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解读纳滤:一种具有纳米尺度效应的分子分离操作 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
纳滤膜是20世纪80年代末期发展起来的一种广泛用于液体分离的新型分离膜。早期研究中,先后提出的基于筛分效应的细孔模型,基于静电效应的电荷模型,以及同时考虑上述两种效应的静电位阻模型和道南位阻模型等为人们更好地理解纳滤膜分离机理和指导纳滤膜过程应用发挥了十分重要的作用。然而由于这些具有“疏松型反渗透膜”特点的纳滤膜没有相应的膜性能预测评价软件,使得针对具体应用过程的纳滤膜的大规模标准化应用受到了一定的制约。为此,结合上述模型,根据一些特定实验拟合确定混合盐体系同号离子间的竞争作用和异号离子间的调节作用,提出了一个适于混合盐体系的纳滤膜分离性能评价模型,促进了纳滤膜技术在水处理过程的大规模推广。最近,根据纳滤膜对离子选择性分离性能及其伴随的动电性质的细致而深入的实验研究,发现仅考虑筛分效应和静电效应并不能完全合理地解释纳滤膜的分离性能,且在动电性质的解析上也存在一定缺陷,进而对纳滤膜纳米级孔径引起的特殊效应和溶液体系中复杂相互作用引起的荷电性质变化有了更为深刻的认识和理解,提出并定量分析了离子透过纳滤膜时存在的介电排斥效应。 相似文献
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纳滤是介于超滤与反渗透之间的膜分离技术,具有操作压力低,无相变,分离效率高及运行成本低等优点,广泛地应用于饮用水制备、污水处理、化工、制药和食品等领域.近年来,随着分离体系复杂程度的增加及对膜分离性能要求的提高,荷正电纳滤膜越来越受到研究者的关注.聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)是一类重要的多胺类荷正电纳滤膜材料,具有优异的亲水性、高荷电密度及反应活性.开发具有高分离性、高稳定性、耐酸碱性、耐溶剂性、抗菌性和耐污染性的荷正电PEI纳滤膜(P-PEI-NFM)日益成为研究的热点.本文对近年来P-PEI-NFM的制备方法进行归纳,总结了P-PEI-NFM在水软化、重金属脱除、碱性染料的分离及浓缩、抗生素分离和耐溶剂纳滤的应用.探讨了P-PEI-NFM存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望. 相似文献
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以壳聚糖荷正电改性的氧化石墨烯为无机添加剂,以聚醚砜为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为致孔剂,以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,采用相转化法制备了有机无机杂化纳滤膜.考察了不同改性氧化石墨烯添加量对膜分离性能的影响.研究结果表明,随着改性氧化石墨烯含量的增加,荷正电纳滤膜的断面形态结构并未发生明显改变,但杂化膜的纯水通量、分离选择性明显增加.从研究结果可以看出,改性氧化石墨烯的最佳添加质量分数在0.5%左右. 相似文献
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聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜* 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
层层自组装技术能够方便地对膜的微观结构和组成进行调控,已在制备复合型纳滤膜方面取得了迅速的发展。本文综述了近年来用于聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜的制备方法,种类以及影响因素。介绍了静态层层交替沉积、压力驱动自组装和电场强化自组装等三种制备方法;归纳了均聚型、共聚型和有机/无机杂化型等三类用于层层自组装纳滤膜的聚电解质的特点;讨论了聚电解质的荷电性、电荷密度和电离程度等因素对其自组装膜分离性能的影响。总结了聚电解质自组装纳滤膜在水处理和有机溶剂中物质的分离等方面的应用。同时,对提高聚电解质自组装纳滤膜的组装效率,分离性能和发展方向提出了设想和建议。 相似文献
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以反渗透、纳滤为代表的膜技术已广泛应用于海水和苦咸水脱盐等水处理过程。通过将纳米颗粒添加到传统复合膜基质中,可以制备具有高分离性能和耐污染性的新型膜材料。混合基质膜结合了无机材料及有机聚合物各自的优点,是新型水处理膜材料的发展方向。本文综述了添加无机纳米颗粒的混合基质反渗透、纳滤及正渗透膜的研究进展,详细讨论了不同类型纳米材料的性质和功能,分析了表面有机改性对改善纳米材料分散性以及与聚合物基质相容性的作用,探讨了纳米材料添加方式和膜制备方法对膜结构和性能的影响。在此基础上,进一步探究了混合基质膜的成膜及分离机理,归纳了目前研究中存在的主要问题,并对未来水处理膜材料的研发方向提出了建议。 相似文献
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高分子纳滤膜的制备技术 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
纳滤膜是介入于反渗透膜和超滤膜之间的一种压力驱动的新型分离膜,已成为近年来研究的热点,由于其载留分子量范围相对较窄(200-1000)且孔径处于纳米级(10^-9m),因此膜材质的选择及制备技术成为制备出高性能纳滤膜的关键。本文介绍了高分子纳滤膜的几种主要的制备工艺,并概述了近年来国内外在高分子纳滤膜材质、制备方法以及所制膜性能及应用方面的研究进展。 相似文献
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纳滤膜分离机理及其应用研究进展 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
综述了纳滤膜的分离机理及其应用研究现状和进展,纳滤膜分离过程是一个不可逆过程,其分离机理可以运用电荷模型(空间电荷模型和固定电荷模型)和细孔模型,以及近年才提出的静电排斥和立体阻碍模型等来描述。纳滤膜应用研究现状的介绍包括低聚糖分离和精制、果汁的高浓度浓缩、多肽和氨基酸的分离、抗生素的浓缩与纯化、牛奶及乳清蛋白的浓缩、农产品的综合利用以及纳滤膜生化反应器的开发等。 相似文献
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非溶剂致相分离技术由于其制膜工艺简便且对膜结构调控手段多样化,在制备高通量、具有选择性筛分特性的纳滤膜上具有显著优势。然而如何进一步提升相转化纳滤膜的分离精度及渗透系数,仍受国内外学者广泛关注。本文首先系统阐述了相转化过程中,铸膜液热力学性质及成膜动力学对膜结构及性能的影响机理。其次总结了传统膜材料,如聚砜、聚醚砜等材料在纳滤膜制备中的研究进展。然后重点分析了两亲性嵌段共聚物材料的特点及在相转化纳滤膜制备中的突出优势。最后,本文展望未来制备高性能相转化纳滤膜的发展方向。 相似文献
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荷电膜的膜电位研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
膜电位的测定是表征荷电膜的传递现象的重要参数之一。本文简要介绍了膜电位理论基础,包括T. M. S.理论和不可逆热力学理论。分别阐述了关于离子交换膜、双极膜、两性膜以及复合膜的膜电位的最新进展,并提出今后的发展方向。 相似文献
