Metallization degree of hydrogen at a pressure of 1.4 Mbar and a temperature a 3000 K

The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at a temperature of 3000 K and a density of 0.35 mol/cm³ is calculated. Hydrogen is considered as a three-component system consisting of electrons, protons, and neutral hydrogen atoms. The second order of perturbation theory in electron-proton and electron-atom interactions is used to determine the inverse relaxation time for electric conductivity. The Coulomb electron-electron interaction is taken into account in the random phase approximation and the exchange interaction and correlation of conductivity electrons are included in the local-field approximation. The model of hard spheres is used for the proton and atomic subsystems. The concentration of the electrically neutral atomic component proved to be significantly lower than the value assumed by the discoverers of metallic hydrogen.     

Transition to a virtually incompressible oxide phase at a shock pressure of 120 GPa (1.2 Mbar): Gd3Ga5O12

Cubic, single-crystal, transparent Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) has a density of 7.10 g/cm(3), a Hugoniot elastic limit of 30 GPa, and undergoes a continuous phase transition from 65 GPa to a quasi-incompressible (QI) phase at 120 GPa. Only diamond has a larger Hugoniot elastic limit. The QI phase of is more incompressible than diamond from 170 to 260 GPa. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate the QI phase has a band gap of 3.1 eV. Gd(3)Ga(5)O(12) can be used to obtain substantially higher pressures and lower temperatures in metallic fluid hydrogen than was achieved previously by shock reverberation between Al(2)O(3) disks.     

Experimental EOS determination of aluminum at Mbar pressure

Equations of state (EOS) of matter at Mbar pressure are fundamental to numerous applications such as in astrophysics[1], plasma physics[2], inertial confinement fusion[3—6], and other related fields. Laser directly and indirectly induced shock wave compression of materials is an effective way to access these material states. Many recent experiments have been devoted to the study of laser driven shock waves and their use in the EOS measurement of strongly compressed materials[7]. It is well…     

冲击加载条件下融石英对水的凝固相变的诱导效应

利用轻气炮冲击加载手段和透光性在线测试技术研究了融石英对水的再冲击结冰相变过程的影响.实验结果表明,当再冲击压力为1.28 GPa时,与融石英直接接触的水会发生凝固相变,而与融石英不接触的水在约2 μs观测期间仍然保持液相,证实融石英对水的冲击凝固相变过程产生了明显的诱导作用.同时还给出了相变动力学的解释. 关键词： 冲击 水 相变     

Shear viscosity of aluminum studied by shock compression considering elasto-plastic effects

The strength always exists before the material melts. In this paper, the viscoelastic-plastic model is applied to improve the finite difference method, and the numerical solutions for the disturbance amplitude damping behavior of the sinusoidal shock front in a flyer-impact experiment are obtained. When the aluminum is shocked to 101 GPa, the effect of elastoplasticity on the zero-amplitude point of the oscillatory damping curve is the same as that of viscosity when η = 700 Pa·s,and the real shear viscosity coefficient of the shocked aluminum is determined to be about 2800±100 Pa·s. Comparing the experiment data with the numerical results of the viscoelastic-plastic model, we find that the aluminum is close to melting at 101 GPa.     

High-resolution electron microscopy of microstructure of MnF2 subjected to shock compression at 4.4 GPa

Microstructure of MnF₂ subjected to by shock compression at 4.4 GPa was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lamellar structure consisting of twin-related domains of rutile-structure and intergrowth of α- PbO₂-type phase is observed in the electron diffraction pattern and TEM images. The crystallographic relationship between rutile and α- PbO₂-type phases can be expressed as and .     

钒的高压声速测量

采用反向碰撞方法进行了钒冲击实验,利用激光干涉测速技术对V/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面进行测量.通过对粒子速度剖面的分析获得了32—88 GPa压力范围内钒的高压声速.实验获得的声速-冲击压力关系在约60 GPa存在间断,表明钒发生了冲击相变.相变压力与静高压实验结果及第一性原理计算结果基本一致.     

