ICF冷冻靶微管充气过程中气体压力测量

利用自主设计的冷冻靶微管充气系统,通过在常温环境下向靶盒注入氘气,研究了充气管两端压强差与充气管长度、充气速率及充气时间之间的相互关系。研究表明:微管注入法充气过程中,充气管两端的压强差先增大然后减小最终趋于0;充气管长度越小,充气速率越大,充气管两端压强差达到平衡所需的时间越短。该实验结果与根据修正后的Hagen-Poiseuille方程所得到的理论计算值相吻合。     

氢同位素氘从气相到液相的催化交换实验

在自行建立的气-液催化交换装置上，用氢同位素氘代替氚研究了氘从气相到液相的催化交换过程。实验装置的流程图见图1。主要由催化交换柱、气体流量计、料液泵、贮液槽及控制系统组成。     

激光聚变靶中氘氚燃料的测量

用Si(Li)-S85低能X-射线谱仪系统测量简单爆推靶中氘氚燃料的含量。用内充气正比计数装置刻度了此谱仪系统的探测效率。其效率与玻璃球成份和壁厚有关。本系统的效率为10~5量级。根据氚含量及燃料的D/T比值,推算出靶内含氘量及氘氚燃料的总气压,并与气泡法测得的总气压进行了比较。最后对实验结果进行分析和讨论。     

低强度空心玻璃微球充氘氚气体工艺研究

 采用分步法对低强度空心玻璃微球充氘氚气体。为了充气,建立一套高压系统,在15MPa下漏率为3.7×10^-4 PaL/s。用铀床和LaNi₅床组合起来,作为充气的高压气源。室温和250℃时,玻璃微球的最大承受压力为1.0MPa,内外压之比约0.51。在250℃时,对微球进行充气,充进微球内的氘氚气体量为0.51～0.54Mpa,满足了物理实验的要求。     

R1234ze(E)气液相平衡的分子动力学模拟研究

本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了R1234ze(E)在288.15 K～338.15 K温度范围内6个不同温度点达到气液相平衡时的压强、气液相密度分布及气液界面性质。结果表明，R1234ze(E)的饱和压力与气相密度随温度的升高而增大，液相密度随饱和温度的升高而减小；气液界面厚度随饱和温度的升高而增加，说明高温状态下气、液相变的连续性要好于低温状态。     

激光拉曼定量分析氘气方法研究

应用拉曼光谱法对氘气在不同条件下的谱峰信噪比进行了实验研究。采用32 mW功率的Ar+激光器(514 nm),通过石英玻璃管,研究了光栅、激光功率、曝光时间和气体压强对氘气拉曼谱图信噪比的影响,得出了氘气拉曼光谱信噪比与激光功率、曝光时间和气体压强呈正比关系。绘制出适用于本套实验仪器的不同压力与信噪比的标准曲线,并用三组随机样品对关系式SNR(J 2→2)=10.6×10-4p+1.271 34进行验证。当氘气压强为21 280 Pa时,相对误差是4.8%,并且当压强增大到67 235 Pa时,相对误差下降到1.46%。     

氘汽液变化过程的气化热及熵变计算

计算饱和液体的气化热通常是把该温度下的饱和蒸汽视为理想气体.但是氘的饱和蒸汽在临界温度Tc＝38.34 K以下作为理想气体计算气化热,得到的结果不符合一般规律.本文采用Clapeyron方程的微分形式和氘的汽液平衡方程,考虑氘由液态转变为气态的体积变化,计算得到20 K到38 K各温度对应的气化热和熵变,最后绘制出氘的饱和曲线.这种计算方法避免了两个近似:视氘饱和蒸汽为理想气体和忽略氘汽液转变的体积变化,提高了计算的精确度.     

