多溴二苯醚的生物代谢机制研究进展

作为一种广泛使用的阻燃剂,多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)及其衍生物羟基化多溴二苯醚(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基化多溴二苯醚(MeO-PBDEs)等已从环境介质、各种生物体甚至人体内检测出来.但是对于生物体内低溴代PBDEs及其羟基化和甲氧基化衍生物的来源及其是否由PBDEs在生物体内代谢形成等问题,目前仍存在较多争论.由于PBDEs进入生物体后的生物转化、代谢途径与其对生物体的毒性有密切关系,因此是研究者们关注的焦点.本文在对生物体内PBDEs及其代谢物的来源和分布进行分析的基础上,综述了PBDEs在生物体内发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢的研究进展,从体内原位代谢和体外模拟代谢研究两方面探讨了PBDEs的生物代谢机制、代谢途径及还原和氧化代谢中可能涉及的代谢酶,指出进一步深入开展PBDEs的生物积累和代谢研究的方向.     

多溴联苯醚的光催化还原脱溴

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在生态环境中是普遍存在的并已证实具有潜在的毒性,因此PBDEs引起了环境化学领域的广泛关注。光催化技术具有可利用太阳能、反应选择性高且反应条件温和等优点,其在降解PBDEs这类污染物方面具有独特的优势。近年来光催化在降解含卤有机污染物的研究中取得长足进展。本文就多卤代芳烃类化合物中最为典型的PBDEs的光催化还原研究现状进行介绍,并着重阐述TiO_2催化剂对PBDEs的光催化还原脱溴反应的基本过程、提高光催化还原效率的途径以及光催化还原脱溴机理等。除此之外,本文也对PBDEs未来光催化还原脱溴的前景进行了简单的展望。     

卤代有机污染物的光化学降解

包括全氟或部分氟代化合物（PFCs）、氯代有机物（COCs）以及溴代有机物（BOCs）等的卤代有机污染物（halogenated organic contaminants,HOCs）排放到环境中会表现出持久性有机污染物的特征,因此涉及HOCs性质、光吸收与量子效应、材料与界面特性、环境条件等方面优化的光化学清除方法成为一个重要的研究方向。基于此,本文归纳分析了光激发催化剂产生活性物种如h_VB⁺、e_CB^-、 ·OH、e_aq^-等氧化或还原全氟辛酸、多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚的反应机理及直接光解机理,指出HOCs的光化学降解主要是通过其与活性物种之间电子转移或其激发态光致还原脱卤来实现,认为光催化材料和反应过程优化设计是影响光催化降解HOCs的重要因素。基于目前已经取得的研究发现与成果,从界面电子转移、材料能带信息、反应与分离集成化等方面提出本领域未来学术与技术层面值得深入探索的关键问题。     

CoTPP电化学催化原溴代环己烷的机理

以电化学循环伏安、现场ＥＳＲ电化学以及现场薄层电化学方法研究了电生Ｃｏ（Ｉ）ＴＰＰ与溴代五己烷的反机制。在ＤＭＦ中，Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）／Ｃｏ（Ⅰ）的氧化还原有明显的催化溴代环己烷还原的特片，反现场有自由基生成，反应产物之一是Ｃｏ－Ｃ键化合物，可以在１．３０Ｖ（ＳＣＥ）－电子还原，当存在ＣＨ２－ＣＨＣＮ时，。生成另一种Ｃｏ－Ｃ键化合物，该化合物在－１．１０Ｖ（ＳＣＥ）处一电子还原，证明溴代环己烷与Ｃｏ（Ｉ）     

多溴联苯醚光化学降解

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,近年来由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物蓄积性而备受关注.光化学降解是环境中多溴联苯醚的重要归趋之一.本文综述了有机溶剂、水相和固相等不同介质中人工紫外光源和太阳光下PBDEs的光降解研究成果,不仅介绍了光源、反应介质、溴取代数目和取代型式对PBDEs光解速率和光解产物的影响,也包括了基于PBDEs光解的定量结构-性质关系,并展望了环境中PBDEs光化学行为的研究前景.     

