液态铁转变的混合相区。这意味着铁的Hugoniot曲线在约200 GPa处出现的微小偏折是由固-液相变引起的，从而否定了Brown [Geophy Res Lett, 2001, 28: 4339]提出的它是一次由ε-铁向另一个未知结构的某个固相铁的相转变的见解。     

静-动加载相结合的材料状态方程实验平台的研制

根据神光-Ⅱ第九路高功率激光加载的特点,对传统静高压金刚石压砧装置进行了改进和优化设计,研制出了适合高功率激光加载条件下材料宽域状态方程研究的新型静高压靶.在神光-Ⅱ高功率激光装置上建立了基于静高压金刚石压砧和动高压激光相结合的材料宽域状态方程研究平台.利用这一平台开展了超纯水的宽域状态方程实验探索,获得了较好的实验结果.     

Electrophysical properties of calcium at high pressures and temperatures

Electrical resistivity of two crystal phases of shock-compressed calcium and its melt was measured in a range of high pressures (10–50 GPa) and temperatures (800–1600 K). The thermodynamic equilibrium curves were constructed for different calcium phases and the shape of Hugoniot adiabat was determined in the region where it intersects the equilibrium curves. It is shown that sharp kinks observed earlier in the Hugoniot adiabat in shock experiments were caused not by the jumplike electronic transitions but by the intersections of the adiabat and the phase-equilibrium and melting curves. The electronic spectra of the calcium crystal phases were calculated using the electron-density functional method; the computational results are used to explain the observed behavior of the Ca resistivity under compression.     

用多次冲击压缩方法研究稠密氢氦等摩尔混合气体的物态方程

采用液氮冷却以及气体增压技术，制备了～30MPa及～90K初始状态的氢、氦等摩尔混合气体样品.以二级轻气炮作为加载工具，用不同灵敏度设置的两套多通道瞬态高温计系统获得完整、清晰的稠密氢、氦混合气体多次冲击压缩过程的光谱辐射强度信号.并建立起相应的实验数据处理和分析技术，获得了5—140GPa范围内氢、氦混合气体一至五次冲击雨贡纽物态方程，以及一次、二次和四次冲击温度实验数据.流体变分理论和离解模型用来分析和解释所获得的测量结果. 关键词： 氢、氦混合气体 多次冲击压缩 光谱辐射强度历史 物态方程     

PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷的冲击压缩Hugoniot特性研究

 采用一级气体炮加载装置,利用加窗VISAR技术,对极化和未极化两种状态的PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷进行了逆向冲击实验,在0.52~3.8 GPa冲击压力范围内,得到了PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷两种状态的σ-u关系。对比文献已有实验数据显示,PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷的Hugoniot曲线与初始密度值密切相关,高密度的PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷在0~3.0 GPa压力范围内的σ-u关系接近线弹性,较低压力下不同极化状态的Hugoniot数据表明,PZT 95/5铁电陶瓷发生了冲击相变。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的动态响应

 通过平面飞片碰撞实验，研究了质量分数为90%的Al₂O₃陶瓷在0～11.0 GPa的动态响应行为，给出了该材料的Hugoniot弹性极限（σ_HEL）、动态屈服强度、高压声速和Hugoniot曲线。结果表明：当冲击应力在σ_HEL≈11.0 GPa的范围内，Al₂O₃陶瓷的塑性区压缩特性表现出较明显的弥散行为；在远低于σ_HEL的应力区，Al₂O₃陶瓷已表现出明显的压缩损伤效应，即出现所谓的破坏波效应。     

Shock compressibility of polycrystalline nickel aluminide

ABSTRACT

We present experimental data on Hugoniot and release isentropes of nickel aluminide obtained for shock pressures up to 83?GPa and make comparison with previously published calculation data. We estimate a Hugoniot elastic limit of samples, construct the EOS of nickel aluminide and investigate the Hugoniot position relative to the melting curve.     

液氮与液态一氧化碳混合物的冲击压缩特性研究

 利用二级轻气炮研究了等体积的液态一氧化碳（LCO）与液氮（LN₂）混合物的冲击压缩特性，在10～25 GPa压力范围内获得了5个Hugoniot数据点。混合物冲击绝热线位于单质一氧化碳和液氮Hugoniot拟合线之间，并靠近前者。这意味着混合物的冲击压缩特性不是其中各单质行为的简单平均。     

40GPa压力范围内铜和铝的准等熵压缩线

 基于自行研制的磁驱动准等熵压缩加载实验装置CQ-1.5,利用全光纤位移干涉仪（Doppler Pins System, DPS）、激光速度干涉计（Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflectors, VISAR）两种测试手段,以及反积分数据处理方法,实验测量了40 GPa压力范围内T1铜、LY12硬铝和L1纯铝3种材料的准等熵压缩线,将实验准等熵压缩线与基于Grüneisen状态方程的理论等熵压缩线和冲击Hugoniot线进行了比较。结果表明,在该压力范围内,实验准等熵压缩线与理论等熵压缩线相一致,两者偏差小于3%;实验准等熵压缩线靠近冲击Hugoniot线,位于其下方,与国外文献发表的结果相同,进一步表明,实验测量结果正确可靠。     

