生物医用脂肪族聚酯开环聚合的研究进展

脂肪族聚酯是一种新兴的生物医用材料,其在合成过程中必须避免使用有毒的催化剂和/或引发剂以及有机溶剂。开环聚合是一种高效温和的聚合方法,利用开环聚合,结合绿色制备方法是脂肪族聚酯医用材料研究的热点问题。本文重点介绍了脂肪族聚酯开环聚合的机制,以及聚合时所用催化剂和引发剂的作用,概述了用非金属和脂肪酶取代金属有机引发剂的发展情况;介绍了超临界流体作为溶剂的绿色合成技术,以及超临界流体技术的优势特点,最后对脂肪族聚酯的发展和应用前景做了简要的阐述。     

有机小分子催化ε-己内酯开环聚合反应

聚己内酯(PCL)是一种生物可降解高分子材料,具有良好的环境、生物相容性,广泛应用于生物医学、包装等领域。有机小分子催化ε-己内酯单体开环聚合反应是制备聚己内酯的主要方式之一。与传统的金属催化相比,有机催化不仅反应条件温和、聚合可控,而且还可解决聚合物中金属残留问题,是目前高分子合成化学的研究热点。本文按照催化体系的不同活化方式,讨论了近年来有机催化在ε-己内酯开环聚合反应中的研究进展,归纳总结了不同催化体系的优缺点,并在此基础上展望了有机小分子催化剂在ε-己内酯开环聚合反应中的发展趋势和应用前景。     

有机小分子催化ε-己内酯开环聚合反应

聚己内酯(PCL)是一种生物可降解高分子材料,具有良好的环境、生物相容性,广泛应用于生物医学、包装等领域。有机小分子催化ε-己内酯单体开环聚合反应是制备聚己内酯的主要方式之一。与传统的金属催化相比,有机催化不仅反应条件温和、聚合可控,而且还可解决聚合物中金属残留问题,是目前高分子合成化学的研究热点。本文按照催化体系的不同活化方式,讨论了近年来有机催化在ε-己内酯开环聚合反应中的研究进展,归纳总结了不同催化体系的优缺点,并在此基础上展望了有机小分子催化剂在ε-己内酯开环聚合反应中的发展趋势和应用前景。     

丙交酯开环聚合反应的新型有机催化剂

作为生物高分子降解材料,聚乳酸具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,已经广泛应用于包装材料、农用薄膜等环境领域和药物控制释放体系、医用缝合线、组织工程支架等医学领域。丙交酯开环聚合是制备聚乳酸的理想之选,其催化体系目前以金属催化剂为主,但金属离子在聚合物中的痕量残留和细胞毒性限制了聚乳酸在生物医学及微电子领域的应用,而有机催化剂能够克服这些缺点,是目前聚乳酸合成领域的研究热点。本文从不同的活化机理角度,阐述了近年来有机催化剂在合成聚乳酸中的研究进展,总结了各种催化体系在活性、结构可控性及选择性方面的特点,同时展望有机催化剂在开环聚合反应中所面临的机遇与挑战。     

有机金属催化剂与丙交酯(LA)开环聚合反应

聚乳酸等聚酯是一类重要的新型生物可降解高分子材料,可替代传统石油基塑料,从而解决"白色污染"问题,减少化石资源的消耗,同时在许多生物医用材料和器件领域也有着广泛的应用.聚乳酸通常是在催化剂的作用下,通过丙交酯单体的开环聚合而得到.本文基于本课题组前期的研究结果对丙交酯单体开环聚合催化剂进行了评述,其中主要介绍了有机金属催化剂,包括基于取代基、手性、中心金属等不同设计的单核有机金属催化剂;另外也对双核和三核金属催化剂的进展进行了总结,讨论了催化剂结构及其聚合反应中心的金属原子间相互作用对开环聚合性能的影响.     