气相色谱质谱法分析土壤中多溴联苯和多溴联苯醚类化合物

建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析土壤中的18种多溴联苯(PBBs)和多溴联苯醚类(PBDEs)化合物的方法.利用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术和凝胶净化系统(GPC)进行土壤样品的前处理,(13)C标记物作为进样内标和替代标,采用电子轰击源气相色谱质谱法(GC-EI/MS )分析-溴至七溴代PBBs和PBDEs,负...     

球磨微米硫化零价铁活化双氧水降解有机污染物的研究

报道了机械球磨方法制备的微米硫化零价铁（S-ZVI）可以快速活化H₂O₂降解各类有机污染物.S-ZVI/H₂O₂降解苯酚的单位比表面积反应速率常数是ZVI/H₂O₂的5倍以上,且苯酚的降解不存在初始抑制阶段.探针化合物乙醇的淬灭反应结合电子顺磁共振（EPR）实验证明S-ZVI/H₂O₂体系产生的氧化活性物质为·OH.反应前后S-ZVI颗粒的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）表征结合电化学测试和苯酚降解结果表明S-ZVI中FeS取代ZVI表面的钝化膜（铁氧化物）,加速了电子从Fe⁰传递到H₂O₂,更快地释放Fe²⁺,引发Fenton反应.在这过程中FeS主要作为电子的导体而非Fe²⁺的释放源.     

CoTPP电化学催化还原溴代环己烷的机理

以电化学循环伏安、现场ESR电化学以及现场薄层电化学方法研究了电生Co(Ⅰ)TPP与溴代环己烷的反应机制.在DMF中,Co(Ⅱ)/Co(Ⅰ)的氧化还原有明显的催化溴代环己烷还原的特征,反应现场有自由基生成.反应产物之一是Co-C键化合物,可以在-1.30V(SCE)一电子还原.当存在CH₂=CHCN时,生成另一种Co-C键化合物,该化合物在-1.10V(SCE)处一电子还原.证明溴代环己烷与Co(Ⅰ)TPP反应主要是经过形成烷基自由基的机制进行的.     

基于零价铝的氧化/还原技术在水处理中的应用

利用零价金属(ZVMs)处理环境污染物一直是环境治理领域的研究热点,其中以零价铁(ZVI)的研究最为广泛。近年来,零价铝(ZVAl)因其具有比ZVI更低的氧化还原电位(E⁰(Al³⁺/Al⁰)=-1.662 V, E⁰(Fe²⁺/Fe⁰)=-0.44 V)及其两性性质(反应pH可以拓展到碱性)而开始受到关注。目前环境领域关于ZVAl的研究主要集中于两类:以零价铝/氧/酸(ZVAl/O₂/H⁺)体系为核心的氧化体系和以零价铝/无氧(ZVAl/anaerobic)体系为核心的还原体系,其中前者因原位产生过氧化氢构成类Fenton氧化体系而备受关注。研究已发现,基于ZVAl的氧化/还原技术可有效去除酚类、偶氮染料、有机卤化物等有机污染物和Cr(Ⅵ)、As(Ⅲ)等无机污染物,且超声、微波、外加多金属氧酸盐(POM)、Fe²⁺等辅助手段对该技术有一定辅助效果。本文分别就基于ZVAl的氧化体系和还原体系,对其反应机理及去除水中污染物的国内外最新研究进展进行了综述和展望,以期促进ZVAl水处理技术的发展。铝作为地壳中最丰富的金属元素,ZVAl不存在像ZVI高pH值时产生沉淀的问题,相信随着ZVAl表面氧化膜这一制约因素的逐渐解决,其在水处理领域将有更广泛的应用。     

