Instabilities in Technical Superconductors

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Characteristic regularities of development of thermoelectrodynamic processes in current-carrying elements of superconducting magnet systems are discussed. It is shown...     

三维光谱学--二维红外光谱和时间分辨光谱

本文介绍了一类重要的光谱学分析方法-三维光谱学方法,对其中的时间分辨光谱和二维红外光谱作了详细的介绍,包括它们的基本原理、获取谱图的方法、谱图的性质等.介绍了二维红外光谱方法在光谱学分析中的一些应用领域.三维光谱分析方法已经成为光谱分析中重要的研究方法之一.     

利用红外多光子解离光谱和理论计算揭示由脯氨酸和苯丙氨酸构成的质子化异源二聚体的结构

本文利用傅里叶变换离子回旋质谱仪和红外光学参量振荡器激光器相结合,在2700∽3700 cm^-1范围内获得了由脯氨酸和苯丙氨酸组成的质子化异源二聚体ProPheH⁺的红外多质子解离(IRMPD)光谱. 实验光谱表明,ProPheH⁺除了在3565 cm^-1处有一个对应于自由羧基O$-$H拉伸振动的吸收峰之外,在2935 cm^-1和3195 cm^-1处有两个宽吸收峰. 进一步对ProPheH⁺的结构在M062X/6-311++G(d,p)水平上进行了广泛的理论计算. 结果表明,其能量最稳定的构型具有电荷溶剂化结构,其中质子与脯氨酸单元结合. 这一构型的理论预测光谱与实验谱吻合较好.     

甲烷红外吸收光谱原理与处理技术分析

由于工业监控和环境检测的需要,基于红外吸收光谱分析原理,研制甲烷传感系统,日益得到人们的关注。文章描绘了甲烷中红外的基频吸收带和近红外的ν₂+2ν₃组合带、2ν₃泛频带的吸收光谱强度分布,并给出了相应的吸收光谱曲线。定量数据表明,甲烷的基频吸收要比泛频吸收高两个数量级以上,较组合频吸收高3个数量级以上。文章还介绍了甲烷检测的差分技术、谐波技术、腔光谱增强技术、以及光声技术,给出了相应检测方法的理论公式、能够达到的检测灵敏度以及系统的结构。这些技术的有效性已经被研究报道所证明。     

Rigorous Remarks about Scaling Laws in Turbulent Fluids

A definition of scaling law for suitable families of measures is given and investigated. First, a number of necessary conditions are proved. They imply the absence of scaling laws for 2D stochastic Navier-Stokes equations and for the stochastic Stokes (linear) problem in any dimension, while they imply a lower bound on the mean vortex stretching in 3D. Second, for the 3D stochastic Navier-Stokes equations, necessary and sufficient conditions for scaling laws to hold are given, translating the problem into bounds for energy and enstrophy of high and low modes respectively. Unlike in the 2D case, the validity or invalidity of such conditions in 3D remains open.     

Common Electronic Features and Electronic Nematicity in Parent Compounds of Iron-Based Superconductors and FeSe/SrTiO_3 Films Revealed by Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy

We report comprehensive angle-resolved photoemission investigations on the electronic structures and nematicity of the parent compounds of the iron-based superconductors including CeFeAsO,BaFe_2As_2,NaFeAs,FeSe and undoped FeSe/SrTiO_3 films with 1,2 and 20 layers.While the electronic structure near the Brillouin zone center Γ varies dramatically among different materials,the electronic structure near the Brillouin zone corners(M points),as well as their temperature dependence,are rather similar.The electronic structure near the zone corners is dominated by the electronic nematicity that gives rise to a band splitting of the d_(xz) and d_(yz) bands below the nematic transition temperature.A clear relation is observed between the band splitting magnitude and the onset temperature of nematicity.Our results may shed light on the origin of nematicity,its effect on the electronic structures,and its relation with superconductivity in the iron-based superconductors.     

The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem: Scaling Laws vs. Initial Conditions

Numerical evidence on the relevance of the initial conditions to the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem is reported, supported by analytic estimates. In particular, we analyze the special, crucial role played by the phases of the low frequency normal modes initially excited, their energy being the same. The results found are the following. When the phases of the initially excited modes are randomly chosen, the parameter ruling the first stage of the transfer of energy to higher frequency modes turns out to be the energy per degree of freedom (or specific energy) of the system, i.e. an intensive parameter. On the other hand, if the initial phases are “coherently” selected (e.g. they are all equal or equispaced on the unit circle), then the energy cascade is ruled by the total energy of the system, i.e. an extensive parameter. Finally, when a few modes are initially excited, in which case specifying the randomness or coherence of the phases becomes meaningless, the relevant parameter turns out to be again the specific energy (this is the case of the original Fermi-Pasta-Ulam experiment).     