高压氘氚靶球的制备与拉曼光谱研究

氢同位素的定量分析与监测在能源与环境领域都有着重要的意义。激光拉曼光谱由于其可以无损分析氢同位素分子,已经成为一种重要的方法,在国际热核聚变实验反应堆(ITER)和美国萨凡纳河工厂得到了广泛应用。利用高压充气装置得到了惯性约束聚变(ICF)高压靶丸,并对靶丸内气体进行原位拉曼光谱测量,通过对高压下氘氚混合气体的拉曼光谱进行分析得到了靶丸内气体的成分比例,验证了靶丸充气工艺参数。实验表明,在CCD的积分时间延长到1 min时,氘(DD),氘氚(DT)和氚(TT)的测量精度可以达到1%,同时对不同时刻靶丸内气体组分的拉曼光谱进行测量,实验结果表明在氘氚渗透和氚衰变两者共同作用下,靶丸内总气体压力随时间不断下降,但是气体组成基本不发生变化。     

多相流泵溶气气浮中气泡粒径分布的实验研究

本文通过多相流泵溶气气浮装置制备气泡,对气浮过程中气泡的粒径分布进行了研究。首先,采用显微摄像法和激光衍射法对气泡粒径进行了测量;其次,通过激光衍射法,对气浮过程中影响气泡粒径分布的因素如压力、气液比、矿化度、表面张力等参数进行了研究。结果显示:两种测量方法具有较好的一致性;气泡粒径随压力升高而逐渐减小,当压力高于0.5 MPa时,继续提高压力已无明显作用;气液比升高导致气泡粒径减小,直至溶气水达到饱和;矿化度的升高使气泡从更多的气泡核位析出,从而降低了气泡粒径;表面张力的降低可以有效地抑制气泡间的相互聚并,从而使气泡粒径减小。     

矩形微通道中气–非牛顿流体两相流实验研究

本文通过实验研究了空气与非牛顿流体在小尺寸矩形微通道中的两相流动特性,给出了在不同气液两相流速下的流型图。同时比较了气液两相流速,液相黏度,表面张力,微通道尺寸对各流型分布区域以及Taylor气泡/液柱长度的影响。发现气液两相流流速变化对流型区域的影响极为明显,而黏性力和表面张力只是在局部范围改变了流型分布。Taylor气泡长度随气液两相流速比增大而增大,随液相黏度及表面张力增大而减小。液柱长度随液相黏度增大而增大,随两相流速比及表面张力增大而减小。最后,我们给出了基于无量纲数JG/JL,Re和Ca的Taylor气泡/液柱长度预测公式,公式预测结果与实验结果基本一致。     

Effects of pressure on flame propagation in a premixture containing fine fuel droplets

Combustion experiments on fuel droplet–vapor–air mixtures have been performed with a rapid expansion apparatus which generates monodispersed droplet clouds with narrow diameter distribution using the condensation method. The effects of fine fuel droplets on flame propagation were investigated for ethanol droplet–vapor–air mixtures at various pressures from 0.2 to 1.0 MPa. A stagnant fuel droplet–vapor–air mixture, generated in a rapid expansion chamber, was ignited at the center of the chamber using an ignition wire. Spherical flame propagation under constant-pressure conditions was observed with a high-speed video camera and flame speed was measured. Total equivalence ratio, and the ratio of liquid fuel mass to total fuel mass, was varied from 0.6 to 1.4 and from zero to 56%, respectively. The mean droplet diameter of fuel droplet–vapor–air mixtures was set at 8.5 and 11 μm. It was found that the flame speed of droplet–vapor–air mixtures less than 0.9 in the total equivalence ratio exceeds that of premixed gases of the same total equivalence ratio at all pressures. The flame speed of fuel droplet–vapor–air mixtures decreases as the pressure increases in all total equivalence ratios. At large ratios of liquid fuel mass to total fuel mass, the normalized flame speed (the flame speed of droplet–vapor–air mixtures divided by the flame speed of the premixed gas with the same total equivalence ratio), increases with the increase in pressure for fuel-lean mixtures, and it decreases for fuel-rich mixtures. The outcome is reversed at small ratios of liquid fuel mass to total fuel mass; the normalized flame speed decreases with the increase in pressure for fuel-lean mixtures, and increases for fuel-rich mixtures. The results suggest that the increase in pressure promotes droplet evaporation in the preheat zone.     