开环可控聚合制备脂肪族聚酯的最新研究进展

近年来,作为生物降解高分子材料,脂肪族聚酯由于良好的生物降解性及生物相容性受到人们的广泛关注。脂肪族聚酯在环境友好材料和生物医用材料领域都具有极大的应用价值,目前,部分聚酯材料已经商品化。与此同时,脂肪族聚酯的合成方法尤其是活性开环聚合也成为学术界及工业领域的研究热点。采用开环聚合法得到的聚合产物化学组成精确、分子量分...     

异丙醇镧引发对二氧环己酮开环聚合

脂肪族聚酯聚对二氧环己酮(PPDO)以其优异的生物降解性、生物相容性、生物可吸收性以及优异的柔韧性,成功应用于医用材料和环境材料领域。目前已有的PDO引发体系如辛酸亚锡,存在聚合速率慢、单体转化率不高等缺点。有机稀土类引发剂是目前倍受关注的一类活性很高的配位聚合引发剂,已经被成功应用于聚乳酸、聚己内酯等脂肪族聚酯的开环聚合中,具有反应速率快、单体转化率高、聚合物分子量分布窄等优点。本文将稀土类引发剂异丙醇镧(La(O^iPr)3)应用到PDO的开环聚合中,取得了较好的结果。     

有机磷腈碱催化环内酯开环聚合制备可降解聚酯研究进展

脂肪族聚酯作为一类重要的高分子材料,具有优异的生物相容性和生物可降解性以及良好的力学性能,在可吸收手术缝合线、组织工程支架、食品包装等方面已经取得了广泛应用.环内酯开环聚合是制备脂肪族聚酯材料的一种重要方法.有机磷腈碱作为一类非离子型、非亲核性有机强碱,在催化环内酯开环聚合方面已经取得了巨大的成功.本专论综述了有机磷腈碱在催化γ-丁内酯及其衍生物、己内酯、戊内酯、丙交酯和大环内酯开环聚合方面的研究进展,对聚合机理进行了适当讨论,并对其未来发展方向作了展望.     

官能团化聚己内酯的制备及其生物应用

聚己内酯(PCL)是一种疏水的、半结晶的、可降解的脂肪族聚合物,其具有良好的生物相容性、药物透过性和机械性能,在药物缓释和组织工程领域得到了广泛的关注。由于其结晶性强,亲水性差,生物降解速度慢,限制了其在生物医用领域更广泛的应用。聚己内酯的官能团化可实现对聚酯材料亲疏水性、降解速率等物化性质的调节,同时,活性官能团的引入便于对PCL的进一步化学修饰,有利于拓宽聚己内酯类材料的生物医用领域。本文详细介绍在聚己内酯骨架引入侧基官能团的化学方法,并简要阐述了官能团化聚己内酯在生物医用材料领域的应用。     

模块化双功能有机硼氮和硼磷催化体系的设计及其催化转化

有机硼化合物是近年来广泛研究的一类非金属催化剂,其在环氧烷烃参与的开环均聚合和共聚合方面展现了良好的适用性,但二元亲电亲核双组分催化体系在加入大量的反应单体后由于稀释效应带来的熵不利因素往往导致活性减小或失活的问题,同时也难以制备大分子量的聚合物材料.基于此,本文主要综述了本课题组设计的分子内同时含有亲电和亲核中心的双功能有机硼-季铵盐和有机硼-季鏻盐催化体系的研究进展,重点梳理了此类双功能有机硼催化剂的设计脉络和设计原则,对比了双功能和双组分有机硼催化体系之间的聚合反应机理,总结了利用双功能有机硼催化剂在环氧烷烃开环聚合制备脂肪族聚醚、环氧烷烃和二氧化碳共聚合制备二氧化碳基聚碳酸酯、环氧烷烃和环状酸酐共聚合制备聚酯等方面的内容,展望了有机硼催化剂在高分子合成化学方向的未来和趋势.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.