Infrared Difference Spectroscopy as a Physical Tool to Study Biomolecules

Abstract

This brief review focuses on the information that can be obtained for biomolecules, especially proteins, by using the technique infrared-induced difference spectroscopy.     

近红外光谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值

应用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)直接分析新鲜饲草的营养价值,如饲草中干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),中性洗涤纤维(NDF),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,对畜牧业生产具有重要意义。鲜草中由于含有较多的水分,不易制备均一的样品和进行光谱中有用信息的提取,因此难于进行近红外光谱分析。本试验应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术和液氮冷冻制样技术,建立了适合于不同品种,不同生育期,不同茬次和不同青贮方法即时测定青贮苜蓿鲜样中DM,CP,NDF,ADF的模型,以期对NIRS在测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样品这些成分测定的可行性进行分析。所建DM,CP,NDF和ADF模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_cv)为0.884 6～0.989 8,交叉检验标准误(RMSECV)为3.9～9.7 g·kg-1鲜重。用50个样品对模型进行外部检验,预测相关系数(r)为0.939 7～0.994 9,预测标准误为1.9～8.3 g·kg-1鲜重。结果表明： 采用适当的样品处理方法和光谱分析技术可以实现近红外光谱技术对苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值评定。     

近红外光谱技术测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的发酵品质

及时了解青贮饲草的发酵品质,如青贮饲草中氨态氮(NH₃-N),乳酸(LA), 乙酸(AA),丁酸(BA)含量,对畜牧业生产具有重要意义。应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术和液氮冷冻制样技术,建立了适合不同品种,不同生育期,不同茬次和不同青贮方法即时测定青贮苜蓿鲜样中氨态氮,乳酸,乙酸,丁酸的近红外校正模型,以期对NIRS在测定紫花苜蓿青贮样品中这些物质的可行性进行分析。所建模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_CV)为0.602 4～0.949 7,交叉检验标准误(RMSECV)为0.559～3.78 g·kg-1鲜重。用检验集样品对模型进行外部检验,预测相关系数(r)为0.882 6～0.985 3,预测标准误为0.571～3.15 g·kg-1鲜重。结果表明,采用适当的样品处理方法和光谱分析技术可以实现近红外光谱技术对苜蓿青贮样品发酵品质的评定。     

How Phospholipid-Cholesterol Interactions Modulate Lipid Lateral Diffusion, as Revealed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Cholesterol is a key player in regulating physico-chemical properties of cellular membranes and, thereby, ensuring cell viability. In particular, lipid-cholesterol interactions may provide important information on the spatio-temporal organization of membrane components. Here, we apply confocal imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) to Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) composed of binary mixtures of lipids and cholesterol.The effect of cholesterol on lipid dynamics and molecular packing order of unsaturated, monounsaturated, fully saturated (with both low and high phase transition temperatures, T_m) glycero-phospholipids and sphingomyelin has been investigated. We show that, for unsaturated glycerophospholipids, the decrease of the lipid diffusion coefficient as a result of the interaction with cholesterol does not depend on the fatty acid chain length. However, the values of the diffusion coefficient change as a function of chain length. The monounsaturated phospholipid palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) exhibits a dynamic behavior very similar to the unsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). By contrast, for saturated (low T_m) glycero-phospholipids, cholesterol causes a decrease of lipid mobility in a chain length-dependent manner.FCS can be employed as a valuable tool to study lipid-sterol interactions and their effect on lipid dynamics, molecular packing and degree of conformational order.     

Metal Isotope Natural Abundance in Infrared Spectroscopy

Band splitting can be observed in the infrared spectra of metal complexes arising from the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes, and the use of these splittings in assigning metal-ligand vibrational modes is described.     

Common Features in Electronic Structure of the Oxypnictide Superconductors from Photoemission Spectroscopy

High resolution photoemission measurements are carried out on non-superconducting LaFeAsO parent com- pound and various superconducting RFeAs（O1-ZFx） （R=La, Ce and Pr） compounds. It is found that the parent LaFeAsO compound shows a metallic character. By extensive measurements, several common features are identified in the electronic structure of these Fe-based compounds： （1） 0.2 eV feature in the valence band, （2） a universal 13-16 meV feature, （3） near EF spectral weight suppression with decreasing temperature. These uni- versal features can provide important information about band structure, superconducting gap and pseudogap in these Fe-based materials.     

