Classical Gravitational Interactions and Gravitational Lorentz Force

In quantum gauge theory of gravity, the gravitational field is represented by gravitational gauge field.The field strength of gravitational gauge field has both gravitoelectric component and gravitomagnetic component. In classical level, gauge theory of gravity gives classical Newtonian gravitational interactions in a relativistic form. Besides,it gives gravitational Lorentz force, which is the gravitational force on a moving object in gravitomagnetic field The direction of gravitational Lorentz force is not the same as that of classical gravitational Newtonian force. Effects of gravitational Lorentz force should be detectable, and these effects can be used to discriminate gravitomagnetic field from ordinary electromagnetic magnetic field.     

Classical Gravitational Interactions and Gravitational Lorentz Force

In quantum gauge theory of gravity, the gravitational field is represented by gravitational gauge field. The field strength of gravitational gauge field has both gravitoelectric component and gravitomagnetic component. In classical level, gauge theory of gravity gives classical Newtonian gravitational interactions in a relativistic form. Besides, it gives gravitational Lorentz force, which is the gravitational force on a moving object in gravitomagnetic field. The direction of gravitational Lorentz force is not the same as that of classical gravitational Newtonian force. Effects of gravitational Lorentz force should be detectable, and these effects can be used to discriminate gravitomagnetic field from ordinary electromagnetic magnetic field.     

洛伦兹力公式是怎样给出的

在电子尚未发现,并无任何实验证据的1892年,洛伦兹力公式是怎样给出的?回顾了电磁学历史上超距作用和近距作用观点的长期论争以及"什么是电"的长期论争后指出,洛伦兹力公式是场观点和"电就是带电粒子"相结合的产物.一切磁作用力都应归结为磁场对运动带电粒子的作用力--洛伦兹力.     

Limit Laws and Recurrence for the Planar Lorentz Process with Infinite Horizon

As Bleher (J. Stat. Phys. 66(1):315–373, 1992) observed the free flight vector of the planar, infinite horizon, periodic Lorentz process {S _n ∣n=0,1,2,…} belongs to the non-standard domain of attraction of the Gaussian law—actually with the $\sqrt{n\log n}As Bleher (J. Stat. Phys. 66(1):315–373, 1992) observed the free flight vector of the planar, infinite horizon, periodic Lorentz process {S _n ∣n=0,1,2,…} belongs to the non-standard domain of attraction of the Gaussian law—actually with the scaling. Our first aim is to establish his conjecture that, indeed, converges in distribution to the Gaussian law (a Global Limit Theorem). Here the recent method of Bálint and Gou?zel (Commun. Math. Phys. 263:461–512, 2006), helped us to essentially simplify the ideas of our earlier sketchy proof (Szász, D., Varjú, T. in Modern dynamical systems and applications, pp. 433–445, 2004). Moreover, we can also derive (a) the local version of the Global Limit Theorem, (b) the recurrence of the planar, infinite horizon, periodic Lorentz process, and finally (c) the ergodicity of its infinite invariant measure. Dedicated to Ya.G. Sinai on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Research supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research grants No. T046187, NK 63066 and TS 049835, further by Hungarian Science and Technology Foundation grant No. A-9/03.     

The Difference Between the Standard and The Lorentz Transformations of the Electric and the Magnetic Fields

In this paper it is shown by using the Clifford algebra formalism that the usual Lorentz transformations of the three-dimensional (3D) vectors of the electric and magnetic fields E and B (which will be named as standard transformations (ST)) are different than the Lorentz transformations (LT) of well-defined quantities from the 4D spacetime. This difference between the ST and the LT is obtained regardless of the used algebraic objects (1-vectors or bivectors) for the representation of the electric and magnetic fields in the usual observer dependent decompositions of F. The LT correctly transform the whole 4D quantity, e.g., E_f : F · γ₀, whereas the ST are the result of the application of the LT only to the part of E_f, i.e., to F, but leaving γ₀ unchanged. The new decompositions of F in terms of 4D quantities that are defined without reference frames, i.e., the absolute quantities, are introduced and discussed. It is shown that the LT of the 4D quantities representing electric and magnetic fields correctly describe the motional electromotive force (emf) for all relatively moving inertial observers, whereas it is not the case with the ST of the 3D E and B.     

