模拟深海极端环境下烷类气体的拉曼光谱实验研究

利用高温高压深海模拟实验系统,进行了深海热液环境下烷类气体水溶液的拉曼光谱探测,分析了烷类分子的拉曼特征峰随温度和压力的变化规律,建立了温度与光谱之间的数学模型.结果表明:由于水的氢键作用,导致溶于其中的烷类分子的拉曼特征峰频移量较其气态时减小;常温下,在≤40 MPa 压力范围内,烷类分子的拉曼特征峰均未见明显变化;...     

First access to live alvinellas

The deep-sea vent worm Alvinella pompejana is a biological enigma, regarding the adaptative features that allow it to prosper in the harsh environment of hydrothermal chimney walls (East Pacific Rise). Moreover, attempts to maintain this invertebrate alive following recovery (2600?m depth) have so far failed, thus forbidding in vivo laboratory studies. For the first time, it is shown that most of the specimens reach the surface alive, as witnessed by video monitoring of these animals after native pressure conditions have been restored. Furthermore, some individuals may show active behaviour at least 20?h after recovery, under controlled temperature and oxygen level conditions. These promising results open up a new field of investigation, and call for a major breakthrough towards our understanding of A. pompejana's biology, in the near future.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool in the search for evidence of past life on Mars

Iron Mössbauer spectroscopy has provided evidence for the presence in deep-sea smoker vents of superparamagnetic material, which is correlated with anaerobic bacteria found to thrive there. The finding of superparamagnetic terrestrial vent material suggests that prospecting for such material on Mars may be a way to locate sites with micropaleontological potential.     

Direct observations of ultrasound microbubble contrast agent interaction with the microvessel wall

Many thousands of contrast ultrasound studies have been conducted in clinics around the world. In addition, the microbubbles employed in these examinations are being widely investigated to deliver drugs and genes. Here, for the first time, the oscillation of these microbubbles in small vessels is directly observed and shown to be substantially different than that predicted by previous models and imaged within large fluid volumes. Using pulsed ultrasound with a center frequency of 1 MHz and peak rarefactional pressure of 0.8 or 2.0 MPa, microbubble expansion was significantly reduced when microbubbles were constrained within small vessels in the rat cecum (p<0.05). A model for microbubble oscillation within compliant vessels is presented that accurately predicts oscillation and vessel displacement within small vessels. As a result of the decreased oscillation in small vessels, a large resting microbubble diameter resulting from agent fusion or a high mechanical index was required to bring the agent shell into contact with the endothelium. Also, contact with the endothelium was observed during asymmetrical collapse, not during expansion. These results will be used to improve the design of drug delivery techniques using microbubbles.     

LIBS-Raman光谱联合水下探测系统及初步试验

水下激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)和水下激光拉曼光谱技术(Raman)已在深海成功获得应用,这两种技术探测对象互补、器件类似,两者联合探测可更好的进行深海研究。针对此需求研发了一套LIBS-Raman光谱联合水下原位探测原理样机,整个系统集成于L790 mm×Φ270 mm的舱体内,在舱体前端有光学窗口和水密插头,舱体内部主要包括脉冲激光器、光谱仪、嵌入式计算机和供电转换装置,甲板控制终端通过水密电缆实现对系统的供电、控制和数据采集。该联合系统采用一台双波长脉冲激光器同时作为LIBS和拉曼光谱的激发光源,LIBS采用1 064 nm波长,拉曼光谱采用532 nm波长。双波长激光器发出的光束经分光镜分为两路,经过后向散射光路收集的两路信号分别进入两个小型光纤光谱仪进行分光探测,LIBS采用AvaSpec-ULS2048光谱仪,拉曼光谱采用QE 65000光谱仪。利用搭建的原理样机在青岛近海进行水下原位探测,在实验室开展了水中固体靶的探测,实验结果证明了LIBS-Raman联合光谱探测装置的可行性。下一步将优化系统并开展深海探测应用。     