Synthesis of CsCl-type single-phase RuSi under shock compression

Shock recovery experiments were performed on ruthenium–silicon powder mixtures by a flyer plate impact technique. The flyer velocities were in the range of 0.46–2.73 km/s, and the incident shock pressures were calculated to be ～2.9–～40.4 GPa by the impedance matching method. The recovered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that shock could induce a reaction between ruthenium and silicon. The shock pressure was found to affect reaction kinetics and microstructure of the recovered sample significantly. The dynamic reaction has a threshold pressure, and the samples loaded above threshold pressure almost completely reacted to a single-phase intermetallic compound of CsCl-type RuSi. These results indicate that shock compression could be an effective way to synthesize RuSi.     

冲击压缩下金属钯的结构相变

钯作为典型高压标定材料,研究其在极端条件下的结构变化以及热力学性质具有广泛需求并充满了挑战,特别是冲击加载下钯的固-固相变过程研究仍然匮乏.本文基于嵌入原子势,使用经典分子动力学方法从原子角度揭示了冲击载荷加载下钯的结构相变路径,在0—375 GPa的压力区间观察到一系列复杂的结构转变特征,从初始的面心立方(FCC)结构,至带密排六方(HCP)结构的层错体心立方(BCC)结构,直至完全熔化.在沿<100>晶向冲击下,在70.0 GPa发现了FCC-BCC相变过程,远低于之前研究中静高压的结果.此外,还发现了冲击方向依赖的相变点,在沿着<110>及<111>晶向冲击时FCC-BCC相变压力分别增加至135.8和165.4 GPa,同时相比完美晶体,引入缺陷会使FCC-BCC相变压强值有20—30 GPa的增幅,并通过势能分布的分析予以验证.本文发现冲击加载下钯的FCC-BCC相变压力大大降低的特殊现象,为钯在高压实验等极端条件下的应用提供了新的理论认识.     

在石英界面处液态水的冲击结构相变

利用轻气炮加载技术和光透射测量技术, 观测了冲击加载过程中水/石英界面处的水结构变化.实验发现,冲击条件(0.5—2 GPa, 335—375 K)下水在液相区内能够发生结构改变且起始于水/石英界面,结构改变的速率和程度与石英界面的特性有关.证实在固/液相边界一定区域内的液态水,在经历高温高压状态的变化中表现出特殊的相转变现象.同时,研究表明液态水结构转变的过程区分为明显的四个动力学阶段.     

Compressibility and isotope effect of fluid hydrogen

The calculations of the P-V isotherms, Hugoniots, dissociation and ionization degrees of fluid (liquid) hydrogen isotopes have been performed by using the self-consistent fluid variational theory under isothermal and shock compression. The isotope effect of fluid hydrogen was discussed. The present results are compared with the available experiments and calculations.     

多次冲击波压缩DT冰理论研究

冲击波压缩DT是ICF内爆过程中的主要熵增因素,如何用有限数目的时间整形冲击波实现近等熵压缩过程是优化点火靶设计的关键。利用理想气体和实际DT状态方程,计算系列冲击波压缩后的熵增和密度变化,分析表明,当第一个冲击波压强不大于0.1 TPa,后续再用3个冲击波达到10 TPa,总熵增不影响点火靶DT压缩性能,增加冲击波个数对DT熵增和压缩度改善效果很小。     

On the homogeneous nucleation and propagation of dislocations under shock compression

The dynamic response of crystalline materials subjected to extreme shock compression is not well understood. The interaction between the propagating shock wave and the material’s defect occurs at the sub-nanosecond timescale which makes in situ experimental measurements very challenging. Therefore, computer simulation coupled with theoretical modelling and available experimental data is useful to determine the underlying physics behind shock-induced plasticity. In this work, multiscale dislocation dynamics plasticity (MDDP) calculations are carried out to simulate the mechanical response of copper reported at ultra-high strain rates shock loading. We compare the value of threshold stress for homogeneous nucleation obtained from elastodynamic solution and standard nucleation theory with MDDP predictions for copper single crystals oriented in the [0 0 1]. MDDP homogeneous nucleation simulations are then carried out to investigate several aspects of shock-induced deformation such as; stress profile characteristics, plastic relaxation, dislocation microstructure evolution and temperature rise behind the wave front. The computation results show that the stresses exhibit an elastic overshoot followed by rapid relaxation such that the 1D state of strain is transformed into a 3D state of strain due to plastic flow. We demonstrate that MDDP computations of the dislocation density, peak pressure, dynamics yielding and flow stress are in good agreement with recent experimental findings and compare well with the predictions of several dislocation-based continuum models. MDDP-based models for dislocation density evolution, saturation dislocation density, temperature rise due to plastic work and strain rate hardening are proposed. Additionally, we demonstrated using MDDP computations along with recent experimental reports the breakdown of the fourth power law of Swegle and Grady in the homogeneous nucleation regime.     

