Thermal conductivity of hcp iron at high pressure and temperature

Results of steady-state heat transfer experiments on iron in laser-heated diamond anvil cell, combined with numerical simulation using finite-element method are reported. Thermal boundary conditions, dimensions of sample assemblage, heating-laser beam characteristics and relevant optical properties have been well defined in the course of experiments. The thermal conductivity of the polycrystalline hexagonal-iron foil has been determined up to pressure 70 GPa and temperature 2000 K. At these conditions, the conductivity value of 32±7 W/m K was found. Sources of errors arising from uncertainties in input parameters and applied experimental procedures are discussed. Considering results of earlier preferred-orientation studies in diamond anvil cell, an averaging effect of polycrystalline texture on the intrinsic anisotropy is assumed. The obtained conductivity is interpreted as an effective value, falling in between the upper and lower bounds on the average conductivity of a random aggregate of uniaxial crystals.     

Electrical conductivity and thermal EMF of CsI at high pressures

Abstract

The pressure dependence of thermal EMF and the resistivity-temperature dependence of CsI has been measured at pressures 20-50 GPa. In CsI non-monotonous change of resistivity, thermal EMF and activation energy of charge carriers has been observed at pressures above 40 GPa. The sign of thermal EMF corresponds to the electron conductivity. At pressures below 47 GPa the resistivity-temperature dependence is of the type characteristic of non-degenerate semiconductors, at pressure above 49 GPa it is characteristic of degenerate semiconductors (or metals). The observed properties are connected probably with the continuous distortion of B2 to an hcp-like phase.     

Scaling behavior of permeability and conductivity anisotropy near the percolation threshold

We use the finite-size scaling method to estimate the critical exponent that characterizes the scaling behavior of conductivity and permeability anisotropy near the percolation thresholdp _c . Here is defined by the scaling lawk _l /k _t –1(p–p _c ), wherek _t andk _t are the conductivity or permeability of the system in the direction of the macroscopic potential gradient and perpendicular to this direction, respectively. The results are (d=2)0.819±0.011 and (d=3)0.518±0.001. We interpret these results in terms of the structure of percolation clusters and their chemical distance. We also compare our results with the predictions of a scaling theory for due to Straley, and propose that (d=2)=t- _B , wheret is the critical exponent of the conductivity or permeability of the system, and _B is the critical exponent of the backbone of percolation clusters.     

In-situ control of different oxygen fugacity experimental study on the electrical conductivity of lherzolite at high temperature and high pressure

At pressure 1.0-4.0 GPa and temperature 1073-1423 K and under the control of oxygen fugacity (Mo+MoO₂, Fe+FeO and Ni+NiO), a YJ-3000t multi-anvil solid high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus and Solartron-1260 impedance/Gain-Phase analyzer were employed to analyze the electrical conductivity of lherzolite. The experimental results showed that: (1) within the range of the selected frequencies (10³-10⁶ Hz), either as viewed from the relationship between the real or imaginary part of complex impedance and the frequency, or from the relationship between modulus, phase angle and frequency, it can be seen clearly that the complex impedance has a strong dependence on frequency; (2) with the rise of temperature (T), the electrical conductivity (σ) increased, and Lg σ and 1/T follows the Arrhenius relationship; (3) with the rise of pressure, the electrical conductivity decreased, and activation enthalpy and temperature-independent pre-exponential factor decreased as well. And the activation energy and activation bulk volume of the main charge carrier in the lherzolite have been obtained for the first time, which are 1.68±0.02 eV and 0.04±0.01 cm³/mol, respectively; (4) under the given pressure and temperature, the electrical conductivity tends to increase with increasing oxygen fugacity, and under the given pressure, the activation enthalpy and pre-exponential factor tend to decrease with the rise of oxygen fugacity; (5) at 2.0 GPa and the control of the three solid buffers, Mo+MoO₂, Fe+FeO and Ni+NiO, the exponential factors of electrical conductivity variation range with oxygen fugacity are , and the theoretical model for the relationship between the electrical conductivity of lherzolite and the oxygen fugacity under high pressure has been established for the first time; (6) the electrical conduction mechanism of small polarons provides a reasonable explanation to the variation of conductivity of lherzolite with oxygen fugacity.     