290K下0.1～600MPa水的Raman光谱原位研究

在 2 90K和 0 0 1～ 6 0 0MPa条件下 ,就压力对液态水对称伸缩振动的影响进行了原位Raman散射光谱研究。表明 :( 1)在 0 1～ 2 0 0MPa范围内 ,(ν1) max随着压力升高而减小 ;( 2 )在 2 0 0～ 4 0 0MPa范围内 ,压力升高导致 (ν1) max增大 ,并在 4 0 0MPa时达到最大值 ;( 3) (ν1) max随着压力的进一步升高 ( >4 0 0MPa)而降低。这表明在 2 0 0和 4 0 0MPa时 ,液态水结构的变化是不连续的 ,这也与在该压力范围内rOO 的变化特征是一致的。可认为与冰Ⅰh→冰Ⅲ→冰Ⅴ的相变相类似 ,也许存在液态水Ⅰh→水Ⅲ→水Ⅴ的相变     

二氧化碳-甲烷混合气体水合物四相区实验研究

以水合物的形式封存CO₂和置换海底的天然气（CH₄）水合物需要对CO₂-CH₄混合水合物的四相平衡状态及数据有清楚的了解。本文通过实验和模型计算对不同组分的CO₂-CH₄混合水合物的较高四相区（Q2）相平衡进行了测定和表述。实验温度范围为273.16～297 15 K,压力范围分为0～10 MPa。四相区的温度压力范围分别是283.51到287.04 K和4.74到8.37 MPa,甲烷的摩尔组份为0～0.225。结果揭示了相平衡温度和压力随着甲烷组分而变化情况以及四相区的范围和临界点,同时还给出了CO₂-CH₄混合气体水合物在四相状态下的融化开始和融化结束点。实验结果与热力学模型计算得出的CO₂-CH₄混合气体水合物相平衡结果进行比较,两者很好吻合,四相平衡区域的存在范围得以明确。     

Experimental and kinetic investigations of the effect of H2/CH4/C2H4 addition on the burning properties of practical jet fuel

Laminar flame speeds of premixed jet fuel/air with the addition of hydrogen, methane and ethylene are measured in a constant-volume bomb at an initial temperature of 420 K, initial pressure of 3 atm, equivalence ratios of 0.6–1.5 and gas mass fractions of 0–50%. The experimental results show that the addition of hydrogen and ethylene can significantly improve the laminar flame speed of the liquid jet fuel, while the addition of methane shows a weak inhibitory effect, and these effects are relatively remarkable on the fuel-rich conditions. The laminar flame speed of the dual fuels/air is linearly dependent on the additional gas mass fraction. A kinetic analysis indicates that the gas addition causes both thermodynamic and chemical kinetic effects on the laminar flame speed of the dual fuels/air. The adiabatic temperature increases and decreases with the addition of hydrogen/ethylene and methane, respectively. A sensitivity analysis shows that the reactions concerning to the H, CH₃ and C₂H₃ radicals become significant with the addition of hydrogen, methane and ethylene, respectively, and that the different values of the rate of product (ROP) of these species via the critical reactions lead to a different promotional or inhibitory effect on the fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions.     

Sr2+对白光LED用荧光粉YAG:Ce3+的增红研究

采用共沉淀法合成Y_2.78-xSr_xGd_0.1Al₅O₁₂∶0.06Ce³⁺系列荧光粉,用X射线衍射仪、荧光分光光度计对粉体晶型、发光性能进行表征。采用HSP-6000光谱分析仪,测荧光粉与InGaN/GaN芯片配合所得白光的色温。结果表明,Sr²⁺对其波长和发光强度有显著影响:波长随着x的增大先红移,然后发生微弱蓝移。当x<0.05时,发光强度几乎不变;x在0.05~0.1之间时,发光强度减弱缓慢;x>0.1时,发光强度迅速减弱。随着波长和发光强度的变化,色温先降低后升高。 当x>0.2时出现杂相A,对荧光粉发光性能有负面效应。     

高效率的低温混合工质J-T节流制冷机的试验研究

1JIto节流制冷机是一种结构简单、运行可靠的制冷机械，它广泛地用于工农业生产和国防军事工业之中。采用混合工质的J－T节流制冷机本世纪三十年代就有报道，但由于实验不太成功而没有受到注意，直到1959年，前苏联基辅气体研究所的A．P．Klimeenko教授利用内复叠循环在液化天然气的流程中采用了混合物作为J－T节流制冷循环的工质高效地液化天然气后而得到重视山。70年代，前苏联的另外一批学者M．BTOdyllsky等研究了适合于获得液氮温度的高效率的混合工质p」。他们的研究表明，在液氮温区，采用氮加碳氢化合物或者氟利昂作工质，比采…     

