A study of oleic acid-based hydrothermal preparation of CoFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles

Nearly monodisperse, well crystalline, superparamagnetic CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with diameter of 6 nm were synthesized in oleic acid–water–pentanol system at 180 °C. Hydrothermal procedure, as an efficient and environment friendly alternative to organic decomposition methods, was investigated by variation of reaction conditions, and the particle formation mechanism was finally proposed (i.e., hydrolysis of metal oleates in organic phase, with size of the particles (5–8 nm) controlled by polarity-driven precipitation into water phase). As-prepared particles were hydrophobic due to coating by oleic acid. Further modification with dimercaptosuccinic acid led to water-dispersible particles with hydrodynamic diameter of 20 nm. Prepared particles were investigated by TEM, XRD, ICP-AES, light scattering, SQUID magnetometry, and Mössbauer spectroscopy.     

Mechanical anisotropy and thermoacoustic properties of SnO2 under high pressures: an ab initio approach

The effects of hydrostatic pressures on the electronic, thermoacoustic and elastic anisotropies of SnO₂ in the rutile structure is analyzed up to 18 GPa. It is found that the polycrystalline bulk modulus B increases from 227 to 312 GPa between 0 and 18 GPa while the Young and shear moduli slightly decrease with pressures. The resulting polycrystalline ductility increases with pressures. The speed of the sound for longitudinal waves increases with pressure, while the transverse polarizations and the Debye temperature decrease. Large crystal anisotropy for the shear planes {001} between ? 110? and ? 010? directions under pressures, associated with the phase transition to the Cl₂Ca, is found.     

High P–T Brillouin scattering study of H2O melting to 26 GPa

The properties of solid and liquid phases of H₂O at high pressure and temperature remain an active area of research. In this study, Brillouin spectroscopy has been used to determine the temperature dependence of sound velocities in H₂O as a function of pressure up to 26 GPa through the phase field of ice VII and into the liquid to a maximum temperature of 1200 K. The Brillouin shift of the quasi-longitudinal acoustic mode moves to lower frequencies upon melting at each pressure. As a test of the method, measurements of the melting of Ar by Brillouin scattering at several pressures show a similar behavior for the acoustic mode, and measured melting points are consistent with previous results. The results of H₂O melting are consistent with previously reported melting curves below 20 GPa. The data at higher pressure indicate that ice melts at a higher temperature than a number of previous studies have indicated.     

Numerical study of the synergistic effect of cavitation and micro-abrasive particles

In ultrasonic-assisted machining, the synergistic effect of the cavitation effect and micro-abrasive particles plays a crucial role. Studies have focused on the investigation of the micro-abrasive particles, cavitation micro-jets, and cavitation shock waves either individually or in pairs. To investigate the synergy of shock waves and micro-jets generated by cavitation with micro-abrasive particles in ultrasonic-assisted machining, the continuous control equations of a cavitation bubble, shock wave, micro-jet, and micro-abrasive particle influenced by the dimensionless amount (R/R₀), a particle size-velocity–pressure model of the micro-abrasive particle was established. The effects of ultrasonic frequency, sound pressure amplitude, and changes in particle size on micro-abrasive particle velocity and pressure were numerically simulated. At an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz and ultrasonic sound pressure of 0.1125 MPa, a smooth spherical SiO₂ micro-abrasive particle (size = 5 µm) was obtained, with a maximum velocity of 190.3–209.4 m/s and pressure of 79.69–89.41 MPa. The results show that in the range of 5–50 μm, smaller particle sizes of the micro-abrasive particles led to greater velocity and pressure. The shock waves, micro-jets, and micro-abrasive particles were all positively affected by the dimensionless amount (R/R₀) of cavitation bubble collapse, the larger the dimensionless quantity, the faster their velocity and the higher their pressure.     

Dispersion of the sound velocity in iron borate under nuclear magnetoacoustic resonance

The frequency dependence of the velocity of coupled magnetoelastic waves in the weak ferromagnet FeBO₃ is investigated experimentally and theoretically. An anomalous frequency dependence of the transverse sound velocity is observed for a single-domain sample under conditions of nuclear magnetoacoustic resonance, when the frequency of sound excited in the sample is close to the NMR frequency of Fe⁵⁷ nuclei. It is shown that the observed dependence is associated with a considerable effect of nonequilibrium states of the nuclear spin system on the renormalization of elastic constants due to effective magnetoelastic coupling.     

