Matrix influences on the determination of common ions by using ion chromatography part 1--determination of inorganic anions

Ion chromatography is the most popular instrumental analytical method used for the determination of anions and cations in water and wastewater. Isocratic ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection is frequently used in laboratories carrying out routine analyses of inorganic anions. The paper presents the results of the research into the influence of selected inorganic anions dominant in environmental samples (Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-)) on the possibility of simultaneous determination of F(-), Cl(-), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), PO(4)(3-) and SO(4)(2-) with the application of this most popular ion chromatography type in standard separation conditions. Four Dionex and four Metrohm anion-exchange columns were tested in standard separation conditions recommended by their manufacturers with both standard solutions and environmental samples with complex matrix.     

Determination of atmospheric concentrations of inorganic anions by ion chromatography following ultrasonic extraction

The capability of the suppressed conductometric detection ion chromatography (IC) was investigated for the separation and determination of inorganic anions (F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO4(2-)) in standard reference materials SRM-1648 urban particulate matter following ultrasonic extraction. The effects of the cationic surfactant (SDS) and the anionic surfactant (CTAB) on ultrasonic extraction efficiency of inorganic anions from complex matrix of airborne particulate matter were investigated. The results showed that surfactant can enhance the extraction efficiency. Finally, the concentrations of inorganic anions in the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan were determined. The results showed a trend of SO4(2-) > NO3- > Cl- > F-.     

Determination of inorganic anions in biological fluids with direct sample injection by electrostatic ion chromatography using zwitterionic micelles in both stationary and mobile phases

A new ion chromatographic (IC) system, which uses zwitterionic (e.g., Zwittergent 3-14) micelles as both stationary and mobile phases, highly useful for the analysis of inorganic anions in biological samples, was developed. The zwitterionic micellar stationary phase (which is obtained by immobilizing the zwitterionic surfactant on surfaces of the reversed-phase ODS) showed high ability to confine the elution bands of the large amount of SO4(2-) and Cl- to narrow zones. As a result, a base-line separation of NO2-, Br- and NO3- from SO4(2-) and Cl- is always achieved. The zwitterionic micellar mobile phase, (which is obtained by dissolving the zwitterionic surfactant with a suppressive electrolytic solution, e.g., aqueous NaHCO3 solution), on the other hand, showed high ability for rapid elution of proteins. The separation column is therefore always being cleaned up even after the protein-containing sample is directly injected. The zwitterionic micelles are also insensitive to conductivity detection, therefore either the suppressed or the non-suppressed conductivity detection method is applicable for detection of the analyte ions. Urine and serum were chosen as the model real samples and were analysed with direct sample injection; the results of successful determination of a number of inorganic anions (SO4(2-), Cl-, NO2-, Br- and NO3-) in both samples have demonstrated the usefulness of this new IC system.     

Determination of common inorganic anions and cations by non-suppressed ion chromatography with column switching

An ion chromatography (IC) method has been proposed for the determination of seven common inorganic anions (F(-), H(2)PO(4)(-), NO(2)(-), Cl(-), Br(-), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-)) and/or five common inorganic cations (Na(+), NH(4)(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)) using a single pump, a single eluent and a single detector. The present system used cation-exchange and anion-exchange columns connected in series via a single 10-port switching valve. The 10-port valve was switched for the separation of either cations or anions in a single chromatographic run. When 1.0mM trimellitic acid (pH 2.94) was used as the eluent, the seven anions and the five cations could be separated on the anion-exchange column and the cation-exchange column, respectively. The elution order was found to be F(-)相似文献   

Sampling and analysing mixtures of sulphate, sulphite, thiosulphate and polythionate

Interpreting the redox chemistry of sulphur in aqueous systems requires the analysis of mixtures of various sulphoxy anions. Previous methods have been too involved to permit high sample throughout if good quality control is to be maintained. Methods based on ion chromatography have been developed for the direct determination of SO(2-)(4), SO(2-)(3), S(2)O(2-)(3), and SCN(-). The determination of thiocyanate permits the indirect determination of polythionates by treatment with cyanide. Formate, acetate, F(-), Cl(-), CO(2-)(3), and PO(3-)(4), do not interfere, but NO(-)(2) and NO(-)(3) interfere with determination of SO(2-)(3),. The sample preservation treatment includes addition of formaldehyde, cation-exchange and cold storage, to retard oxidation of S(2)O(2-)(3), and SO(2-)(3), and inhibits the rearrangement of SO(2-)(3),/S(2)O(2-)(3),/S(n)O(2-)(6), mixtures caused by bimolecular nucleophilic displacement (S(N)2) reactions. Treated samples may be stored for up to 6 weeks with only minor loss of thiosulphate.     