硫酸根拉曼频移用于深海热液温度探测的方法探讨

作为一种典型的深海极端环境,热液区域不仅分布着各种硫化物矿产,而且孕育着特殊的生态群落,对热液流体理化性质的研究有助于深入了解热液的运动机制。激光拉曼光谱技术除了定性分析方面的优势外,已经被逐步用于定量分析,并且在原位探测中发挥了重要作用。该研究模拟了深海热液喷口流体的高温高压环境,探讨了水分子和硫酸根离子的拉曼光谱在热液流体温度探测中的应用价值。通过对水峰ν₁（H₂O）、硫酸根ν₁(SO2-₄)的拉曼频移与温度、离子浓度的关系进行研究,结果表明水峰ν₁（H₂O）和硫酸根ν₁(SO2-₄)的拉曼频移随温度表现出明显的变化,水峰ν₁（H₂O）的拉曼频移受流体硫酸根浓度的影响明显,因此不适用于硫酸根离子浓度变化明显的热液流体温度的测量。相比之下,ν₁(SO2-₄)的拉曼频移对流体硫酸根浓度和流体压力不敏感,为温度的反演提供了很好的依据。建立了ν₁(SO2-₄)的拉曼频移与温度的线性方程：Rν₁(SO2-₄)=-0.03T+980.69,其中,R2=0.998 6,可用于对深海热液喷口流体温度的原位探测等实际应用。     

金融街地下交通工程通风系统流动特性分析

采用计算流体力学的方法,对金融街地下交通工程通风系统的流场特性进行了数值分析,研究了各分系统流场的均匀特性、各通风管道内部流场细节和各分系统可靠性.结果表明:排风系统各风口的风速很不均匀,且高速风口处形成明显的气幕效应和旋涡区;在风道内形成明显的低速区.在送风系统中,各风口的风速基本均匀,风机的风压可满足要求;但在风道内也存在了明显的低速区或旋涡区.需要对该通风系统进行等风量设计,并对系统的内部气流组织进行改进设计,以提高通风系统的可靠性并降低能耗.     

Distortion of spores of moss Venturiella under ultra high pressure

In our previous studies on the tolerance of living organisms such as planktons and spores of mosses to the high hydrostatic pressure of 7.5 GPa, we showed that all the samples could be borne at this high pressure. These studies have been extended to the extreme high pressure of 20 GPa by using a Kawai-type octahedral anvil press. It was found that the average diameter of the spores of Venturiella exposed to 20 GPa for 30 min was 25.5 μm, which is 16.5% smaller (40.0% smaller in volume) than that of the control group which was not exposed to high pressure. The inner organisms showed a further extent of plastic deformation. As a result, a gap appeared between the outer cover and the cytoplasm. A relationship has been obtained between the survival ratio and plastic deformation of spores of moss Venturiella caused by the application of ultra high pressure.     

基于HITRAN数据库的深海甲烷辐射光谱仿真研究

研发能够精确、实时、原位获取热液甲烷数据的深海甲烷传感器对深海研究具有非常重要的意义。前期研制的两款深海甲烷光学成像干涉系统,均利用甲烷辐射光谱开展甲烷状态参数探测和反演。首先,以分子光谱辐射理论为基础,建立了分子辐射光谱与浓度、温度、压强的理论关系式,结合深海高压环境特点,建立了基于Lorentz线型的深海分子辐射模型,该模型为利用光谱法定量反演分子浓度、温度、压强等状态参数提供理论依据,同时为深海分子光谱仿真提供有力工具。接着,借助HITRAN分子光谱数据库提供的分子基本谱线参数,挑选出甲烷成像干涉系统的光源谱线。对比CH₄分子与CO₂, H₂S, H₂O等分子的特征吸收谱线,在5 990～6 150 cm-1波段范围内,CH₄谱线强度比CO₂, H₂S, H₂O等三种干扰分子的谱线强度约高2～3个数量级,且此波段内甲烷六条有效谱线分布均匀,谱线间距皆约为2～3 nm,非常适合采用光谱法进行分子状态参数探测,因此选择谱线干扰较弱、谱线分布均匀、谱线间距适中的甲烷六条谱线(1 640.37, 1 642.91, 1 645.56, 1 648.23, 1 650.96和1 653.72 nm)作为甲烷成像干涉探测系统的目标光源谱线。最后,基于深海分子辐射模型和HITRAN数据库的甲烷分子基本谱线参数,人工合成了甲烷任意浓度,任意温度和任意压强的辐射光谱数据,并分析了甲烷辐射光谱随浓度、温度和压强的变化特征。对于单一中心谱线,甲烷分子辐亮度随着浓度的升高而线性增大,随着温度的升高而非线性增大,随着压强的升高而非线性减小。对于全波段谱线,甲烷辐射光谱的全线宽随着浓度、温度的升高而变宽,随着压强的升高而变窄。建立的深海甲烷辐射光谱理论和仿真分析结果,可以为基于光谱法的海洋原位甲烷传感器的研制和数据反演提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