磁单极与磁洛伦兹力

概述了磁单极概念的历史发展,从洛伦兹变换出发,利用电磁场张量和四维力的协变性以及电荷相对论不变,直接证明了运动磁单极受磁洛伦兹力,建议了一个磁洛伦兹力的验证方案,并用磁洛伦兹力公式导出狄拉克电荷量子化条件．证明了磁洛伦兹力公式具有与库仑定律相同的精确度．     

The Proof that Maxwell Equations with the 3D E and B are not Covariant upon the Lorentz Transformations but upon the Standard Transformations: The New Lorentz Invariant Field Equations

In this paper the Lorentz transformations (LT) and the standard transformations (ST) of the usual Maxwell equations (ME) with the three-dimensional (3D) vectors of the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, respectively, are examined using both the geometric algebra and tensor formalisms. Different 4D algebraic objects are used to represent the usual observer dependent and the new observer independent electric and magnetic fields. It is found that the ST of the ME differ from their LT and consequently that the ME with the 3D E and B are not covariant upon the LT but upon the ST. The obtained results do not depend on the character of the 4D algebraic objects used to represent the electric and magnetic fields. The Lorentz invariant field equations are presented with 1-vectors E and B, bivectors E_Hv and B_Hv and the abstract tensors, the 4-vectors E^a and B^a. All these quantities are defined without reference frames, i.e., as absolute quantities. When some basis has been introduced, they are represented as coordinate-based geometric quantities comprising both components and a basis. It is explicitly shown that this geometric approach agrees with experiments, e.g., the Faraday disk, in all relatively moving inertial frames of reference, which is not the case with the usual approach with the 3D bf E and B and their ST.     

Lorentz Generators for the Maxwell Field and Gauge Fixing

We propose a direct derivation of the Lorentz generators for the four-potential of electrodynamics on the basis of Wigner's theorem. The derivation relies on a study of the behaviour of polarisation vectors under k-space differentiation. The Coulomb and Lorenz gauges are discussed in that respect, and gauge invariance under Poincare′transformations is examined. The Poincar′e generators given by Bia lynicki-Birula and Bia lynicka-Birula are found to correspond to the Coulomb gauge case.     

亲和力对熔合反应位垒的影响

熔合反应的宏观形变位能由推广的液滴模型来确定,它包括体积能、表面能、库容能、亲和力效应、质量的不对称性和精确的核半径.在过去裂变研究中,人们假定表面能和库仑能控制着位垒的高度和宽度.表面能也只考虑表面张量力效应,并不包括颈部或刚形成的碎片的表面之间吸引核力的贡献.在推广的液滴模型中,亲和力考虑了这些附加的表面效应.在两个核的接触点,亲和能达到最大值,它的两边逐渐减少直到零.亲和能减少位垒的高度并移动位垒峰的位置,它对应于吸引的亲和力和排斥的库仑力之间平衡的两个分开碎片的位置.研究表明:对于超重核熔合过程,亲和能使得宏观形变位能有一个宽的坑(pocket),它对应于核的大形变.对于轻的核–核系统,这种现象不出现.     

从微观角度分析电磁感应中的动生电动势和感应电流的形成及能量的转化

以"动电动模型"和"电动电模型"为例,从微观的角度出发,对感应电动势、感应电流的形成以及能量的转化进行分析,目的在于将宏观的认知和微观的内在本质统一起来,以期深入浅出地进行有效教学.     

Thomas rotation and the parametrization of the Lorentz transformation group

Two successive pure Lorentz transformations are equivalent to a pure Lorentz transformation preceded by a 3×3 space rotation, called a Thomas rotation. When applied to the gyration of the rotation axis of a spinning mass, Thomas rotation gives rise to the well-knownThomas precession. A 3×3 parametric, unimodular, orthogonal matrix that represents the Thomas rotation is presented and studied. This matrix representation enables the Lorentz transformation group to be parametrized by two physical observables: the (3-dimensional) relative velocity and orientation between inertial frames. The resulting parametrization of the Lorentz group, in turn, enables the composition of successive Lorentz transformations to be given by parameter composition. This composition is continuously deformed into a corresponding, well-known Galilean transformation composition by letting the speed of light approach infinity. Finally, as an application the Lorentz transformation with given orientation parameter is uniquely expressed in terms of an initial and a final time-like 4-vector.     