Successive non-suppressed ion chromatography of common cations and anions using dual columns with single eluent

A successive non-suppressed ion chromatography (IC) system for the determination of common cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO4(2-)) was developed, using two separation columns and a single eluent. 5-Sulfoisophthalic acid eluent was very suitable for such separations with a commercially available cation-exchange column for the mono- and di-valent cations and with an ODS column coated with cetyltrimethylammonium for the anions. Both cations and anions were detected with conductimetrically high sensitivity without any suppressor. After injecting an aliquot of sample solution, the solvent front from the cation-exchange column, including most of the anionic species, was firstly accumulated into the additional 2 ml accumulation loop for 60 s, while the cation IC was performed. Subsequently, the accumulated fraction was introduced into the anion-exchange column and chromatographed. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention times and conductimetric area responses for common cations were within 6% and within 4%, respectively. The linear relationships between molar concentration and detector response ranged from 0.01 to 1.00 mM with r2 of 0.9994 for Na+, 0.9992 for K+, 0.9993 for Mg2+, and 0.9988 for Ca2+. The successive anion IC through the accumulating process was also quantitative, with 95% recovery or over for each analyte. The linear ranges were between 0.01 and 1.00 mM with r2 of 0.9996 for Cl-, 0.9997 for Br-, 0.9993 for NO3-, and 0.9984 for SO4(2-). The method was applied to the determination of common cations and anions in several mineral waters and a hot spring water.     

Suppressed ion chromatography for monitoring chemical impurities in steam for geothermal power plants

A suppressed ion chromatography (IC) technique has been evaluated as a chemical monitoring tool for detecting major anions (F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO4(2-)) of condensed steam in geothermal power plants. It is shown that the suppressed IC technique provides a suitable means for preventing possible damage to generating equipment in the geothermal industry. An electrical conductivity detector (0.1 microS sensitivity) with an anion-exchange column (IonPac AS4A-SC), a micro-membrane suppressor (AMMS II), and an isocratic high-pressure pump system were successfully used for detecting low concentrations of inorganic anions. Method detection limits for the anions of interest were <0.184 mg/L. Details of the IC methodology as well as some experimental results obtained during its application for the chemical monitoring of geothermal steam pipes are also described.     

梯度淋洗离子色谱法同时检测西兰花中6种无机阴离子

构建一种利用梯度淋洗离子色谱技术分析西兰花中Cl^-、Br^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-和SO₄^2-6种无机阴离子含量的方法。梯度淋洗色谱离子体系为DIONEX Ion Pac AS11-HC(4 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,流速1.0 mL/min,抑制器电流80 mA,KOH淋洗液梯度淋洗。6种阴离子线性相关系数0.9995~0.9999,相对标准偏差(RSD)<2.5%,加标回收率95.7%~104%。用于检测西兰花中无机阴离子的方法灵敏度高、回收率高、可以适用于西兰花中6种阴离子精确定量分析。     

Suppressed electrostatic ion chromatography with tetraborate as eluent and its application to the determination of inorganic anions in snow and rainwater

Tetraborate is investigated as the eluent ion for suppressed electrostatic ion chromatography (EIC) using a zwitterionic stationary phase. Good separation of a range of inorganic anions (SO4(2-), Cl-, NO3-, Br-, NO3-, ClO3-, and I-) was obtained, with detection limits for highly conducting ions (SO4(2-), Cl-, NO2-, Br- , and NO3-) being less than 8 x 10(-8) M, and for weakly conducting anions (ClO3- and I-) being 2.7 x 10(-7) and 5.8 x 10(-7) M, respectively. Calibration curves were linear up to 1.8 mM of each analyte. Retention times were found to increase with increasing eluent concentration and a linear relationship was observed between log k' and log[Na2B4O7] for all analytes. This behaviour is attributed to the progressive formation of a binary electrical double layer at the surface of the zwitterionic stationary phase. Retention times of analytes could be manipulated by varying the concentration of the eluent. This new suppressed-EIC system was applied to the determination of inorganic anions (SO4(-2) , CI-, NO3-, NO2-, and Br-) in snow and rainwater samples.     