Intergrowth microstructures of MnF2 subjected to shock compression

Intergrowth microstructures of MnF₂ subjected to shock compression at 4.4, 9.0 and 21.6 GPa were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Intergrowth microstructures consisting of rutile- and α-PbO₂-type phases were observed in samples shock-loaded to 4.4 and 9 GPa. The sample subjected to 21.6 GPa consisted of a twin structure with stacking faults, with a rutile-type but not the α-PbO₂-type phase. In the 9.0-GPa shocked sample, the phase ledge structure originating from a phase transition is directly captured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.     

冲击高压下硝基甲烷的拉曼光谱及其结构稳定性

在单次冲击压缩实验中,借助新建的瞬态拉曼光谱技术实现了对液态硝基甲烷冲击拉曼光谱的原位观测,来探究该样品分子在冲击波作用下的结构稳定性.实验发现,在10.6 GPa的冲击加载下硝基甲烷的拉曼特征峰仅发生了蓝移和展宽,而在观测波段未发现化学变化产生的迹象.这一结果否定了文献所报道的硝基甲烷在6 GPa~8.5 GPa的单次冲击压力区间内发生了化学反应的推论,同时也证实了在10.6GPa的冲击压力下硝基甲烷分子在约为516 ns的压缩时间内能够保持其结构的稳定.     

冲击高压下硝基甲烷的拉曼光谱及其结构稳定性

在单次冲击压缩实验中,借助新建的瞬态拉曼光谱技术实现了对液态硝基甲烷冲击拉曼光谱的原位观测,来探究该样品分子在冲击波作用下的结构稳定性。实验发现,在10.6GPa的冲击加载下硝基甲烷的拉曼特征峰仅发生了蓝移和展宽,而在观测波段未发现化学变化产生的迹象。这一结果否定了文献所报道的硝基甲烷在6GPa~8.5GPa的单次冲击压力区间内发生了化学反应的推论,同时也证实了在10.6GPa的冲击压力下硝基甲烷分子在约为516ns的压缩时间内能够保持其结构的稳定。     

Metallization of the Ge(111) surface at high-temperature probed by energy-loss and Auger spectroscopies

We present new electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Auger (AES) experiments aimed to study the structural transition of the Ge(111) surface taking place at high temperatures. Our advanced high-temperature set-up allowed us to collect accurate EELS spectra near the M_2,3 excitation edges and AES MMV and MVV spectra, corresponding to different probing depths ranging from 4 to 10 Å. The metallization of the surface has been clearly detected by the shift of the M_2,3 edge and of the MMV, MVV Auger energies. A detailed study of the transition has been performed using a fine temperature step under thermal equilibrium conditions. The AES and EELS experiments show that a sudden semiconductor-metal transition takes place at about 1000 K involving mainly the topmost layers. Deeper layers within 10 Å are also involved in the metallization process (in a range of 10 above 1010 K) and a smooth change in the topmost layers is also observed at higher temperatures up to 1070 K. These transitions are not fully reversible upon cooling (down to 870 K). Structural and electronic characteristics of the surface transition are discussed in light of available models.     

Phase transitions induced by shock compression on a gypsum mineral: X-ray and micro-Raman analysis

As a part of systematic researches of phase transitions induced by shock compression in phosphates, silicates, germanates and sulfates, in this article we report preliminary results obtained from shock recovery experiments on powders of a gypsum mineral. The shock experiment was performed in a light gas gun until a pressure close to 14?GPa reached. The experimental techniques employed to analyze the shock effects on recovered samples were: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy (MRS). The SEM observations show a high plasticity in the impacted sample composed mainly by gypsum and bassanite quantified by Rietveld analysis of the XRD. The results indicate the partial dehydration of gypsum as a result of impact. The MRS analysis suggests the presence of micro-mixtures of gypsum, bassanite and anhydrite heterogeneously distributed throughout the recovered sample.