胞苷盐酸盐的质子化位置研究

含有羧酸或碱性基团的药物成盐后具有药物水溶性提高、易于结晶纯化、稳定性增强等优点.胞苷类药物具有碱性中心,成盐后的质子化位置是在N-3还是NH_2的研究还未见报道.X-射线单晶衍射因不能够对质子位置进行测定而无法对胞苷盐的质子化位置进行确定.该文利用核磁共振氢谱(~1HNMR)、碳谱(~(13)C NMR)研究了胞苷成盐前后的化学位移变化,推断出胞苷成盐位置在N-3而非NH_2,此外胞嘧啶碱基C-4和NH_2之间的键在成盐后具有部分双键性质.     

红外光谱在微藻领域的应用研究进展

微藻富含类胡萝卜素、维生素、蛋白质、多不饱和脂肪酸等多种人体和动物所必需的营养成分，同时在水生态系统的维持和保护中也扮演着重要的角色，因此开展微藻生物学的研究具有十分重要的实际应用价值。传统的微藻成分的检测分析需要经过微藻细胞研磨破碎、有机溶剂分离提取、液(气)相检测等一系列的繁琐的操作步骤，有费时、需要高昂的仪器设备、操作过程复杂等缺点，因此需要发展更加快速高效的微藻细胞组分检测分析技术。红外光谱作为一种高效的物质检测和分析手段可以实现对微藻样品中的蛋白、脂类、核酸、多糖、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等多种成分同时分析，具有简单、快速和无损检测等优势，特别是结合显微镜技术的红外光谱成像可以在微空间尺度上研究单一细胞或组织中各组分的变化。近年来，尤其是随着同步辐射技术的迅速发展，为红外光谱仪器提供质量更好、能量更高的同步辐射光源，使得红外光谱显微光谱及成像检测技术具有更高的灵敏度和空间分辨率，实现了能够在细胞和亚细胞尺度上对个体进行高空间分辨的原位观测，这在一定程度上解决了许多常规的检测分析技术不能同时兼顾高通量测量和高空间分辨率观察之间的矛盾。首先介绍了红外光谱技术的原理及其特点并分析了显微红外光谱及成像技术在生物样品检测中的独特优势，特别介绍红外光谱结合化学计量学的分析方法在生物学研究领域的应用。接下来综述了此项技术在分类鉴定、生长代谢监测、育种、水环境、食品医药等与微藻相关领域国内外的应用研究进展。比如，结合化学计量学方法红外光谱能够进行微藻的快速鉴定、判别和分类。利用红外光谱多组分快速检测的优势，可以实现微藻生长代谢的研究。基于红外光谱无损、高效检测的特点，可以实现油脂、β-胡萝卜素、虾青素等高产藻株的快速筛选。另外，微藻还可以有效地吸附废水中的重金属和有机活性染料，利用红外光谱可以对其吸附和降解环境污染物的机理进行研究。红外光谱还能够快速高效地实现微藻成分的分析和鉴定，因而可以用于微藻食品药品质量的检测和真伪的鉴定。然而，红外光谱在微藻的研究和应用方面还处于发展阶段，尚存在着一定的缺点和不足，对此进行了讨论和分析并提供了相应的解决方案。最后，对红外光谱在微藻的规模化养殖、高产藻株的筛选、微藻的生理、细胞器的结构和功能的研究等领域进行了展望。     

Application of Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in Soil Analysis

Abstract

Soil analysis has become routine work for soil management and crop production. However, laboratory analysis–based determination of soil properties is expensive and time consuming, which is not suitable for precision agriculture. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) appears as an alternative and fast technique to measure soil properties and has had wide application; in particular, a new method called infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) has been applied in soil analysis. The soil infrared photoacoustic spectrum is more convenient to record; the spectra contain more useful information versus conventional reflectance spectroscopy, and it appears promising for identification of soil types and measure soil properties. The step-scan function of FTIR-PAS makes it possible to explore the soil microstructure in situ; furthermore, more sensible photoacoustic cells (PA), such as a quartz-enhanced PA cell, will make FTIR-PAS a strong tool for the study of soil science. The application of infrared photoacoutic spectroscopy in soil analysis is largely dependent on spectra pretreatment and chemometrics methods due to strong interferences, and more mathematical tools models will benefit or optimize the prediction performance. To make full use of soil infrared spectra, soil spectra library construction is required in the future, which will play an important role in the application of soil analysis.     

化学计量学在近红外光谱定性分析中的应用

近红外光谱的多元特性使得它特别适合于应用化学计量学技术进行物质的分析。本文讨论了判别分析技术在近红外光谱定性分析中的应用,结果表明应用相关的化学计量学方法采用近红外光谱进行物质的定性分析是可行的。