Experimental measurement of the electrical conductivity of pyroxenite at high temperature and high pressure under different oxygen fugacities

Electrical conductivities of pyroxenite were measured between frequencies of 10^?1 and 10⁶ Hz in a multi-anvil pressure apparatus using different solid buffers (Ni+NiO, Fe+Fe₃O₄, Fe+FeO and Mo+MoO₂) to stabilize the partial pressure of oxygen. The temperature ranged from 1073 to 1423 K (800 to 1200 °C) and the pressure from 1.0 to 4.0 GPa. We observe that: (1) the electrical conductivity (σ) of pyroxenite depends on frequency; (2) σ tends to increase with rising temperature (T), and Log σ and 1/T obey a linear Arrhenius relationship; (3) under control of the buffer Fe+Fe₃O₄, σ tends to decrease with rising pressure, nevertheless the activation enthalpy tends to increase. For the first time we have obtained values for the activation energy and activation bulk volume of the main charge carriers, which are (1.60±0.07) eV and (0.05±0.03) cm³/mol, respectively; (4) for a given pressure and temperature, σ tends to rise with increased oxygen fugacity, whereas the activation enthalpy and preexponential factor tend to decrease; and (5) the behaviour of the electrical conductivity at high temperature and high pressure can be reasonably interpreted by assuming that small polarons provide the dominant conduction mechanism in the pyroxenite samples.     

Electrical conductivity of MgCO3 at high pressures and high temperatures

The electrical conductivity of polycrystalline magnesite (MgCO₃) was measured at 3-6 GPa at high temperatures using complex impedance spectroscopy in a multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus. The electrical conductivity increased with increasing pressure. The activation enthalpy calculated in the temperature range 650-1000 K also increased with increasing pressure. The effect of pressure was interpreted as being the activation volume in the Arrhenius equation, and the fitted data gave an activation energy and volume of 1.76±0.03 eV and −3.95±0.78 cm³/mole, respectively. The negative activation volume and relatively large activation energy observed in this study suggests that the hopping of large polarons is the dominant mechanism for the electrical conductivity over the pressure and temperature range investigated.     

Diffusion and transport phenomena in a collisional magnetoplasma having both streaming and temperature anisotropy: Collisional kinetics

Boltzmann-transport equation is analytically solved for two-component magnetoplasma using Chapman-Enskog analysis to include collisional diffusion transport having anisotropies in both streaming velocity and temperature components. The modified collisional integrals are analytically solved with flux integrals and perturbed kinetic equation to arrive at drift diffusion velocity and resulting transport coefficients which are markedly affected by both streaming and temperature anisotropy. The early isotropic results are recovered in the limit V ₀ = 0 and T _‖ = T _⊥ which reduce to eqs (11.30) and (11.31) of [1] and eqs (2.7) and (2.13) of [2]. The electrical resistivity (η_⊥) diminishes sharply in fusion temperature limit kT _⊥ = 1 keV. The shape of the curves for both electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity is rectangular hyperbolic. However, for low thermal ratio (T _‖/T _⊥ < 1), the curves are raised up and for high thermal ratio (T _‖/T _⊥ > 1), they are lowered down the isotropic case (T _‖/T _⊥ > 1), showing comparatively diminished magnitudes of the quantities.      

Electrical conductivity of polycrystalline alkali nitrates in stable states and at phase transitions

The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of polycrystalline alkali nitrates between room temperature and their melting temperatures has been studied. The lg =f(1/T) dependence is a discontinuous line consisting of regions of impurity and intrinsic conductivity. The conductivity changes discontinuously at a first-order phase transition, during the transition from a structure with lower symmetry to one with higher symmetry, and vice versa. The activation energy for ionic migration in the series of alkali nitrates is at a minimum for potassium nitrate.     

Micromagnetic analysis of current-driven DW dynamics along rough strips with high perpendicular anisotropy at room temperature

Domain-wall motion along thin ferromagnetic strips with high perpendicular magnetocrystalline anisotropy driven by spin-polarized currents is theoretically analyzed by means of full micromagnetic simulations and one-dimensional model, both including surface roughness and thermal effects. At finite temperature, the results show a current dependence of the domain wall velocity in good qualitative agreement with available experimental observations, depicting a low-current, low velocity creep regime, and a high-current, linear regime separated by a smeared depinning region. The analysis points out the relevance of both thermal fluctuations and surface roughness on the domain wall dynamics, and confirms that these effects are essential to get a better understanding on the origin, the role and the magnitude of the non-adiabaticity by direct comparison with experiments.     

