过渡金属催化的硅烷基C(sp3)–H键活化

有机硅化合物在有机合成、材料化学和药物化学中都有广泛应用.因此,其自身的合成方法学在近年来广受关注.从原子经济性的角度出发,选择性的C(sp³)–H键切断是一种高效经济的合成策略.硅烷基单元在有机化合物中广泛存在,通过对硅烷基中的C(sp³)–H键直接官能团化来合成新的有机硅化合物是一种十分有前景的合成方法.近年来,过渡金属催化的C(sp³)–H键活化成为有机合成研究的热点领域.与肟基、唑啉、吡啶基、酰胺基、羧酸酯基等官能团或是与氧、氮或硫等杂原子相连的C(sp³)–H键的活化研究已有许多报道,但是与硅相邻的C(sp³)–H键活化研究报道很少.本文综述了近年来过渡金属催化的硅烷基C(sp³)–H键切断的研究进展.     

镍催化构筑C(sp3)—C(sp3)键反应研究进展

过渡金属催化的偶联反应是构筑C-C键的高效方法,在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用.然而,相对于Heck反应、Negishi偶联与Suzuki偶联等构筑C（sp²）-C（sp²）键的反应,过渡金属催化的构筑C（sp³）-C（sp³）键的偶联反应较难进行,发展较晚.近年来,烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应受到广泛的重视,一些高效催化剂被开发出来,其中镍催化剂展示出独特的催化活性和选择性.本文将综述镍催化烷基-烷基C-C键偶联反应最新研究进展,主要包括烷基亲电试剂与金属有机试剂交叉偶联反应、导向基参与的C（sp³）-H键活化的偶联反应、镍-光反应催化剂协同催化偶联反应、烷基亲电试剂与亲电试剂的还原偶联反应和镍催化烯烃加成反应等.     

过渡金属催化含硅杂环合成的研究进展

含硅杂环化合物因其独特的理化性质而被广泛地应用于有机合成化学、材料化学和药物化学中,因此含硅杂环化合物的高效合成一直是有机合成化学中的研究热点.在众多含硅杂环的合成方法中,过渡金属催化含硅杂环合成历经数十年的发展,目前已成为硅杂环合成最重要的路径之一.总体来讲,过渡金属催化含硅杂环高效合成的研究工作集中于利用C–H键硅基化策略和C–Si键活化策略来实现硅杂环的高效合成.本文以催化反应类型进行分类,综述了近5年来过渡金属催化含硅杂环合成的反应新进展.     

过渡金属催化碳氢键三氟甲基化

近几年来, 过渡金属催化的碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应取得了重要的进展. 该领域的反应主要集中于端炔的sp碳氢键活化三氟甲基化反应、芳烃和杂环的sp²碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应以及烯丙基sp³碳氢键活化的三氟甲基化反应. 本文简要介绍了该类反应的特点, 概述了该领域的最新进展、面临的挑战及以后研究发展的重点和方向.     

铑催化的串联分子内胺化/硅-碳(sp~3)键活化合成共轭硅杂环化合物

正共轭硅杂环化合物在太阳能电池、有机发光材料、荧光探针等领域都得到了广泛的关注和研究.其传统合成方法中因为往往需要计量的锂试剂或格氏试剂,官能团耐受性受到了极大的限制.近年来,包括北京大学化学与分子工程学院席振峰教授在内的一些科学家开拓的碳-硅键活化反应代表了一种构建含硅化合物的新方向.在此策略指引下,清华大学药学系何伟课题组设计了如下图所示的铑催化的串联分子内胺化/硅-碳(sp~3)键活化反应来快速高效合成共轭硅杂环化合物.研究发现,添加剂对该串联反应中关键的碳-硅键活化的化学选择性有重要的影响:在质子源(正辛醇)的作用下会发生硅-碳(sp~3)键活化得到共轭硅杂环化合物2,而在π酸(3,3-丙烯醛)存在时则发生硅-碳(sp~2)     

配位导向的分子内C(sp3)-H键胺化反应构建含氮杂环的新进展

含氮饱和杂环化合物,如β-内酰胺、氮杂环丙烷、四氢吡咯、哌啶及其苯并骨架吲哚啉、四氢喹啉、四氢异喹啉等结构单元是天然产物和药物分子中常见的"优势骨架",在新药的发现中起到了极其重要的作用.配位导向的非活化C(sp³)-H键的直接胺化方法可高效构建C-N键,是C-H键活化反应方法学的重要研究内容之一.本文介绍了近期配位导向的非活化C(sp³)-H键的分子内直接胺化策略构建含氮杂环的新进展,其中包括双齿、单齿和分子内本身的二级胺作为定位基参与的活化模式,探讨了其反应机制、选择性、底物的适用性及其在合成中的应用.     