经典洛伦兹磁力和广义洛伦兹磁力解释电子感应加速器的本质

介绍了虚构的法拉第定律与电子感应加速器不合理,用完整洛伦兹磁力解释电子感应加速器合理有效。     

物理力学公式、定律在"和平号"空间站坠毁过程中的运用

利用物理力学定律对“和平号”空间站坠毁过程作了比较详细的计算和描述，旨在使读者在航天器有关知识有更多了解。     

On the harmonic-type and linear-type confinement of a relativistic scalar particle yielded by Lorentz symmetry breaking effects

Based on the Standard Model Extension, we investigate relativistic quantum effects on a scalar particle in backgrounds of the Lorentz symmetry violation defined by a tensor field. We show that harmonic-type and linear-type confining potentials can stem from Lorentz symmetry breaking effects, and thus, relativistic bound state solutions can be achieved. We first analyse a possible scenario of the violation of the Lorentz symmetry that gives rise to a harmonic-type potential. In the following, we analyse another possible scenario of the breaking of the Lorentz symmetry that induces both harmonic-type and linear-type confining potentials. In this second case, we also show that not all values of the parameter associated with the intensity of the electric field are permitted in the search for polynomial solutions to the radial equation, where the possible values of this parameter are determined by the quantum numbers of the system and the parameters associated with the violation of the Lorentz symmetry.     

牛顿力学形式和相对论力学的协变性

指出若将能量（包括动能）、动量都理解为相对论中的能量和动量，则牛顿力学中的功能原理、动能定理、动量定理、牛顿运动定律及力对物体所作的功率、能量－动量守恒定律及其守恒条件在相对论中都是协变的，并给出了它们的协变形式。     

对一道力学习题解法的剖析

通过一道经典的力学习题的分析,考察内力的不同作用效果,指出加深理解物理规律适用条件的重要性.     

一个保守力作的功能等于势能的减少吗

通过实例说明一个保守力作的功,在一般情况下并不等于势能的减少,一个对保守力作用功才等于势能的减少。     

电磁场的复矢量表示

在麦克斯韦方程组及洛伦兹力密度公式基础上引入电磁场复矢量,讨论了电磁场普遍规律的新公式,包括对复矢量电磁场的建立,电荷守恒定律,能量守恒定律,电磁场矢势与标势,电磁场动量、能量、张量、相对论协变性等的研究,并和电动力学相比较,得出一些结论.     

Computing reaction paths of a bifurcation reaction: an action wave-front-based perspective

Application of Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) equation to reaction systems which involve energy barrier(s) leading to the product is relatively new. Such problems are described by a new class of HJ equation, called the generalised HJ equation. This new HJ equation renders an anisotropic propagation for the wave front. In this paper, we describe the adaptation of the fast marching method (FMM) and the generalised HJ equation to understand a new class of reaction process where the energy barrier does not lead to the product; instead, a new class of states are detected along the reaction path of such reactions. These states are valley-ridge inflection point, branching point and potential energy ridge. Such reactions are characterised as bifurcation reactions. We have identified a new classical wave front, called the reaction action front (RAF) which distinctly separates the reaction system into a reactant zone and a product zone connected by a third zone, called ‘neck’. The RAF is an important tool to understand the bifurcation reaction and the associated reaction paths. We have also introduced a convenient way to compute the reaction path force (RPF) using the FMM. The RPF for a bifurcation reaction significantly differs from the reactions with energy barrier, and so, the RPF provides vital information about the occurrence of branching of a path. The method has been tested for the isomerisation reaction of methoxy radical (H₃C) to hydroxymethylene radical (H₂?OH).