深海光学照明与成像系统分析及进展

深海光学成像系统分为4个子系统:照明系统、相机系统、图像处理系统以及数据存储与传输系统,本文对深海光学成像系统化研究与发展趋势展开分析。文中有针对性地对深海光学成像最前端的两个子系统-照明系统与相机系统进行了较为详细地阐述。其中,深海照明系统进一步细分为3个更小的系统:光源系统、配光系统以及灯阵系统;对于深海相机系统则根据其应用领域及技术特点细分为水下普通成像、激光成像、偏振光成像、3D/全景成像、显微成像以及光谱成像6类。从近年来国内外深海光学成像的发展历史及现状来看,其未来的发展趋势可以归结为以下几点:更高的分辨率,更深的工作深度,更大的观测范围以及更多样的成像方式。     

Microwave heating in high pressure reaction vessels

Abstract

We report the use of microwave -hydrothermal processing to synthesize various ceramic powders. Microwave-hydrothermal processing is compared with conventional hydrothermal processing in the crystallisation of MoO₂. The presence of microwave field leads to accelerated kinetics of crystallization of the finely divided molybdenum dioxide particles. Existing microwave heated pressure vessels for chemical synthesis cannot be used above 250 MPa and 270°C because they contain parts made of polymeric materials. The objective of this work is to associate a microwave source to a high pressure vessel in a way such that it might be used to carry out reactions in aqueous media at pressures around 100 MPa and temperatures above the critical point of water.     

The hydrothermal wave of large-Prandtl-number fluid in a shallow cavity

The hydrothermal wave was investigated numerically for large-Prandtl-number fluid (Pr = 105.6) in a shallow cavity with different heated sidewalls. The traveling wave appears and propagates in the direction opposite to the surface flow (upstream) in the case of zero gravity when the applied temperature difference grows and over the critical value. The phase relationships of the disturbed velocity, temperature and pressure demonstrate that the traveling wave is driven by the disturbed temperature, which is named hydrothermal wave. The hydrothermal wave is so weak that the oscillatory flow field and temperature distribution can hardly be observed in the liquid layer. The exciting mechanism of hydrothermal wave is analyzed and discussed in the present paper.     

An investigation into the potential large-scale continuous magnetite nanoparticle synthesis by high-pressure impinging stream reactors

Magnetite nanoparticle synthesis is becoming increasingly important in a variety of fields. Scale-up of current batch, laboratory magnetite precipitation techniques involving relatively small volumes may be problematic as large stirred vessels can yield areas of localized low pH upon addition of a base to an iron solution resulting in the precipitation of undesired non-magnetic iron oxides. We present the use of high-pressure impinging stream reactors of different designs for the potential large-scale continuous precipitation of magnetite nanoparticles. The experimental system described here is capable of producing up to 50 g/min predominantly magnetite precipitate of 8–12 nm particle diameter.     