水环境中ZVI/氧化剂体系及其电子迁移作用机制

利用零价铁(Zero-Valent Iron,ZVI)去除水环境中的污染物成为近年来的研究热点。当O_2、H_2O_2等氧化剂存在时,ZVI、氧化剂与污染物之间的电子迁移机制非常复杂,ZVI和氧化剂之间的相互影响机制尚无定论。传统观点认为,O_2会促进ZVI钝化膜的形成并阻断电子传递从而降低ZVI的还原性能。然而O_2可在ZVI作用下通过双电子传输转化为H_2O_2,构成ZVI/O2类Fenton体系;在此基础上,利用额外加入H_2O_2、HSO_5~-、S_2O_8~(2-)等氧化剂,发展出了基于·OH或SO_4~(·-)的ZVI/氧化剂高级氧化体系(ZVI-AOPs),从而氧化降解有机污染物。有学者认为H_2O_2、KMnO_4、S_2O_8~(2-)等强氧化剂的加入反而可以加快ZVI腐蚀和失电子的速率,从而提高ZVI去除重金属等污染物的还原性能,该研究结论对钝化膜机制提出了挑战。ZVI与氧化剂的联合作用还可以实现同时还原去除重金属和氧化降解有机物,也可以对卤代有机物等抗氧化污染物实现先还原后氧化去除。本文综述了基于ZVI/氧化剂的高级氧化或还原体系及其电子迁移机制,同时对ZVI与氧化剂的联合作用体系作一总结,并就值得深入研究的问题进行了展望。     

Electrochemical Determination of Carbofuran in Tomatoes by a Concanavalin A (Con A) Polydopamine (PDA)-Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)-Gold Nanoparticle (GNP) Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) with Immobilized Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A new biosensor method was developed to determine residual carbofuran in tomatoes in a rapid and convenient fashion based on immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on an electrode modified by concanavalin A (Con A)/polydopamine (PDA)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-gold nanoparticle (GNP) nanocomposites. The specific binding between Con A and AChE was investigated by the Ellman method and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The synthesis of nanocomposites was monitored by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that, due to the specific binding and good electrical conductivity, the biosensor had 2.2 times higher bioactivity, leading to high sensitivity with a low Michaelis constant of 0.10?mM. Parameters that affect the response of the biosensor, such as the pH, enzyme loading, ionic concentration, and inhibition time, were optimized. When used for the detection of carbofuran, this biosensor showed a wide range of applicability from 5?µg/kg to 40?µg/kg with a detection limit of 0.012?µg/kg. In addition, the biosensor demonstrated good recovery values of 101% and 90% for 10?µg/kg and 100?µg/kg of the analyte, good stability, high repeatability, and a rapid detection time of 20?min for carbofuran in tomatoes, which provides significant advantages for future analysis.     

HCOO在Cu(110)、Ag(110)和Au(110)表面的吸附

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)以及广义梯度近似方法(GGA)计算了甲酸根(HCOO)在Cu(110)、Ag(110)和Au(110)表面的吸附. 计算结果表明, 短桥位是最稳定的吸附位置, 计算的几何参数与以前的实验和计算结果吻合. 吸附热顺序为Cu(110)(-116 kJ·mol-1)>Ag(110)(-57 kJ·mol-1)>Au(110)(-27 kJ·mol-1), 与实验上甲酸根的分解温度相一致. 电子态密度分析表明, 吸附热顺序可以用吸附分子与金属d-带之间的Pauli 排斥来关联, 即排斥作用越大, 吸附越弱. 另外还从计算的吸附热数据以及实验上HCOO的分解温度估算了反应CO2+1/2H2→HCOO的活化能, 其大小顺序为Au(110)>Ag(110)>Cu(110).     