Determination of trace anions in liquefied petroleum gas using liquid absorption and electrokinetic migration for enrichment followed by ion chromatography

A simple sample enrichment technique, electrokinetic migration enrichment in single phase using a designed device, coupled with ion chromatography is presented for the determination of four anions (H(2)PO(4)(-), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-)) in liquefied petroleum gas by liquid adsorption. The electrokinetic migration enrichment is based on the phenomenon of ion electrokinetic migration to the opposite electrode. When the anions migrated to the anode in a smaller volume chamber under the electric field, the concentration was realized. The main parameters affecting enrichment efficiency of applied voltage and enrichment time were investigated. The ion chromatography condition for anions separation was also studied. Under the optimal electrokinetic migration enrichment and ion chromatography conditions, the four anions were detected simultaneously with good linear relationship (r(2) = 0.9908-0.9968) and high precisions (less than 5% of the relative standard deviations of peak areas). The limits of detection of anions (S/N of 3) were in the range of 8-600 μg L(-1). The enrichment factors of the four anions ranged from 3.1 to 5.8. The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of the trace anions in liquefied petroleum gas by liquid adsorption with satisfactory results. The advantages of this method are simple operation and low cost.     

离子色谱法同时测定大气降水中的5种阴离子

以保留时间定性、峰面积外标法定量,建立了离子色谱同时测定大气降水中F–,Cl–,NO2–,NO3–,SO42–5种阴离子的分析方法。结果表明,5种阴离子标准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.999 8,检出限(3s/k)在0.000 3~0.006 6 mg/L之间。F–,Cl–,NO2–,NO3–,SO42–测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=10)分别为1.70%,2.46%,9.30%,0.73%,0.67%。用该方法对水样进行测定并进行加标回收试验,5种阴离子加标回收率在91.2%~102.7%之间。该方法灵敏度高,简便、快速,能满足大气降水中阴离子分析的要求。     

Determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography using a graphitized carbon column dynamically coated with cetyltrimethylammonium ions.

The simultaneous determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography using a dynamically coated graphitized carbon column with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) ions was investigated with suppressed conductivity detection. Column preparations with CTA and sodium carbonate-sodium hydrogencarbonate concentration in the eluent were examined to optimize the separation of seven common anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, HPO(4)2- and SO(4)2-). Calibration curves were linear from 0.5 to 5 micrograms/ml for F-, from 1.0 to 10 micrograms/ml for Cl-, from 1.5 to 15 micrograms/ml for NO2-, from 2.0 to 20 micrograms/ml for Br- and NO3-, from 5.0 to 50 micrograms/ml for HPO(4)2- and from 3.0 to 30 micrograms/ml for SO(4)2- with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.999 or better. The relative standard deviations of peak areas were between 0.3 and 0.9% for 10 repeated measurements. The application of this newly developed method was demonstrated by the determination of inorganic anions in the water for pharmaceutical purposes. Using CTA-Br as the coating agent, a permanently coated ion-exchange column was obtained, which allowed efficient separations of seven anions without adding any coating agent to the eluent.     

Simultaneous determination of trace amounts of borate, chloride and fluoride in nuclear fuels employing ion chromatography (IC) after their extraction by pyrohydrolysis

An accurate and sensitive method based on the combination of pyrohydrolysis-ion chromatography (PH-IC) is proposed for the simultaneous separation and determination of boron as borate, chloride and fluoride in nuclear fuels such as U(3)O(8), (Pu,U)C and Pu-alloys. The determination is based on the initial pyrohydrolytic extraction of B, Cl and F from the samples as boric acid, HCl and HF, respectively, which are subsequently separated by ion chromatography (IC). The proposed method significantly improves the existing analytical methodology as it combines the determination of boron, a critical trace constituent in nuclear materials, along with F(-) and Cl(-) for chemical quality control measurements. Various experimental parameters were optimized to achieve maximum recoveries of the analytes during the pyrohydrolysis and to get better ion chromatographic (IC) separation of borate, F(-) and Cl(-) along with other anions such as CH(3)COO(-), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), Br(-), PO(4)(3-) and SO(4)(2-). Recoveries of more than 93% could be obtained for all the analytes in the sample (0.5-1.5 g) at 1200+/-25K and distilled with pre-heated steam at the flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. An isocratic elution with a mobile phase of 0.56 M d-mannitol in 6.5mM NaHCO(3) was used for the IC separation. The detection limits for B (as borate), F(-) and Cl(-) were 24, 13 and 25 microgL(-1), respectively. Precision of about 5% was achieved for determination of boron, Cl(-) and F(-) in the samples containing 1-5 ppm(w) of boron, and 10-25 ppm(w) of Cl and F. The method was validated with reference materials and successfully applied to the nuclear fuels. The methodology is easy to adapt on routine basis.     