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Zeolite X membranes were investigated by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis on porous ceramic tubes precoated with zeolite X seeds or precursor amorphous aluminosilicate, and porous α-Al2O3 ceramic tubes with a pore size of 50 200 nm were employed as supports. Zeolite X crystals were synthesized by the classic method and mixed into deionized water as a slurry with a concentration of 0.2 0.5wt%, having a range of crystal sizes from 0.2 to 2μm. Crystal seeds were pressed into the pores near the inner surface of the ceramic tubes, and crystallization took place at 95℃ for 24-96 h. It was also investigated that Boehmite sol added with zeolite X seeds was precoated on ceramic supports to form a layer of γ-Al2O3 by heating, and hydrothermal crystallization could then take place to prepare the zeolite membranes on the composite ceramic tubes. The crystal species were characterized by XRD, and the morphology of the supports subjected to crystallization was characterized by SEM. The composite zeolite membranes have zeolitic top-layers with a thickness of 10-25 μm, and zeolite crystals can be intruded into pores of the supports as deeply as 100μm. The experimental results indicate that the precoating of zeolitic seeds on supports is beneficial to crystallization by shortening the synthesis time and improving the membrane strength. The resulting zeolite X membrane shows permselectivity to tri-n-butylamine((C4H9)3N) over perfluro-tributyl-amine ((C4Fg)3N), and a permeance ratio of 57 for ((C4Hg)3N to (C4F9)3N could be reached at 350℃. Permeances of BZ, EB and TIPB through the zeolite membrane were also measured and were found to slightly increase with temperature. 相似文献
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PREPARATIONOFSILICALITE┐1ANDZSM┐5ZEOLITE/CERAMICCOMPOSITEMEMBRANESZhangLixiong,JiaMengdong,MinEnze(ResearchInstituteofPetrole... 相似文献
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Zhongqiang Xu Qingling Chen Guanzhong LuShanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology Shanghai ChinaInstitute of Industrial Catalysis East China University of Science Technology Shanghai China 《天然气化学杂志》2002,(Z2)
Zeolite X membranes were investigated by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis on porous ceramic tubes precoated with zeolite X seeds or precursor amorphous aluminosilicate, and porous α-Al2O3 ceramic tubes with a pore size of 50-200 nm were employed as supports. Zeolite X crystals were synthesized by the classic method and mixed into deionized water as a slurry with a concentration of 0.2-0.5wt%, having a range of crystal sizes from 0.2 to 2μm. Crystal seeds were pressed into the pores near the inner surface of the ceramic tubes, and crystallization took place at 95℃ for 24-96 h. It was also investigated that Boehmite sol added with zeolite X seeds was precoated on ceramic supports to form a layer of r-Al2O3 by heating, and hydrothermal crystallization could then take place to prepare the zeolite membranes on the composite ceramic tubes. The crystal species were characterized by XRD, and the morphology of the supports subjected to crystallization was characterized by SEM. The composite zeolite membranes hav 相似文献
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A model of the composite membrane consisting of the catalytic layer (CL) and the nanofiltration layer (NFL) is presented. It has been found that applying NFL on the permeate side of CL it is possible to enhance substantially the conversion of substrate into the product. The best performance is obtained for high retention of substrate and low of product. At higher values of volume flow and/or longer catalytic path the retention degree of product becomes negligible. The presence of NFL enhances the influence of distribution of the reaction rate constant, k, on the conversion ratio. Comparing to k = constant the positive effect is obtained if k increases along the catalytic pore, whereas negative—if k decreases. 相似文献