Studying the metal structure of anticorrosive cladding for the nuclear-reactor vessels by neutron diffraction and small-angle neutron scattering

The results of neutron studies of the metal nanostructure of anticorrosive cladding for vessels of WWER -1000 nuclear reactors under different conditions of additional tempering are presented. In the anticorrosive-cladding material, small structural components (inhomogeneities) with a correlation radius of 2–3 nm are observed which form fractal structures with a scale of more than 100 nm. It is shown that at different annealing temperature, these small objects create new structures at crystal boundaries in the form of defect surfaces with the fractal dimension D _s = 2.4–2.6. In samples of anticorrosive cladding, nonmagnetic austenitic γ-phase iron (γ-Fe) and magnetic δ-ferrite (α-Fe) are observed. The alloy is found to be magnetically hard.     

贻贝足的共聚焦显微拉曼光谱分析

贻贝对各种海洋环境具有广泛适应性,范围从浅海跨越到深海热液、冷泉等极端环境。贻贝主要通过其足组织分泌的蛋白形成足丝附着于岩石等固体表面,这种蛋白是一种可再生、不受水环境影响的性能良好的天然生物胶黏剂,得益于分泌蛋白的性质,足丝在水下具有黏附性强、韧性高、耐水性优良等特性,在生物材料学、医学等方面具有很好的开发潜力和应用前景,已经是国内外研究热点之一。拉曼光谱是一种非接触的、无损的可以提供分子生物化学信息的检测技术。足丝是贻贝足腺体的外在表达形式,结合扫描电镜和共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术,从贻贝足丝的表观差异到贻贝足腺体的分泌蛋白组分和分布特征,基于深海和浅海贻贝足丝的扫描电镜表征的表观形态差异,对两种贻贝足组织分别进行共聚焦显微拉曼光谱检测,得到两种贻贝的3个腺体的拉曼光谱和腺体局部区域的2D拉曼彩色分布图,从外在表现形式足丝到内部足腺体分布,通过对比两种贻贝的3个腺体的成分以及相对分布,分析造成两种贻贝足丝差异的内在腺体分布情况,此外结合两种贻贝生存环境的差异,认为贻贝的足丝外观差异以及其内部腺体分布是贻贝应对浅海和深海冷泉完全不同理化环境的一种环境适应机制。基于实验结果得到如下结论,拉曼光谱表明两种贻贝足腺体组成:表征核心腺体的amideⅢ信号位于1 242和1 269 cm^-1位置的2个峰的峰强度相对其他两个峰(1 318和1 337 cm^-1)较高,表现为有序高级的蛋白构象,外皮和粘附盘腺体含有丰富的酪氨酸(643, 830, 850和1 615 cm^-1)和3, 4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(多巴, DOPA,785 cm^-1);浅海贻贝在1 043 cm^-1位置有高强度的胶原蛋白信号。拉曼成像呈现两种贻贝腺体分布特征:深海贻贝表现为较为集中的腺体分布,浅海贻贝腺体分布较为分散,表明贻贝为适应不同环境形成不同的腺体分布机制。由此可见,拉曼光谱可以用于研究不同环境下生存的贻贝的足腺体分布特性,并在生物样品微观分析中更多的应用。     

Respiratory adaptations to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment: the case of Segonzacia mesatlantica, a crab from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Segonzacia mesatlantica (Crustacea; Decapoda; Brachyura) is the only endemic crab species known from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal vents. Known from all explored sites in the Atlantic, its wide distribution makes this species a model to study physiological adaptation, and specifically respiratory strategies. Native haemocyanin (Hc) comprises four non-covalent associations in equilibrium formed by monomers, hexamers, dodecamers and octadecamers made up of approximately 75 kDa polypeptide chains. Four different amino acid chains are observed with a molecular mass ranging from 75,234 to 75,972 Da. Experiments carried-out under pressure suggested that the percentage of monomer increased in the haemolymph under hypoxic condition. We have also observed a shift of the proportion of the two dodecamer series, suggesting a rapid modification of the Hc phenotype between hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Native Hc possesses a high oxygen affinity ( P50 = 2.2 Torr at 15 degrees C and pH 7.5), a large Bohr effect (Deltalog P50 / DeltapH approximately -2.7) and a slightly reverse temperature effect (DeltaH = +17.19 kJ mol(-1). The composition of Segonzacia haemolymph is similar to that of other littoral species except for the large enrichment in free copper and zinc. As for other species from hydrothermal vent sites, Segonzacia haemolymph possesses a higher buffer capacity than littoral species. Moreover, species from the hydrothermal vent decapods from Pacific hydrothermal vent that encounter higher CO2 content in their environment have a higher buffer capacity than Atlantic vent species. The results presented are discussed in relation with the physico-chemical characteristics of the hydrothermal vent environment.     

