Extreme-ultraviolet metrology at SURF III

Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) is a general experimental technique for studying lattice and electronic excitations, which has undergone rapid development following the advent of the third generation synchrotron radiation facilities. X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) is inelastic scattering of X-rays due to the excitation associated with bound electrons in an atom. Its very small scattering cross-section is compensated for by a high-flux beam generated from a strong photon source. Instrumentation for IXS is now highly sophisticated, and has been applied to study a broad range of condensed matter systems [1 Schülke, e.g., W., ed. 2007. “We would like to limit our discussion to electronic excitations. For a comprehensive survey in the field, see”. In Electron Dynamics by Inelastic X-ray Scattering, New York: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]].     

Nuclear Resonant scattering experiments with synchrotron radiation at KEK

Experiments of nuclear Resonant scattering carried out at PF and TRISTAN-AR of KEK are described, which include nuclear Bragg scattering in time domain as well as energy domain, time-resolved nuclear resonant forward scattering, and interferometric studies.     

Radiometry with synchrotron radiation at the PTB laboratory at Bessy ii

A workshop on Engineering Applications of Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation took place on September 13–14, 2004, at the ESRF in Grenoble, France. The workshop brought together around 100 leading scientists and engineers who discussed the application of synchrotron X-ray and neutron central facilities for engineering problems. The event was organized by the FaME38 materials engineering facility at ILL-ESRF. FaME38 is jointly funded by the UK research council EPSRC and ILL-ESRF and provides support to enable materials engineers to make the best use of the advanced synchrotron X-ray and neutron scientific facilities at ILL-ESRF.

The programme included formal presentations, a poster session, informal workgroup sessions and an opportunity to meet staff at the ILL-ESRF materials science beamlines. The formal presentations were structured into three sessions entitled Progress, Complementarity, and Applications chaired by Giovanni Bruno (ILL), Thomas Buslaps (ESRF), and Darren Hughes (FaME38).     

Topography with synchrotron radiation

The capability of synchrotron radiation topography compared to related crystal defect imaging techniques is discussed. Recent experimental highlights in white beam, double crystal, and stroboscopic topography are reviewed. An outlook upon future experimental trends in synchrotron radiation topography is given.     

Nuclear physics with synchrotron radiation

The characteristics of synchrotron radiation originating from a very high energy electron-positron storage ring are presented. Emphasis is put on the high energy part of the spectrum which is relevant to nuclear physics research. The physics potential of such intense photon beams is reviewed with discussions of photonuclear reactions and of neutron-induced reactions with photoproduced neutrons.     

First observations of infrared synchrotron radiation at Elettra

Significant progress has been made in the last few years in short-bunch operation of third-generation synchrotron light sources, achieved by “lowα” optics for storage rings [1 Abo-Bakr, M. 2002. Phys. Rev. Lett., 88: 254801[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]–4 Müller, A.-S. Short-pulse operation of storage ring light sources. Proceedings of IPAC2013. Shanghai, China. (in press) [Google Scholar]]. The term α is a machine optics parameter describing the particle orbit length L as a function of the particle momentum p, L = L₀(1 + α(p ? p₀)/p₀), with respect to the nominal values indicated by the index “₀”. The “zero current” bunch length σ is then proportional to . Included here is the rf-voltage temporal gradient, V′ = dV/dt, which additionally influences the bunch length and will be required further. Thus, lowering α leads to a reduced bunch length all around the ring and radiation of the short bunches is supplied to all beamlines. These short bunches produce short X-ray pulses of equal length suitable for time-resolved measurements. Simultaneously, the short electron pulses emit intense, coherent THz radiation.     

X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation

Manufactures of silicon integrated circuits increasingly rely on high resolution, high throughput, and litography techniques based on parallel mask projection. The once simple technique of projecting an image of a mask on a wafer, however, is now being replaced by more elaborate systems at an ever faster rate. Of the possible successors to photolithography in the production of structures smaller than 0.7 m, the most promising appears to be X-ray litography with synchrotron radiation. The development problems of this new technique are related to the mask technology, alignment systems, resist materials, and compact, low-cost storage rings.     

Relaxation experiments with synchrotron radiation

Hyperfine Interactions - Relaxation phenomena show up in standard energy-domain Mössbauer spectra via line broadening. The evaluation of such spectra is in most cases done by applying the...     

Relaxation experiments with synchrotron radiation

Relaxation phenomena show up in standard energy domain Mössbauer spectra via line broadening. The evaluation of such spectra is in most cases done by adopting the stochastic theory mainly developed in the 60s and 70s. Due to the time structure and the polarization of the synchrotron radiation nuclear resonance forward scattering in the time domain gives valuable information on relaxation mechanisms. We report here mainly on Nuclear Forward Scattering (NFS) experiments investigating the paramagnetic relaxation of the Fe³⁺ ion in (NH)₄Al_0.95 ⁵⁷Fe_0.05(SO₄)₂·12H₂O and briefly on recent investigations on charge fluctuations in Eu₃S₄.     