Sound waves in a liquid with polydisperse vapor–gas bubbles

A mathematical model is presented for the propagation of plane, spherical, and cylindrical sound waves in a liquid containing polydisperse vapor–gas bubbles with allowance for phase transitions. A system of integro-differential equations is constructed to describe perturbed motion of a two-phase mixture, and a dispersion relation is derived. An expression for equilibrium sound velocity is obtained for a gas–liquid or vapor–liquid mixture. The theoretical results agree well with the known experimental data. The dispersion curves obtained for the phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient in a mixture of water with vapor–gas bubbles are compared for various values of vapor concentration in the bubbles and various bubble distributions in size. The evolution of pressure pulses of plane and cylindrical waves is demonstrated for different values of the initial vapor concentration in bubbles. The calculated frequency dependence of the phase sound velocity in a mixture of water with vapor bubbles is compared with experimental data.     

Acoustic levitation and its application in estimation of high power sound field

Acoustic levitation has been studied using airborne radiation from a high power magnetostrictive ferrite transducer of frequency 18 kHz. Spherical solid objects as well as liquid drops of varying weight and radii have been levitated under I G at the velocity antinodes of the standing waves formed with the help of a reflector. The dependence of the maximum weight of a spherical object that can be levitated on the sound pressure level and the radius of the obstacle has been studied. An attempt has been made to estimate the radiated high power sound intensity from the maximum weight of the spherical object that can be levitated.     

High-pressure study of NaAlH4 by Raman spectroscopy up to 17 GPa

A high-pressure Raman study was carried out on NaAlH₄ up to 17 GPa using the diamond anvil cell method. In the pressure region 2–5 GPa, several of the original modes split. Although this might be a sign of some structural change, the spectral changes do not allow us to claim the existence of a clear phase transition in this pressure range. The spectra revert to their ambient pressure forms on decreasing pressure below<3.0–1.4 GPa. A phase transition to β-NaAlH₄ was found at 14–16 GPa. This phase transition is also reversible with an unusually strong hysteresis: the β-NaAlH₄ can be followed upon decompression down to 3.9 GPa. Analysis of Raman data shows that this phase transition is compatible with a theoretical prediction of a strong volume collapse.     

First-principles study of structural,elastic, electronic and thermodynamic properties of topological insulator Bi2Se3 under pressure

The structural, elastic, electronic and thermodynamic properties of the rhombohedral topological insulator Bi₂Se₃ are investigated by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the Wu–Cohen (WC) exchange-correlation functional. The calculated lattice constants agree well with the available experimental and other theoretical data. Our GGA calculations indicate that Bi₂Se₃ is a 3D topological insulator with a band gap of 0.287 eV, which are well consistent with the experimental value of 0.3 eV. The pressure dependence of the elastic constants C_ij, bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, Young’s modulus E, and Poisson’s ratio σ of Bi₂Se₃ are also obtained successfully. The bulk modulus obtained from elastic constants is 53.5 GPa, which agrees well with the experimental value of 53 GPa. We also investigate the shear sound velocity V_S, longitudinal sound velocity V_L, and Debye temperature Θ_E from our elastic constants, as well as the thermodynamic properties from quasi-harmonic Debye model. We obtain that the heat capacity C_v and the thermal expansion coefficient α at 0 GPa and 300 K are 120.78 J mol^?1 K^?1 and 4.70 × 10^?5 K^?1, respectively.     

Surface self-diffusion of quench condensed hydrogen films

The annealing behaviour of quench condensed H₂-, HD- and D₂-films has been investigated using acoustic surface waves. Upon annealing at temperatures far below the triple point we observe drastic changes of sound velocity and attenuation which can be attributed to a considerable rearrangement of the film structure via surface diffusion. These findings are in good agreement with recent experiments using surface plasmons. From the temperature dependence of the speed of the structural changes we deduce the activation energies for surface self-diffusion as 23 K, 35 K, and 47 K for H₂, HD, and D₂, respectively.     