Structural stability, phase transformations and band-tuning of actinide and rare earth based intermetallics under high pressure: a perspective

When a solid is subjected to external pressure, it can undergo either structural transformation or remain stable in its parent structure. The sequence of structural transformations, when mapped for similar materials, viz., isostructural, isoelectronic and so on, can be used to create a map showing the evolution of structures under pressure for such materials. Such maps are useful in predicting high pressure phases. The structural transitions and the stability of materials as a function of pressure are intricately connected to their electronic structure. Many a times it is advantageous to know the stability of the material under pressure just by calculating its electronic structure. This can be accomplished only if several homologues materials are studied and the stability criteria arrived at by correlating their electronic structure with their structural stability under pressure. Further, as a function of pressure, the electronic structure changes can lead to enhancement in certain desired electronic, physical or mechanical properties. Several examples are known, wherein, pressure tuning of the band structure leads to improved properties. In this paper, we have discussed the above mentioned areas and presented a perspective of the above using the results of our own studies on f-electron based intermetallics (f-IMCs).     

Finite-size corrections to scaling behavior in sorted cell aggregates

Cell sorting is a widespread phenomenon pivotal to the early development of multicellular organisms. In vitro cell sorting studies have been instrumental in revealing the cellular properties driving this process. However, these studies have as yet been limited to two-dimensional analysis of three-dimensional cell sorting events. Here we describe a method to record the sorting of primary zebrafish ectoderm and mesoderm germ layer progenitor cells in three dimensions over time, and quantitatively analyze their sorting behavior using an order parameter related to heterotypic interface length. We investigate the cell population size dependence of sorted aggregates and find that the germ layer progenitor cells engulfed in the final configuration display a relationship between total interfacial length and system size according to a simple geometrical argument, subject to a finite-size effect.     

Structural and magnetic phase transitions in gadolinium under high pressures and low temperatures

High pressure structural transition studies have been carried out on rare earth metal gadolinium in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature to 169?GPa. Gadolinium has been compressed to 38% of its initial volume at this pressure. With increasing pressure, a crystal structure sequence of hcp?→?Sm-type?→?dhcp?→?fcc?→?dfcc?→?monoclinic has been observed in our studies on gadolinium. The measured equation of state of gadolinium is presented to 169?GPa at ambient temperature. Magnetic ordering temperature of gadolinium has been studied using designer diamond anvils to a pressure of 25?GPa and a temperature of 10?K. The magnetic ordering temperature has been determined from the four-point electrical resistivity measurements carried out on gadolinium. Our experiments show that the magnetic transition temperature decreases with increasing pressure to 19?GPa and then increases when gadolinium is subjected to higher pressures.     

Stress anisotropy in liquid crystalline phases

Monte Carlo simulations of bulk liquid crystals in the isotropic, nematic and smectic phases were performed. The simulations were carried out using different box shapes. The diagonal components of the pressure tensor were calculated to verify that the system is in mechanical equilibrium. For simulations in cubic boxes it was found that the three components of the pressure tensor had the same values in the isotropic and nematic phases but they were different in the smectic phase, i.e. the system seemed to be under anisotropic stress. NVT and NPT simulations in the smectic phase were performed by allowing the box sides to fluctuate independently; in this case, the average diagonal components of the pressure tensor had the same value. Inaccurate calculation of the total pressure produces incorrect equilibrium boundaries in the phase diagram. Microphases and poorly defined layering can be found in simulations of smectic phases when they are performed on cubic boxes. Although the pressure anisotropy is relaxed out, the layering structure in smectic phases seems to depend on the initial configuration, regardless of the simulation method.