Application of a single electrode,modified with polydiphenylamine and dodecyl sulfate,for the simultaneous amperometric determination of electro-inactive anions and cations in ion chromatography

An amperometric sensor with a single working electrode for simultaneous determination of electro-inactive anions and cations, e.g. SO4(2-), Cl(-), NO3(-), Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), was designed as a detector in ion chromatography. The modification of its working golden electrode was based on the incorporation of dodecyl sulfate into polydiphenylamine by electropolymerization of diphenylamine in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. In ion-exclusion/cation-exchange chromatography, a set of well defined peaks of these anions and cations was obtained at the working potential, +1.35 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) using a citric acid solution as eluent. The common anions and cations in mineral water samples were determined using this ion-chromatographic system with satisfactory results.     

离子色谱法测定土壤中氯离子、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子

建立离子色谱法测定土壤中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–3种阴离子的含量。淋洗液为30 mmol/L KOH溶液,等浓度淋洗,流速为1.0 mL/min。Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的线性范围均为0~20 mg/L,线性相关系数均大于0.999 9,检出限为0.051~0.082 mg/L,混合标准溶液测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.31~0.38%(n=10)。对土壤样品进行重复测定,3种离子测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%(n=7),加标回收率在95.0%~104.5%之间。该方法测定结果准确,操作简单、快速,适用于土遗址中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的测定。     

离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–

采用离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。将浓磷酸稀释至400倍体积,以0.22μm滤膜过滤,使用阴离子交换色谱–抑制电导检测器测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。采用高容量色谱柱,以1.0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3–24 mmol/L Na OH混合液为流动相,将无机阴离子与浓磷酸基体分离,以标准加入法定量。氯离子、硝酸盐、硫酸盐的检出限为0.05~0.12 mg/L,加标回收率为96.6%~100.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.0%~10.0%(n=5)。该方法分离效果好,可用于浓磷酸中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的同时测定。     

离子色谱法同时测定大气降水中7种阴离子

建立离子色谱法同时测定大气降水中F^-,Cl^-,NO2^-,Br-,NO3^-,SO4^2-和PO43^-7种阴离子的分析方法。选用IonPac■AS19型色谱柱(4 mm×250 mm),以KOH梯度淋洗,用抑制电导检测器进行测定。7种阴离子在各自的质量浓度范围内与色谱峰面积成良好的线性关系,相关系数均不小于0.997,方法检出限为0.002~0.004 mg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.80%~3.38%(n=6),样品加标回收率为75.0%~98.7%。该方法简便、快速,灵敏度高,适用于大气降水中F^-,Cl^-,NO2^-,Br^-,NO3^-,SO4^2-和PO43^-7种阴离子的同时测定。     

Method development and validation for the determination of various sulfur-containing anions and other anions in the corrosion process by capillary ion electrophoresis with indirect detection

A method of capillary ion electrophoresis with indirect detection is developed for the simultaneous determination of the sulfur-containing anions S2O4(2-), S2O3(2-), SO4(2-), SO3(2-), and S2- and other anions (Cl-, Br-, NO2-, NO3-, (COO)2(2-), F-, and PO4(3-)) in the corrosion process. The effects of pH, tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, chromate, 2-[n-cyclohexylamino]-ethane sulfonate, calcium gluconate, and acetonitrile on the migration and resolution of the anions and the stability of sulfur-containing anions are systematically investigated. The detection limits, repeatability, and linearity for the anions are comparatively studied at 374, 274, and 254 nm, and the results show that 374 nm is the optimal length. The simultaneous multiwavelength detection at 374, 254, 214, and 195 nm can assist in confirming the identification of UV-absorbing anions.     

离子色谱法测定农村饮用水中阴离子

采用离子色谱法测定农村饮用水中F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-和SO42-等6种阴离子的含量。水样经Ion Pac AG19保护柱及Ion Pac AS19分离柱分离,以20.00mmol·L-1氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液,采用抑制电导器检测。F-、NO2-和Br-在4mg·L-1以内,Cl-、NO3-和SO42-在40mg·L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限(2S/N)在0.002～0.012mg·L-1之间。方法用于水样中6种阴离子的测定,加标回收率在98.0%～101.3%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.83%～2.7%之间。     

离子色谱法测定茶叶中无机阴离子及其用于茶叶的分类

提出了离子色谱法测定茶叶中F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、H2PO4-、SO42-等无机阴离子的方法。采用Shodex IC SI-52 4E阴离子分离柱进行分离,以3.6mmol.L-1碳酸钠溶液和甲醇以体积比98比2混合所得溶液为淋洗液进行洗脱,从而实现7种阴离子的分离。根据茶叶中分离出的7种阴离子含量的不同,利用聚类分析将16个茶叶样品进行分类。