Extraction chromatographic study of aluminium(III) and mutual separation of aluminium(III), gallium(III), indium(III) and thallium(III) with N-n-octylaniline

A selective method has been developed for extraction chromatographic studies of aluminium(III) and its separation from several metal ions with a chromatographic column containing N-n-octylaniline (liquid anion exchanger) coated on silanized silica gel as a stationary phase. The aluminium(III) was quantitatively extracted with the 0.065 mol/L N-n-octylaninine from 0.013 to 0.05 mol/L sodium succinate at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The extracted metal ion has been recovered by eluting with 25.0 mL of 0.05 mol/L hydrochloric acid and estimated spectrophotometrically with aurintricarboxylic acid. The effects of the acid concentration, the reagent concentration, the flow rate and the eluting agents have been investigated. The log-log plots of distribution coefficient (KdAl(III)) versus N-n-octylaniline concentrationin 0.005 and 0.007 mol/L sodium succinate gave theslopes 0.5 and 0.7 respectively and showed theprobable composition of theextracted species was 1:1 (metal to amine ratio) and the nature of extracted species is [RR''NH2+ Al succinate2-] org. .The extraction of aluminium(III) was carried out in the presence of various ions to ascertain the tolerance limit of individual ions. Aluminium(III) has been separated from multicomponent mixtures, pharmaceutical samples and synthetic mixtures corresponding to alloys. A scheme for mutual separation of aluminium(III), indium(III), gallium(III) and thallium(III) has been developed by using suitable masking agents. The method is fast, accurate and precise.     

Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II) And Zn(II) complexes with N-(2-Pyridyl)Carbonylaniline (L), Syntheses and X-Ray Crystal structures of [Cu(L)2(H2O)2](No3)2, [Cu(L)2(H2O)2](Clo4)2 and [Zn(L)2(H2O)2](Clo4)2

Reaction of the N-(2-pyridyl)carbonylaniline ligand (L) with Cu(NO₃)₂, Cu(ClO₄)₂, Zn(ClO₄)₂, Ni(NO₃)₂ and PdCl₂ gives complexes with stoichiometry [Cu(L)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃)₂, [Cu(L)₂(H₂O)₂](ClO₄)₂, [Zn(L)₂(H₂O)₂] (ClO₄)_2, [Ni(L)₂(H₂O)Cl](NO₃) and PdLCl₂. The new complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and infrared spectra. The crystal structures of [Cu(L)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃)₂, [Cu(L)₂(H₂O)₂](ClO₄)₂, and [Zn(L)₂(H₂O)₂](ClO₄)₂ were determined by X-ray crystallography. The cation complexes [M(L)₂(H₂O)₂] contain copper(II) and zinc(II) with distorted octahedral geometry with two N-(2-pyridyl)carbonylaniline (L) ligands occupying the equatorial sites. The hexa-coordinated metal atoms are bonded to two pyridinic nitrogens, two carbonyl oxygens and two water molecules occupying the axial sites. Both the coordinated water molecules and uncoordinated amide NH groups of the N-(2-pyridyl)carbonylaniline (L) ligands are involved in hydrogen bonding, resulting in infinite hydrogen-bonded chains running in one and two-dimensions.     

Spectrophotometric study of Cd(II), Pb(II), Hg(II) and Zn(II) complexes with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxylphenyl)porphyrin

The reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxylphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) with Cd(II), Pb(II), Hg(II) and Zn(II) was studied spectrophotometrically and kinetics, equilibrium constants as well as photodecomposition of complexes were determined. It was verified that these metal ions with large radius accelerate the incorporation reaction of zinc into TCPP. On the basis of the mechanism and kinetics of this reaction, a sensitive method for the spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of Zn(II) has been developed. The molar absorptivity of examined Zn-TCPP complex and Sandell's sensitivity at 423 nm were 3.5×10⁵ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and 18.3 ng cm⁻². The detection limit for the recommended procedure was 1.4×10⁻⁹ M (0.9 ng ml⁻¹) and precision in range 20-100 ng ml⁻¹ not exceeds 2.7% RSD. The proposed method applied for zinc determination in natural waters and nutritional supplement was compared with AAS results and declared value.     