功能化烯胺的合成

烯胺作为许多药物的关键结构单元,在有机合成,特别是天然产物的合成和含氮杂环化合物的合成中有很重要的应用。为了更好地发展适用性广的合成新方法,本文综述合成烯胺的最新研究进展。首先总结了传统合成烯胺的相关工作,随后综述了催化合成烯胺的相关工作,包括烯烃的催化胺化和炔烃氢胺化反应,详细介绍了过渡金属（主要是Cu（Ⅰ或Ⅱ）或Pd（0或Ⅱ））催化的Buchwald-Harwig反应中,使用多种取代烯烃（包括卤代烯烃及拟卤代烯烃与烯基硼酸）作为底物的研究进展,同时,对通过C（sp²）-H直接活化来构筑与不同胺相连的C-N键的Aza-Wacker氧化偶合反应也进行了介绍。希望对发展合成烯胺的新方法有所裨益。     

导向碳氢键活化与不饱和分子的电氧化环化反应

过渡金属催化导向碳氢键活化与不饱和分子的环化反应已成为合成复杂碳环和杂环化合物的高效途径,但反应中往往需要额外加入化学计量化学氧化剂来实现反应循环.电化学有机合成可利用电流代替昂贵、有毒的化学氧化剂,是一种环境友好的绿色合成手段.近年来,电化学有机合成与过渡金属(如Pd、Ni、Co、Ru、Cu、Rh、Ir等)催化碳氢键活化的结合取得了显著的进展.重点介绍了过渡金属催化导向C—H活化与炔烃、烯烃、一氧化碳和异氰等不饱和分子的电氧化环化反应的最新进展,并对该领域未来发展方向进行了展望.     

基于N-亚硝基导向的芳烃C(sp2)—H键官能团化研究进展

近年来,N-亚硝基通过与过渡金属螯合协同活化芳烃C(sp²)—H键,成功构建了C—C键和C—杂原子键的例子已有报道.它基于内部N—N键的氧化断裂,在反应过程中无需添加外部氧化剂,反应结束后可自行离去,发展成为一种新型高效的导向基团,受到了研究者的广泛关注.总结了基于N-亚硝基导向的芳烃C(sp²)—H键官能团化的最新研究进展.     

铜催化有机硼试剂参与的自由基不对称C(sp3)—C(sp2)键构建反应(英文)

有机硼试剂具有易于合成、稳定以及低毒的优势,被广泛地应用于C—C键的构建中。其中,铜催化有机硼试剂参与的自由基不对称(杂)芳基/烯基化反应是构建手性C(sp³)—C(sp²)键的重要方式之一,该类型反应成功的关键在于手性配体的合理设计,其与铜组成的手性协同催化体系既要保证反应的高效启动,还要实现高活性烷基自由基的立体控制。本文综述了两种类型手性配体的发展对这个领域研究进展的影响,并对该领域做出展望。     

Tris(tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl)gallium,Ga{Si(Si(CH3)3)3}3

The title compound has been prepared in good yield by the reaction of gallium trichloride with base‐free hypersilyl lithium (Li–Si(SiMe₃)₃, Me = CH₃) in a 1 : 3 molar ratio. Ga(Si(SiMe₃)₃)₃ is monomeric in solution and in the solid state. The compound has been characterized with NMR, IR and Raman techniques as well as by an X‐ray structure determination (planar GaSi₃‐skeleton, monoclinic space group P2₁/c, Z = 4, d(Ga–Si) = 249,8 ± 0,2 pm).     

LiMn3(SeO3)2(HSeO3)6

The title compound, lithium trimanganese bis­[trioxo­selenate(IV)] hexa­kis[hydrogentrioxoselenate(IV)], is built up from a vertex‐sharing network of distorted Mn^IIIO₆ octa­hedra, SeO₃ and HSeO₃ pyramids and unusual Li(OH)₆ octa­hedra, resulting in a dense three‐dimensional structure. Mn, Li and one Se atom have site symmetries of , , and 3, respectively. An O—H⋯O hydrogen bond helps to establish the crystal packing.     

Spectroscopic properties of Er(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped Bi(2)O(3)-B(2)O(3)-GeO(2) glasses

Er(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped 60Bi(2)O(3)-(40 - x)B(2)O(3)-xGeO(2) (BBG; x=0, 5, 10, 15 mol%) glasses that are suitable for fiber lasers, amplifiers have been fabricated and characterized. The absorption spectra, emission spectra, and lifetime of the (4)I(13/2) level and quantum efficiency of Er(3+):(4)I(13/2) --> (4)I(15/2) transition were measured and calculated. With the substitution of GeO(2) for B(2)O(3), both Delta lambda(eff) and sigma(e) decrease from 75 to 71 nm and 9.88 to 8.12 x 10(-21) cm(2), respectively. The measured lifetime of the (4)I(13/2) level and quantum efficiency of Er(3+):(4)I(13/2) --> (4)I(15/2) transition increase from 1.18 to 1.5 ms and 36.2% to 43.2%, respectively. The emission spectra of Er(3+):(4)I(13/2) --> (4)I(15/2) transition was also analyzed using a peak-fit routine, and an equivalent four-level system was proposed to estimate the stark splitting for the (4)I(15/2) and (4)I(13/2) levels of Er(3+) in the BBG glasses. The results indicate that the (4)I(13/2) --> (4)I(15/2) emission of Er(3+) can be exhibit a considerable broadening due to a significant enhance the peak A, and D emission.     