Non-linear effect of wall linings on sound attenuation in ducts

The equivalent surface source method is extended to the analysis of high intensity sound propagation in a duct whose wall is partially treated with a sound absorbing material. The propagation of sound in the gas is assumed to be linear, but the acoustic resistance of the sound absorbing material is assumed to be a function of the normal acoustic velocity. The problem is reduced to a non-linear integro-differential equation for the fluid particle displacement at the lined wall surface, which can be solved by a successive approximation method. Numerical examples show that the non-linear effect decreases or increases the peak sound attenuation rate of the lowest mode depending upon the linear component of the resistance. The dependence of the attenuation spectrum on modal phase difference of multi-mode incident waves is heavily affected by the non-linear effect. In the case of incident waves of multi-circumferential modes, different circumferential modes are generated by the non-linear effect.     

立方晶体超声物态方程弹性参数的高压测量

 用超声脉冲回波重合技术（PEO），在0.1~500 MPa流体静压力范围，测量了立方晶体Si和Bi₁₂GeO₂₀中沿[100]、[110]和[111]方向传播的纯纵波和切变波自然声速值随压力的变化。根据有限形变理论，由声速与压力关系的实验结果。确定了立方晶体Si和Bi₁₂GeO₂₀超声物态方程的弹性参数（含三阶和四阶弹性常数）。     

Investigation of magnetic transitions through ultrasonic measurements in double-layered CMR manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7

A polycrystalline, double-layered, colossal magnetoresistive manganite La_1.2Sr_1.8Mn₂O₇ is synthesized by sol-gel process and its magnetic and ultrasonic properties were investigated in the temperature range 80–300 K. The sample has Curie temperature at 124 K, where the sample exhibits a transition from paramagnetic insulator to ferromagnetic metallic state. The longitudinal sound velocity measurements show a significant hardening of sound velocity below T_C, which may be attributed to the coupling between ferromagnetic spins and longitudinal acoustic phonons. The magnetization and ultrasonic studies reveal the presence of secondary transition at ≈ 260 K in this sample. The present sound velocity measurement results confirm the reliability of ultrasonic investigations as an independent tool to probe magnetic transitions in manganites.     

Synthesis and properties of As<Subscript>x</Subscript>Te<Subscript>100−x</Subscript> films prepared by plasma deposition via elemental As and Te

As_xTe_100?x chalcogenide films (where x = 30–80 at.%) were synthesized via direct interaction of arsenic and tellurium vapors into low-temperature non-equilibrium RF (40 MHz) plasma discharge at reduced pressure. Phase and structural evolution of As_xTe_100?x films were implemented by gradual changing of the ratio of the initial substances in the gas phase. The dependence of the films structure, surface morphology and optical properties on phase and chemical content has been studied.     

The particle image velocimetry method in the study of the dynamics of phase transitions induced by high pressures in triolein and oleic acid

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical measurement method capable of providing visualisation of velocity field of particle flow in fluids. After analysis of data acquired in the form of an image sequence, it is possible to retrieve information about flow parameters as mean values of velocity, vorticity, shear and normal strain. This paper presents the results of high pressure experiments using this method applied to triolein and oleic acid samples in their phase transition region. A high pressure optical chamber, He–Ne laser and light-sheet optics together with a digital camera and image acquisition computer allow us to study the motion of particles in high pressure conditions. The set-up was similar to that presented in Özmutlu et al. [Momentum and energy transfer during phase change of water under high hydrostatic pressure, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 7(3) (2006), pp. 161–168] and Kulisiewicz et al. [Visualization of pressure-shift freezing and thawing of concentrated aqueous sucrose solutions, High Press. Res. 27(2) (2007), pp. 291–297]. The analysis of phase transition dynamics in triolein and oleic acid is an extension to the work presented in Tefelski et al. [The investigation of the dynamics of the phase transformation in triolein and oleic acid under pressure, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 121(142004) (2008), pp. 1–6]. Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid and has a bent rod shape. Triolein is a triglyceride and has a “chair”-like shape. It is the base particle of many vegetable oils, especially olive oil. Triolein consists of three chains of oleic acid bound by a glycerol part. Information obtained by the study of phase transitions dynamics is important for food science and food technology processes which involve high pressure treatment. The PIV method shows differences in the solidification process of both substances in time, the existence of inhomogeneities (layers of different densities in the observed flow) and allows us to calculate the parameters of flow using the PIVview2C software from PIVTEC GmbH.     