Effect of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) on thermal behavior and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PHB/PPC) blends

To assess the compatibility of blends of synthetic poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), with a natural bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a simple casting procedure of blend was used. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends are found to be incompatible according to DSC and DMA analysis. In order to improve the compatibility and mechanical properties of PHB/PPC blends, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was added as a compatibilizer. The effects of PVAc on the thermal behavior, morphology, and mechanical properties of 70PHB/30PPC blend were investigated. The results show that the melting point and the crystallization temperature of PHB in blends decrease with the increase of PVAc content in blends, the loss factor changes from two separate peaks of 70PHB/30PPC blend to one peak of 70PHB/30PPC/12PVAc blend. It is also found that adding PVAc into 70PHB/30PPC blend can decrease the size of dispersed phase from morphology analysis. The result of tensile properties shows that PVAc can increase the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 70PHB/30PPC blend, and both the elongation at break and the tensile toughness increase significantly with PVAc added into 70PHB/30PPC.     

Potentiometric study of Cd(II) and Pb(II) complexation with two high molecular weight poly(acrylic acids); comparison with Cu(II) and Ni(II)

The cadmium (II) or lead (II) complex formation with two poly(acrylic acids) of high molecular weight (Mw=2.5×10⁵ and 3×10⁶) was investigated in dilute aqueous solution (NaNO₃ 0.1 mol l⁻¹; 25°C). Potentiometric titrations were carried out to determine the stability constants of the MA and MA₂ complex species formed. Bjerrum’s method, modified by Gregor et al. (J. Phys. Chem. 59 (1955) 34–39), for the study of polymeric acids was used. The results were compared to those previously obtained in the same conditions with copper (II) and nickel (II) . It appeared that the two polymers under study present similar binding properties and that the stability constants of the complex species formed increased in the following order, depending on the metal ion: Ni(II)β₁₀₂ was found to be close to 7.0) and allowed the formation of the predominant PbA₂ species in a quite large pH domain. Finally, the greater stability of PAA complexes compared to those of their monomeric analogs, glutaric and acetic acids, was confirmed.     

Synthesis of Some Novel Class of Bis(isoxazoline) and Bis(aziridine) Derivatives

Synthesis of some new bis(isoxazoline) derivatives has been described from terepthaldehyde derived bis(nitrones) using microwave irradiation via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Bis(isoxazoline) derivatives in turn successfully converted into new bis(aziridine) derivatives via Baldwin rearrangement. Simple reaction methodology, non involvement of catalysts, and good to excellent yields are the important features noticed in this synthesis.     

Copper(I) and mercury(II) halide complexes of 1,2-bis(diphenylthioylphosphino)hydrazine

The reaction of 1,2-bis(diphenylthioylphosphino)hydrazine (L) with copper(I) and mercury(II) halides affords the complexes, [{CuLX}₂] (X = I, Br or Cl), [HgLX₂] (X = Cl or Br) and the tetrametallic complex, [{L(HgI₂)₂}₂]. Single crystal X-ray structures have been performed on the uncoordinated ligand, L, as well as the complexes [{CuLX}₂] (X = I, Br and Cl), [HgLBr₂] and [{L(HgI₂)₂}₂. The molecules of L exist as dimers as a result of pairs of N–HS hydrogen bonds. The copper(I) complexes are centrosymmetric dimetallic species, the two copper atoms being bridged by L and the X atoms. In all cases the coordination sphere around the Cu atoms is approximately trigonal pyramidal with an ‘S₂X₂’ donor set. The complex, [HgLBr₂], is a distorted tetrahedral monomer with an ‘S₂Br₂’ donor set and L acting as a bidentate thus forming a seven-membered chelate ring. The tetramercury iodo complex, [{L(HgI₂)₂}₂], contains two ‘L(HgI₂)₂’ units linked centrosymmetrically via an I atom from each moiety. The geometry around the Hg atoms is distorted tetrahedral. The influence of hydrogen bonding between the hydrazine backbone hydrogens of L and the coordinated halide ions in for the structures of the metal complexes is discussed.