Fluorescence spectroscopy of kerosene vapour at high temperatures and pressures: potential for gas turbines measurements

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of kerosene vapour was performed in a heated test cell operating between 450 and 900 K, at pressure from 0.1 to 3.0 MPa, for oxygen molar fraction between 0 and 21 %, with different laser excitation wavelengths (248, 266, 282 and 308 nm). Results show that, depending on the laser excitation scheme, kerosene fluorescence spectrum exhibits one or two fluorescence bands in the UV–visible range (attributed to aromatics naturally present in kerosene fuel). Fluorescence intensity of these bands decreases with increasing temperature, pressure and oxygen molar fraction. Different imaging strategies were derived from spectroscopic findings to simultaneously measure temperature and equivalence ratio fields in kerosene/air sprays, or flame structure and fuel spatial distribution in kerosene/air aeronautical combustors, by means of planar laser-induced fluorescence on kerosene vapour (K-PLIF).     

Novel magnetism in 3He nanoclusters

The magnetic susceptibility of 3He nanoclusters embedded in a 4He matrix has been measured from 0.5 to 10 mK at pressures from 2.88 to 3.54 MPa. Even the lowest pressure clusters have a solid fraction in the region of the phase diagram where bulk solid is unstable. At 3.54 MPa, straight theta = -250 microK, equal to that of bulk 3He for v = 21.3 cm3/mole. For 2.88 MPa, straight theta = 140 microK, indicating a ferromagnetic tendency, similar to 2D films at some coverages. At intermediate pressures, chi has a peak near 1.05 mK, but with no discontinuity. Magnetic ordering in nanoclusters appears to be different than the U2D2 phase of bulk 3He.     

Effects of pressure and fuel dilution on coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames: A computational and experimental study

In this study, the influence of pressure and fuel dilution on the structure and geometry of coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames is examined. A series of methane-fuelled, nitrogen-diluted flames has been investigated both computationally and experimentally, with pressure ranging from 1.0 to 2.7 atm and CH₄ mole fraction ranging from 0.50 to 0.65. Computationally, the MC-Smooth vorticity–velocity formulation was employed to describe the reactive gaseous mixture, and soot evolution was modelled by sectional aerosol equations. The governing equations and boundary conditions were discretised on a two-dimensional computational domain by finite differences, and the resulting set of fully coupled, strongly nonlinear equations was solved simultaneously at all points using a damped, modified Newton's method. Experimentally, chemiluminescence measurements of CH* were taken to determine its relative concentration profile and the structure of the flame front. A thin-filament ratio pyrometry method using a colour digital camera was employed to determine the temperature profiles of the non-sooty, atmospheric pressure flames, while soot volume fraction was quantified, after evaluation of soot temperature, through an absolute light calibration using a thermocouple. For a broad spectrum of flames in atmospheric and elevated pressures, the computed and measured flame quantities were examined to characterise the influence of pressure and fuel dilution, and the major conclusions were as follows: (1) maximum temperature increases with increasing pressure or CH₄ concentration; (2) lift-off height decreases significantly with increasing pressure, modified flame length is roughly independent of pressure, and flame radius decreases with pressure approximately as P^?1/2; and (3) pressure and fuel stream dilution significantly affect the spatial distribution and the peak value of the soot volume fraction.     

Oscillations in a copper Mössbauer source in low temperature helium after heating by an R-F Pulse

Mössbauer radiation from a copper foil doped with⁵⁷Co is resonantly absorbed in a stationary Be∶⁵⁷Fe absorber. Experiments were performed with the source immersed in liquid He at 4.2K, He gas from 4.2 to 78 K, and in liquid HeII to 2 K. Radio-frequency current pulses through the source cause large increases in transmission, mainly after the end of the pulse. These increases are associated with heat transfer instabilities (Taconis oscillations) at the He-metal interface.