Gold under high pressure

Abstract

First principle predictions for the equation of state of gold using solid and liquid state theories are compared up to combined pressures and temperatures of 600 GPa and 17 000 K with static diamond anvil cell compression, ultrasonic measurements and shock Hugoniot data which include a recent laser driven shock Hugoniot points at 600 GPa. Excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental data is observed. The theoretically estimated 300 K isotherm agrees to within 2 GPa with the isotherm that has been measured to 70 GPa using the diamond anvil cell. The structural energy estimates show that the normal f.c.c. phase remains stable under pressure. The estimate of the shock Hugoniot temperature of gold at 600 GPa based on a liquid state model is consistent with the measurements of laser induced shock luminescence, which in fact provides an experimental determination of the temperature of gold above its Hugoniot melting point. The powerful means provided by theory in the prediction of material properties of gold at ultra high pressures and temperatures is significant because gold is an efficient converter of laser energy into soft X-rays and is a potential candidate as a standard for high pressure, high temperature work.     

Shock compression of deuterium near 100 GPa pressures

The shock-compression curve (Hugoniot) of D2 near 100 GPa pressures (1 Mbar) has been contro-versial because the two published measurements have limiting compressions of fourfold and sixfold. Our purpose is to examine published experimental results to decide which, if either, is probably correct. The published Hugoniot data of low-Z diatomic molecules have a universal behavior. The deuterium data of Knudson et al. (fourfold limiting compression) have this universal behavior, which suggests that Knudson et al. are correct and shows that deuterium behaves as other low-Z elements at high tem-peratures. In D2, H2, N2, CO, and O2, dissociation completes and average kinetic energy dominates average potential energy above approximately 60 GPa. Below approximately 30 GPa, D2, H2, N2, CO, and O2 are diatomic. D2 dissociation is accompanied by a temperature-driven nonmetal-metal transition at approximately 50 GPa.     

利用光分析方法测量液态CO多次冲击Hugoniot状态方程

 结合液氮低温靶技术和光分析方法同时测量液态CO样品的第一、二、三次冲击Hugoniot状态方程,分别在19、60和71 GPa获得3个数据点。样品体积的最大压缩度达到3.5倍,比文献发表的一次冲击最大压缩度提高20%以上。体积测量值比分子流体微扰变分理论的计算结果偏低20%以上,体积发生明显软化现象归因于CO分解反应所致。详述了多次冲击过程的光分析测量方法,该方法应用于其它分子流体可将其物态方程的实验数据点延伸到更高压力和更宽的压缩范围。     

Metallic liquid hydrogen and likely Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> metallic glass

Dynamic compression has been used to synthesize liquid metallic hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 million bar) and experimental data and theory predict Al₂O₃ might be a metallic glass at ∼ 300 GPa. The mechanism of metallization in both cases is probably a Mott-like transition. The strength of sapphire causes shock dissipation to be split differently in the strong solid and soft fluid. Once the 4.5-eV H-H and Al-O bonds are broken at sufficiently high pressures in liquid H₂ and in sapphire (single-crystal Al₂O₃), electrons are delocalized, which leads to formation of energy bands in fluid H and probably in amorphous Al₂O₃. The high strength of sapphire causes shock dissipation to be absorbed primarily in entropy up to ∼400 GPa, which also causes the 300-K isotherm and Hugoniot to be virtually coincident in this pressure range. Above ∼400 GPa shock dissipation must go primarily into temperature, which is observed experimentally as a rapid increase in shock pressure above ∼400 GPa. The metallization of glassy Al₂O₃, if verified, is expected to be general in strong oxide insulators. Implications for Super Earths are discussed.     

Study of cerium phase transitions in shock wave experiments

Cerium has a complex phase diagram that is explained by the presence of structural phase transitions. Experiments to measure the sound velocities in cerium by two methods were carried out to determine the onset of cerium melting on the Hugoniot. In the pressure range 4–37 GPa, the sound velocity in cerium samples was measured by the counter release method using manganin-based piezoresistive gauges. In the pressure range 35–140 GPa, the sound velocity in cerium was measured by the overtaking release method using carbogal and tetrachloromethane indicator liquids. The samples were loaded with plane shock wave generators using powerful explosive charges. The onset of cerium melting on the Hugoniot at a pressure of about 13 GPa has been ascertained from the measured elastic longitudinal and bulk sound velocities.