Schwingungsspektren und Kraftkonstanten der Übergangsreihen OP(N(CH3)2)3 – OP(CH3)3 und SP(N(CH3)2)3 – SP(CH3)3

Vibrational Spectra and Force Constants of the Series OP(N(CH₃)₂)₃ – OP(CH₃)₃ and SP(N(CH₃)₂)₃ – SP(CH₃)₃ The vibrational spectra (IR and Raman) of the compounds of the title series are recorded and assigned to the normal vibrations. By a simplified force field the valence force constants are calculated and discussed. The results are compared with those of the NMR spectroscopy.     

Hyperfine structures of the 2 (3)Sigma(g) (+), 3 (3)Sigma(g) (+), and 4 (3)Sigma(g) (+) states of Na(2)

The hyperfine structures of the 2 (3)Sigma(g) (+), 3 (3)Sigma(g) (+), and 4 (3)Sigma(g) (+) states of Na(2) have been resolved with sub-Doppler continuous wave perturbation facilitated optical-optical double resonance spectroscopy via A (1)Sigma(u) (+) approximately b (3)Pi(u) mixed intermediate levels. The hyperfine patterns of these three states are similar. The hyperfine splittings of the low rotational levels are all very close to the case b(betaS) limit. As the rotational quantum number increases, the hyperfine splittings become more complicated and the coupling cases become intermediate between cases b(betaS) and b(beta J) due to spin-rotation interaction. We present a detailed analysis of the hyperfine structures of these three (3)Sigma(g) (+) states, employing both case b(betaS) and b(beta J) coupling basis sets. The results show that the hyperfine splittings of the (3)Sigma(g) (+) states are mainly due to the Fermi-contact interaction. The Fermi contact constants for the two d sigma Rydberg states, the 2 (3)Sigma(g) (+) and 4 (3)Sigma(g) (+), are 245+/-5 MHz and 225+/-5 MHz, respectively, while the Fermi contact constant of the s sigma 3 (3)Sigma(g) (+) Rydberg state is 210+/-5 MHz. The diagonal spin-spin and spin-rotation constants, and nuclear spin-electronic spin dipolar interaction parameters of the 3 (3)Sigma(g) (+) and 4 (3)Sigma(g) (+) states are also obtained.     

Interactions in the Quinary System H2O-Y(NO3)3-La(NO3)3-Pr(NO3)3-Nd(NO3)3 to Very High Concentrations

Isopiestic measurements have been carried out for the quinary system H₂O-Y(NO₃)₃-La(NO₃)₃-Pr(NO₃)₃-Nd(NO₃)₃ at 298.15 K to near saturation. The measurements can be represented within experimental uncertainty over the full concentration range by a modified Pitzer ion-interaction model extending to the C ⁽³⁾ term. In addition, the system obeys the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson model or partial ideal solution model within the accuracy of the isopiestic measurements, indicating zero interchange energy between the unlike salts, which is consistent with the nature of trivalent rare-earth elements.     

Li(VO2)3(TeO3)2

The title compound, lithium tris[dioxidovanadium(V)] bis[trioxidotellurium(IV)], contains chains of edge‐sharing distorted VO₆ octahedra. The pyramidal TeO₃ groups crosslink the chains into sheets. Finally, an Li⁺ cation adopting an unusual capped trigonal–bipyramidal LiO₆ geometry bridges the layers to complete a three‐dimensional structure.     

Bis(trifluoroacetyl) peroxide, CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3)

Pure, highly explosive CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is prepared for the first time by low-temperature reaction between CF(3)C(O)Cl and Na(2)O(2). At room temperature CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is stable for days in the liquid or gaseous state. The melting point is -37.5 degrees C, and the boiling point is extrapolated to 44 degrees C from the vapor pressure curve log p = -1875/T + 8.92 (p/mbar, T/K). Above room temperature the first-order unimolecular decay into C(2)F(6) + CO(2) occurs with an activation energy of 129 kJ mol(-1). CF(3)C(O)OOC(O)CF(3) is a clean source for CF(3) radicals as demonstrated by matrix-isolation experiments. The pure compound is characterized by NMR, vibrational, and UV spectroscopy. The geometric structure is determined by gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations (HF, B3PW91, B3LYP, and MP2 with 6-31G basis sets). The molecule possesses syn-syn conformation (both C=O bonds synperiplanar to the O-O bond) with O-O = 1.426(10) A and dihedral angle phi(C-O-O-C) = 86.5(32) degrees. The density functional calculations reproduce the experimental structure very well.