InSe的高压电输运性质研究

高压下对InSe样品进行原位电阻率和霍尔效应测量. 电阻率测量结果显示, 样品在5–6 GPa区间呈现金属特性, 在12 GPa 的压力下发生由斜六方体层状结构到立方岩盐矿的结构相变, 且具有金属特性. 霍尔效应测量结果显示, 样品在6.6 GPa由p型半导体转变成n型半导体, 电阻率随着压力的升高而逐渐下降是由于载流子浓度升高引起的. 关键词： InSe 高压 电阻率 霍尔效应     

Electrical conductivity at high temperature and thermodynamic study of point defects in single crystalline cuprous oxide

In order to follow the variation of point defect interactions in relatively concentrated solutions we have studied the electrical conductivity of cuprous oxide in the range of temperature 650–1100°C and for oxygen partial pressures greater than 10^?6 atm. The P^{$\text{1}\text{π}$}_O2 dependence of the conductivity varied non linearly from about n = 8 for P_o2 close to 10^?6 atm. to lower values of n with increasing oxygen partial pressure. The activation enthalpy of conductivity determined in these ranges of temperature and oxygen partial pressure has been found to be also a function of temperature and varied between 12 and 17 kcal mol^?1.The interpretation of these results has permitted us to show that the departure from linearity of the plots of log or log $\text{σ = ?(}\text{l}\text{T}\text{)}$ excludes the existence of an ideal solution of ionized and non-ionized copper vacancies as was proposed previously in the literature. To explain these results it is possible to take into account a partially disordered distribution of these defects. It is shown that the increase of interactions and consequently the variation of the electrical conductivity as a function of the thermodynamic parameters, may be simulated by an ideal solution including new charged species of the type (V'_CuV^x_Cu).     

Investigating the thermal conductivity of materials by analyzing the temperature distribution in diamond anvils cell under high pressure

Investigating the thermal transport properties of materials is of great importance in the field of earth science and for the development of materials under extremely high temperatures and pressures. However, it is an enormous challenge to characterize the thermal and physical properties of materials using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) platform. In the present study, a steady-state method is used with a DAC and a combination of thermocouple temperature measurement and numerical analysis is performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the material. To this end, temperature distributions in the DAC under high pressure are analyzed. We propose a three-dimensional radiative-conductive coupled heat transfer model to simulate the temperature field in the main components of the DAC and calculate in situ thermal conductivity under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The proposed model is based on the finite volume method. The obtained results show that heat radiation has a great impact on the temperature field of the DAC, so that ignoring the radiation effect leads to large errors in calculating the heat transport properties of materials. Furthermore, the feasibility of studying the thermal conductivity of different materials is discussed through a numerical model combined with locally measured temperature in the DAC. This article is expected to become a reference for accurate measurement of in situ thermal conductivity in DACs at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.     

Electrical and thermal conductivity of soft solder at low temperatures

The electrical resistivity of soft solder (Pb_0.28Sn_0.72) has been measured in the temperature range 4.2 K to 300 K. The ‘alloy’ becomes electrically superconducting at a temperature of 6.9 K. Above this, in the entire temperature range, the resistivity could be described, apart from the residual resistivity, by the weighted average of the resistivities of the individual constituents which are derived from the Bloch-Grüneisen relation. The results are in accordance with the phase diagram, which shows a co-existence of two phases in almost the entire range of concentration of the Pb-Sn binary system. It has been shown that the thermal conductivity data on soft solder as well as on Pb_0.7Sn_0.3, both taken from literature, could be interpreted on the same basis, below and above the ‘superconducting transition temperature’. Recent results on other Pb-Sn systems are discussed in the light of this interpretation.     

Electrical conductivity and relaxation processes in aluminum oxide at high temperatures

The current decay and potential distribution in polycrystalline aluminum oxide were studied in the temperature range 800–1200 °C in air and in oxygen. The temperature dependence of the resistance was determined in oxidizing and neutral media. Only cations participate in the conduction. The medium has an effect only in the impurity-conductivity region.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ. Fizika, No. 3, pp. 57–61, March, 1970.     

Saturation effects on phosphorescence anisotropy measurements at high laser pulse energies

Triplet spectroscopic methods such as time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy permit successful measurement of slow rotational diffusion of membrane proteins. However, these methods are potentially subject to saturation phenomena. We present theoretical and experimental studies of how high excitation energy densities can complicate measurements of phosphorescence intensity and anisotropy. Increases in excitation laser pulse energy initially increase phosphorescence intensity. Further increases then lead to phosphorescence saturation. As a consequence, the initial phosphorescence anisotropy decreases and approaches zero at very high excitation energies. The relative standard deviation of anisotropies measured in any system reaches a minimum at some particular excitation energy density. These results allow us to define optimum experimental conditions for time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy measurements. For example, for excitation of erythrosin chromophores at typical wavelengths by the center of a Gaussian laser beam, optimum pulse energies in microjoules are approximately 5.0R ², whereR is the beam 1/e² radius in mm.     