Fluorescence tomography using synchrotron radiation at the NSLS

Fluorescence tomography utilizing focussed, tunable, monoenergetic X-rays from synchrotron light sources hold the promise of a non-invasive analytic tool for studying trace elements in specimens, particularly biological, at spatial resolutions of the order of micrometers. This note reports an early test at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratories in which fluorescence tomographic scans were successfully made of trace elements of iron and titanium in NBS standard glass and in a bee.     

Microanalysis station at the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source

The REFRA station developed, fabricated, and put into operation at the Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Center is described. The station is placed on beamline 5.6 of the big storage ring. The station consists of a vertical beam position monitor, an operating shutter, vertical and horizontal slits for the white beam, a monochromator, an alignment stage, an intensity monitor, an EXAFS spectrometer unit, a diffractometer unit, detectors, and a data control and acquisition system. The station operating energy range is 5–30 keV. The station is fully-automated and has been operating with the SR beam since spring 2005. The station units can be reproducibly mounted on the SR beam to provide various research configurations.     

An attempt at kidney stone analysis with the application of synchrotron radiation

X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a spectroscopic technique using synchrotron light to determine the valence state of excited atoms as well as the electronegativity of their neighbouring atoms. XANES spectra can provide information about the chemical bond in the second coordination shell of the excited atom. In this study, XANES spectra of unknown compounds from human kidney stones were recorded around the K‐edges of sulfur, phosphorus and calcium. The XANES results agree well with the diffractogram data of the same stones obtained through an X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) technique. By comparing the measurement techniques presented here, it is shown that XANES requires a smaller amount of each sample than XRPD for analysis.     

High pressure experiments with synchrotron radiation

Using a diamond anvil cell (DAC), high pressure ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been performed with the nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation. We used monochromatized synchrotron radiation from an in‐vacuum type undulator as a high‐density strong Mössbauer source with a quite small beam size. Pressure‐induced magnetic hyperfine interactions at ⁵⁷Fe in SrFeO_2.97 has been detected at 74 GPa by a quantum‐beat modulation of the decay rate after collective nuclear excitation with the synchrotron radiation pulse. Evidence for a transition from antiferromagnetism to ferromagnetism of Fe in SrFeO_2.97 at 74 GPa and 300 K has been obtained from the nuclear forward scattering under a transverse magnetic field.     

Forty years of nonlinear ultrasound

Nonlinear ultrasound forms an integrated discipline of nonlinear acoustics founded in 1755. A short outline of the state-of-the-art in nonlinear ultrasound in 1960 forms the introduction to this paper. Some of the most important contributions to the development in the theoretical, analytical and numerical basis of nonlinear ultrasound and in experimental investigations of nonlinear ultrasonic processes published during the period of 1960 through 2000 are discussed and their successes and failures in practical exploitation are illuminated. A more detailed treatment is given of research achievements in nonlinearity of fluids, in focused ultrasonic field, in parametric acoustic arrays and in thermoacoustics. An attempt is made to point out some fields of research in nonlinear ultrasound where future efforts should be concentrated.     

激光技术的40年

介绍第一台激光器的诞生,综述激光技术４０年来的应用情况及其影响以及激光及激光技术在中国的发展简况。     

Highlights of synchrotron radiation

The applications of the electromagnetic radiation generated by relativistic electrons circulating in synchrotrons and storage rings have rapidly extended into many scientific disciplines. This article first briefly reviews the history of synchrotron radiation, and recapitulates its properties. The available sources are listed, and some aspects of the facilities that are required to make use of the radiation are discussed, with particular emphasis on the optical elements. Several noteworthy examples of scientific research conducted with synchrotron radiation are described. These are drawn principally from the X-ray region, and comprise X-ray fluorescence, small-angle scattering, powder profile refinement, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, topography, time-resolved spectroscopy, and VUV and photoelectron spectroscopy of solids. In conclusion, a few topics are mentioned relating to the future expansion and application of synchrotron radiation research facilities.     

Far-infrared spectroscopy by synchrotron radiation at the UVSOR Facility

At the UVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, the practical use of the synchrotron radiation as a far-infrared light source has started. A spectroscopic system has been constructed at the beam line BL6A1 of UVSOR storage ring, which covers the wavenumber region from 5 to 250 cm^–1. The cross sectional diameter of the light beam at the sample position is as small as 3 mm with the angular divergence of about 100 mrad. The system has been made mainly for the transmission and reflection measurements of small samples with small angular divergence by the use of the high brightness of the synchrotron radiation. Examples of observed transmission and reflectivity spectra are shown.     

Surface science done at third generation synchrotron radiation facilities

In this paper we present a few examples of surface science done at third generation synchrotron facilities. As explained in the introduction, third generation sources are characterised by a gain in brightness of three or four orders of magnitude. This allows performing experiments which were difficult or impossible before. The first part of the paper is dealing with experiments on magnetic materials and shows how dichroism and surface diffraction can bring new information. In the second part, we discuss two examples related to catalysis: the elementally resolved imaging of chemical waves and the structure of chemisorbs layers on a nickel surface at atmospheric pressure.

How do atoms assemble in monatomic liquids? Do they form clusters? This question has been without answer for many years and it is only recently that an X-ray experiment has solved the problem. The fourth part of the paper describes recent results on the electronic properties of high T_c superconductors and heavy fermions, studied by high resolution photoemission. Finally, we present a prospect of a few experiments that could be done in the near future.