α-Ti2Zr高压物性的第一性原理计算研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算获得了α-Ti₂Zr的晶体结构、弹性常数、德拜温度和电子分布情况, 研究了它们与压力的关系. 计算得到的晶体结构参数与实验值一致. 运用有限应变方法计算得到了α-Ti₂Zr的体积模量B、剪切模量G、杨氏模量E和泊松比σ. B和E的零压值分别为101.2和35.6 GPa. G/B的值较小, 并且随着压力的增加而减小, 表明α-Ti₂Zr具有优异的延展性. 基于弹性常数得到平均声速, 从而获得了德拜温度Θ=321.7 K. 通过解Christoffel方程获得的压缩波和剪切波数据揭示α-Ti₂Zr具有较强的各向异性. 此外, 压力诱导电子从s轨道到d轨道的转移说明在一定压力下α-Ti₂Zr将转变为β相. 关键词： 第一性原理 α-Ti₂Zr')" href="#">α-Ti₂Zr 物性 高压     

Sound velocities of compressed Fe3C from simultaneous synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and nuclear resonant scattering measurements

The applications of nuclear resonant scattering in laser‐heated diamond anvil cells have provided an important probe for the magnetic and vibrational properties of ⁵⁷Fe‐bearing materials under high pressure and high temperature. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction is one of the most powerful tools for studying phase stability and equation of state over a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions. Recently an experimental capability has been developed for simultaneous nuclear resonant scattering and X‐ray diffraction measurements using synchrotron radiation. Here the application of this method to determine the sound velocities of compressed Fe₃C is shown. The X‐ray diffraction measurements allow detection of microscale impurities, phase transitions and chemical reactions upon compression or heating. They also provide information on sample pressure, grain size distribution and unit cell volume. By combining the Debye velocity extracted from the nuclear resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering measurements and the structure, density and elasticity data from the X‐ray diffraction measurements simultaneously obtained, more accurate sound velocity data can be derived. Our results on few‐crystal and powder samples indicate strong anisotropy in the sound velocities of Fe₃C under ambient conditions.     

Elastic and thermodynamic properties in CdO at high pressures from first-principles calculations

In this study, we report first-principles calculations of the elastic and thermodynamic properties for CdO in both the B1 (rocksalt) phase and B2 (cesium chloride) phase. The calculations are performed within the framework of density functional theory, using the pseudopotential plane-wave method. From the theoretical results, we find that the high pressure structural phase transition of CdO from B1 structure to B2 structure is 90.31 GPa. The calculated values are, generally speaking, in good agreement with experiments and with similar theoretical calculations. According to the quasi-harmonic Debye model, we investigate the sound velocity and Debye temperature of CdO under pressures in the range of 0<P<150 GPa.     

Acoustic anomalies and relaxation dynamics of relaxor ferroelectric Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 single crystals studied by using Brillouin spectroscopy

Acoustic anomalies of relaxor ferroelectric Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃ single crystals were investigated over a wide temperature range from −196 °C to 900 °C by using Brillouin spectroscopy. The longitudinal sound velocity, the acoustic absorption coefficient and the elastic constant C₁₁ were determined for the acoustic phonon mode propagating in the [100] direction. Two acoustic anomalies, weaker ones at the cubic-tetragonal phase transition temperature of ~540 °C and more pronounced ones at temperatures near 315 °C near the dielectric maximum temperature, were investigated and discussed in relation with the relevant order parameters coupled to the acoustic waves. The relaxation dynamics in the cubic phase were studied based on the flattening of the mode frequency and the half width, which was observed for the first time, and a modified Arrhenius law.     

Frequency and amplitude alterations of sound modes in a space-dependent random mass density field

Abstract

We investigate the effect of a space-dependent random mass density field on small amplitude acoustic modes that are settled in a semi-infinite medium of a temperature growing linearly with depth. Using a perturbation method, the dispersion relation is derived in the form of Hill's determinant. Numerical solutions of this equation lead to the following conclusions: (a) a weak random field (with σ_eff?=?0.05) essentially affects long waves which experience attenuation and a frequency reduction; (b) for a stronger random field (with σ_eff?=?0.1), high-order sound modes behave as sound waves as they are attenuated and their frequencies are increased; (c) for a sufficiently strong random field (with σ_eff?=?0.2), mode coupling occurs, as a result of which the dispersive curves cross each other, the sound modes loose their identities, and some modes are amplified. Here σ_eff denotes the effective strength of a random field.