Thermal conductivity of USb2 and UBi2 single crystals

The thermal conductivity (κ) of single crystals of tetragonal uniaxial antiferromagnets USb₂ (T _N = 202 K) and UBi₂ (T _N = 180.8 K) has been measured along the a-axis (κ_a ) over the temperature range from 0.5 to 300 K and along the c-axis (κ_c ) from 0.5 to 70 K. The as-grown samples have residual resistivity ratio (RRR) values of about 500–600 and 100–150 for UBi₂ and USb₂, respectively. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity (κ_a (T)/κ_c (T) ～ 5) and the low-T Lorenz ratios are discussed in relation to Fermi surface topology for both compounds.     

Ionic to electronic dominant conductivity in Al2(WO4)3 at high pressure and high temperature

Electrical conduction and crystal structure of Al₂(WO₄)₃ at 400 °C have been studied as a function of pressure up to 5.5 GPa using impedance methods and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, respectively. AC impedance spectroscopy and DC polarization measurements reveal an ionic to electronic dominant transition in electrical conductivity at a pressure as low as 0.9 GPa. Conductivity increases with pressure and reaches a maximum at 4.0 GPa, where the conductivity value is 5 orders of magnitude greater than the 1 atm value. Upon decompression, the conductivity retains the maximum value until the sample is cooled at 0.5 GPa. The high pressure-temperature X-ray diffraction results show that the lattice parameters decrease as pressure increases and the crystal structure undergoes an orthorhombic to tetragonal-like transformation at a pressure ∼3.0 GPa. The change of conduction mechanism from ionic to electronic may be explained by means of pressure-induced valence change of W⁶⁺→W⁵⁺, which results in electron transfer between W⁵⁺-W⁶⁺ sites at high pressure.     

Hardness of materials at high temperature and high pressure

The intrinsic character of the correlation between hardness and thermodynamic properties of solids has been established. The proposed thermodynamic model of hardness allows one to easily estimate hardness and bulk moduli of known or even hypothetical solids from the data on Gibbs energy of atomization of the elements or on the enthalpy at the melting point. The correctness of this approach is illustrated by an example of the recently synthesized superhard diamond-like BC₅ and orthorhombic modification of boron, γ-B₂₈. The pressure and/or temperature dependences of hardness were calculated for a number of hard and superhard phases, i.e. diamond, cBN, B₆O, B₄C, SiC, Al₂O₃, β-B₂O₃ and β-rh boron. Excellent agreement between experimental and calculated values is observed for temperature dependences of Vickers and Knoop hardness. In addition, the model predicts that some materials can become harder than diamond at pressures in the megabar range.     

DC conductivity of new single and mixed alkali oxyfluorovanadate glasses

New glasses have been prepared according to these formulas (70-x)V₂O₅-30BaF₂-xAF, where AF=LiF or NaF and (60-x)V₂O₅-30BaF₂-10LiF-xAF, where AF=NaF and x=10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mol%. Density of the glasses was measured and molar volume calculated and they correlated with the AF content. The dc conductivity has been measured in the temperature range from 302 to 453 K. The dc conductivity increases with temperature and V₂O₅ content, while it decreases with the alkali fluoride content. Conductivity has been correlated with the calculated polaron distance, R, and glass transition temperature, T_g. The activation energy, W, increases with the increase in the alkali fluoride, while it decreases with the V₂O₅ content. Some parameters like polaron distance, R, polaron radius, r_p, ion concentrations, n(V), n(Li) or n(Na), hopping energy, W_H, density of localized states at Fermi level, N(E_F), polaron coupling constant, γ_p, polaron band width, J, hopping mobility, μ, and carrier density for electronic conduction, N_c, were calculated to explain the conduction mechanism and behavior of the present glasses.     

The influence of pressure on the electrical conductivity of molten zinc chloride and its Mixtures with potassium chloride

Abstract

The electrical conductivities of molten ZnCl₂ and its mixtures with KCl were measured as functions of pressure, temperature, and composition. The measuremkents were performed in an internally heated pressure vessel in which the melts were contained in open quartz glass cells. The addition of KCl to molten ZnCl₂ causes a large increase of the conductivity at all pressures and temperatures. With increasing pressure the conductivity increases in pure molten ZnCl₂ and in mixtures rich in ZnCl₂ and decreases in mixtures with more than 30 mol% of KCl.